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3
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84951214478
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J. Friedel, in Elemental and Molecular Clustersedited by G. Benedek, T. P. Martin, and G. Parchioni, Springer Series in Materials Sciences 6 (Springer, Berlin)
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(1988)
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7
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85034905571
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that some clusters may be in a liquid‐like state.
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8
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85034896037
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(Paris) Colloq. C2, Supplement No. 7, Tome 38, July, C2‐171. This is an upper limit since it is based on the surface tension at 0 K. The surface tension decreases with T and approaches 0 at the critical point.
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(1977)
J. Phys.
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Gspann, J.1
Krieg, G.2
Vollmar, H.3
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10
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85034907931
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lecture presented at the Brookhaven Conference on Molecular Beams at Heidelberg, June 11
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(1959)
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Becker, E.W.1
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25
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84951214483
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K. Bier and O. Hagena, Third International Rarefied Gas Dynamics SymposiumVol. I (Academic, New York).
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(1963)
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42
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84951214486
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G. Akinci, thesis, University of Rhode Island
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(1982)
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45
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85034901439
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Structured velocity distributions in cluster beams were first observed by Henkes (Ref. 19). They were also found in velocity selector experiments by Winkelmann and Toennies, but could not be reproduced in time‐of‐flight experiments. The reason for their enhancement in velocity selector experiments has been investigated and is now understood [A. Scheidemann and J. P. Toennies (unpublished) ].
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48
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84951214493
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S. Angus, K. M. de Reuck, and R. D. McCarty, International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State. Helium‐4 (Pergamon, Oxford).
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(1977)
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52
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85034908190
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Refs. 23 and 35 it was erroneously assumed that real gas effects could be neglected in first order and that the expansion could cross the λ line.
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59
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85034897209
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For flows of metastable liquids (for example, [Formula Omitted] and various cryogens) through orifices, the delay of vapor formation at least until the throat, has been observed by numerous investigators. See, for example, the references cited by R. E. Henry, in Two‐Phase Flow Dynamicsedited by A. E. Bergles and S. Ishigai (Hemisphere, New York), This delay of vapor formation in an accelerating flow is reminiscent of the stabilizing influence of accelerating flow on transition to turbulence.
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(1981)
, pp. 415
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60
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84951214491
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Model LT‐3‐110 Liquid Transfer Heli‐Tran Refrigerator and Model APD‐F Temperature Indicator/Controller manufactured by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc, Allentown, PA, USA.
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63
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84951214506
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The disk was fabricated by photoetching and obtained from Buckbee‐Mears Corp, Minnesota, USA.
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64
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3242692923
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The 2 mm diameter 7 mm long tungsten filament of the CB ionizer is oriented paraxial to the beam and perpendicular to the beam in the axial ionizer. The effective length of 7 mm in time‐of‐flight experiments has been determined by
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(1988)
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
, vol.59
, pp. 1957
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Doak, R.B.1
Nguyen, D.B.2
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65
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85034901003
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Extranuclear Laboratories, Inc, Pittsburgh, USA. Now EXTREL Corporation.
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66
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85034889298
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THORN EMI Electron Tubes Ltd, Ruislip, Middlesex, England.
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EMI‐9642/3B
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67
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84951214505
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Because of the much larger distance L between source and detector which leads to a significantly smaller intensity in our measurements (intensity [Formula Omitted] we were not able to measure mass spectra at the same low pressures used by Stephens and King (Ref. 22).
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72
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84951214503
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Max‐Planck‐Institut für Strömungsforschung, Report No. 109/1985.
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Minuth, R.1
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76
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84951214500
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Max‐Planck‐Institut für Strömungsforschung, Report No. 107
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(1987)
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Buchenau, H.1
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78
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84951214498
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Peak 2 was also observed at 40 amu (not shown in Fig. 9).
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79
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84951214499
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the measurements of Fig. 9 the metastable peak has been suppressed but not completely eliminated by installing deflection plates to deflect electrostatically the ions leaving the quadrupole by 90° onto a multiplier with axis perpendicular to that of the quadrupole (see Sec. IIC). A large hole (12 mm diameter) covered by a thin mesh (50 % transmission) was provided to still pass the metastable beam into the pitot tube chamber. In some experiments a negative voltage was applied to another mesh across the entrance slit of the multiplier to prevent electrons from arriving at the first dynode. Despite all these measures a small signal of about 5 counts/s was observed in the time of flight spectra at 20 and 24 amu where the sensitivity was large and the background small. As in the previous case, the mechanism responsible for this effect is not uniquely established.
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88
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84951214510
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[Formula Omitted] bond energy;
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90
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84951214509
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[Formula Omitted] binding distance
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91
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84951214512
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M. L. Ginter and D. S. Ginter, J. Chem. Phys.48, (1968). 2284
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101
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33749535035
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It is interesting to speculate that, if the excitations (rotons) created by an atom impinging on a superfluid cluster have a mean free path length greater than the cluster diameter, they might evaporate one or more atoms on the opposite side which carry away approximately the same momentum as delivered by the impinging atom. Evaporation of atoms by rotons has been observed by, In this case, the momentum‐transfer cross section might be small without requiring that the collision cross section be small.
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(1983)
Nature
, vol.304
, pp. 325
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Baird, M.J.1
Hope, F.R.2
Wyatt, A.F.G.3
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103
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84951214516
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The viscosity of He I is about 35 μP above 2 K and for the superfluid fraction in He II it is zero below 1 K (see Keller, Ref. 4).
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