Lessons from keratin 18 knockout mice: Formation of novel keratin filaments, secondary loss of keratin 7 and accumulation of liver-specific keratin 8-positive aggregates

Journal of Cell Biology

Volumn 140, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 1441-1451

  Magin, Thomas M ^a   Schröder, Rolf ^a   Leitgeb, Sabine ^b   Wanninger, Frederique ^a   Zatloukal, Kurt ^c   Grund, Christine ^d   Melton, David W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

^d GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT PROTEIN; KERATIN; KERATIN 18; KERATIN 7; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DESMOSOME; EPIDERMIS; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; HYPERKERATOSIS; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT; LIVER CELL; MALLORY BODY; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN DOMAIN;

AGE FACTORS; ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; DESMOSOMES; EPITHELIAL CELLS; FERTILITY; GENE EXPRESSION; HETEROZYGOTE; HOMOZYGOTE; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS; KERATIN-7; KERATINS; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LIVER; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; MICROSCOPY, IMMUNOELECTRON; MUTAGENESIS; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY; RNA, MESSENGER; STEM CELLS;

EID: 2642684550     PISSN: 00219525     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.140.6.1441     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Abe, M., and R.G. Oshima. 1990. A single human keratin 18 gene is expressed in diverse epithelial cells of transgenic mice. J. Cell Biol. 111:1197-1206.
2. Albers, K., and E. Fuchs. 1987. The expression of mutant epidermal keratin cDNAs transfected in simple epithelial and squamous cell carcinoma lines. J. Cell Biol. 105:791-806.
3. Albers, K., and E. Fuchs. 1989. Expression of mutant keratin cDNAs in epithelial cells reveals possible mechanisms for initiation and assembly of intermediate filaments. J. Cell Biol. 108:1477-1493.
4. Arnn, J., and L.A. Staehelin. 1981. The structure and function of spot desmosomes. Int. J. Dermatol. 20:330-339.
5. Bader, B.L., T.M. Magin, M. Freudenmann, S. Stumpp, and W.W. Franke. 1991. Intermediate filaments formed de novo from tail-less cytokeratins in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. J. Cell Biol. 115:1293-1307.
6. Bader, B.L., T.M. Magin, M. Hatzfeld, and W.W. Franke. 1986. Amino acid sequence and gene organization of cytokeratin no. 19, an exceptional tail-less intemediate filament protein. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 5:1865-1875.
7. Baribault, H., J. Penner, R.V. Iozzo, and M. Wilson-Heiner. 1994. Colorectal hyperplasia and inflammation in keratin 8-deficient FVB/N mice. Genes Dev. 8:2964-2973.
8. Baribault, H., J. Price, K. Miyai, and R.G. Oshima. 1993. Mid-gestational lethality in mice lacking keratin 8. Genes Dev. 7:1191-1202.
9. Bartek, J., J. Taylor Papadimitriou, N. Miller, and R. Millis. 1985. Patterns of expression of keratin 19 as detected with monoclonal antibodies in human breast tissues and tumours. Int. J. Cancer. 36:299-306.
10. Blessing, M., U. Rüther, and W.W. Franke. 1993. Ectopic synthesis of epidermal cytokeratins in pancreatic island cells of transgenic mice interferes with cytoskeletal order and insulin production. J. Cell Biol. 120:743-755.
11. Bonifas, J.M., A.L. Rothman, and E.H. Epstein. 1991. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex: evidence in two families for keratin gene abnormalities. Science. 2554:1202-1205.
12. Casanova, L., A. Bravo, F. Were, A. Ramirez, J.J. Jorcano, and M. Vidal. 1995. Tissue-specific and efficient expression of the human simple epithelial keratin 8 gene in transgenic mice. J. Cell Sci. 108:811-820.
13. Chisholm, J.C., and E. Houliston. 1987. Cytokeratin filament assembly in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Development. 101:565-582.
14. Chomczynski, P., and N. Sacchi. 1987. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal. Biochem. 162:156-159.
15. Cooper, D., and T.T. Sun. 1986. Monoclonal antibody analysis of bovine epithelial keratins. Specific pairs as defined by coexpression. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 4646-4654.
16. Corden, L.D., and W.H.I. McLean. 1996. Human keratin diseases: hereditary fragility of specific epithelial tissues. Exp. Dermatol. 5:297-307.
17. Coulombe, P.A., and E. Fuchs. 1990. Elucidating the early stages of keratin intermediate filament assembly. J. Cell Biol. 111:153-169.
18. Coulombe, P.A., M.E. Hutton, A. Letai, A. Hebert, A.S. Paller, and E. Fuchs. 1991. Point mutations in human keratin 14 genes of epidermolysis bullosa simplex patients: genetic and functional analyses. Cell. 66:1301-1311.
19. Denk, H., F. Gschnait, and K. Wolff. 1975. Hepatocellular hyalin (Mallory bodies) in long term griseofulvin-treated mice: a new experimental model for the study of hyalin formation. Lab. Invest. 32:773-776.
20. Denk, H., W.W. Franke, D. Kerjaschki, and R. Eckersdorfer. 1979. Mallory bodies in experimental animals and in man. Int. Rev. Exp. Pathol. 20:77-121.
21. Denk, H., E. Lackinger, P. Cowin, and W.W. Franke. 1985. Maintenance of desmosomes in mouse hepatocytes after drug-induced rearrangement of cytokeratin filament material. Demonstration of independence of desmosomes and intermediate-sized filaments. Exp. Cell Res. 161:161-171.
22. Domenjoud, L., J.L. Jorcano, B. Breuer, and A. Alonso. 1988. Synthesis and fate of keratins 8 and 18 in nonepithelial cells transfected with cDNA. Exp. Cell Res. 179:352-361.
23. Ducibella, T., D.F. Alhertini, E. Anderson, and J.D. Biggers. 1975. The preimplantation mammalian embryo: characterization of intercellular junctions and their appearance during development. Dev. Biol. 45:231-250.
24. Eichner, R., T.T. Sun, and U. Aebi. 1986. The role of keratin subfamilies and keratin pairs in the formation of human epidermal intermediate filaments. J. Cell Biol. 102:1767-1777.
25. Emerson, J.A. 1988. Disruption of the cytokeratin filament network in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Development. 104:219-234.
26. Franke, W.W., H. Denk, E. Schmid, M. Osborn, and K. Weber. 1979. Ultrastructural, biochemical and immunologic characterization of Mallory bodies in livers of griseofulvin-treated mice. Fimbriated rods of filaments containing prekeratin-like polypeptides. Lab. Invest. 40:207-220.
27. Franke, W.W., D.L. Schiller, M. Hatzfeld, and S. Winter. 1983. Protein complexes of intermediate-sized filaments: melting of cytokeratin complexes in urea reveals different polypeptide separation characteristics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 80:7113-7117.
28. Fuchs, E. 1994. Intermediate filaments and disease: mutations that cripple cell strength. J. Cell Biol. 125:511-516.
29. Fuchs, E., and K. Weber. 1994. Intermediate filaments: structure, dynamics, function and disease. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63:345-382.
30. Fuchs, E., and K. Weber. 1994. Intermediate filaments: structure, dynamics, function, and disease. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63:345-382.
31. Green, K.J., B. Geiger, J.C.R. Jones, J.C. Talian, and R.D. Goldman. 1987. The relationship between intermediate filaments and microfilaments before and during the formation of desmosomes and adhaerens-type junctions in mouse epidermal keratinocytes. J. Cell Biol. 104:1389-1402.
32. Guo, L., L. Degenstein, J. Dowling, O.-C. Yu, R. Wollman, and E. Fuchs. 1995. Gene targeting of BPAG1: abnormalities in mechanical strength and cell migration in stratified epithelia and neurologic degeneration. Cell. 81:233-243.
33. Haas, A.L. 1997. Evolving roles for ubiquitin in cellular regulation. FASEB (Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol.) J. 11:1053-1054.
34. Halzfeld, M., and M. Burba. 1994. Function of type I and type II keratin head domains, their role in dimer, tetramer and filament formation. J. Cell Sci. 107:1959-1972.
35. Hatzfeld, M., and W.W. Franke. 1985. Pair formation and promiscuity of cytokeratins: formation in vitro of heterotypic complexes and intermediate-sized filaments by homologous and heterologous recombinations of purified polypeptides. J. Cell Biol. 101:1826-1841.
36. Halzfeld, M., and K. Weber. 1990. The coiled coil of in vitro assembled keratin filaments is a heterodimer of type I and II keratins: use of site-specific mutagenesis and recombinant protein expression. J. Cell Biol. 110:1199-1210.
37. Hatzfeld, M., and K. Weber. 1990. Tailless keratins assemble into regular intermediate filaments in vitro. J. Cell Sci. 97:317-324.
38. Hazan, R., H. Denk, W.W. Franke, E. Lackinger, and D.L. Schiller. 1986. Change of cytokeratin organization during development of Mallory bodies as revealed by a monoclonal antibody. Lab. Invest. 54:543-553.
39. Herrmann, H., M. Haener, M. Brettel, S.A. Mueller, K.N. Goldie, B. Fedtke, A. Lustig, W.W. Franke, and U. Aebi. 1996. Structure and assembly properties of the intermediate filament protein vimentin: the role of its head, rod and tail domains. J. Miol. Biol. 264:933-953.
40. Hershko, A., and A. Ciechanover. 1992. The ubiquitin system for protein degradation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61:761-807.
41. Ichinose, Y., T. Morita, F.Y. Zhang, S. Srimahasongcram, M.L. Tondella, M. Matsumoto, M. Nozaki, and A. Matsushiro. 1988. Nucleotide sequence and structure of the mouse cytokeratin endoB gene. Gene. 70:85-95.
42. Hofmann, I., and W.W. Franke. 1997. Heterotypic interactions and filament assembly of type I and type II cytokeratins in vitro: viscosimetry and determinations of relative affinities. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 72:122-132.
43. Hu, B., and S.W. French. 1997. 2′,3′-Dideoxyinosine-induced Mallory bodies in patients with HIV. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 108:280-283.
44. Ishii, E., J. Fujimoto, S. Hara, S. Tanaka, and J. Hata. 1989. Human sarcomatous Wilms' tumor lines: evidence for epithelial differentiation in clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. Cancer Res. 49:5392-5399.
45. Jackson, B.W., C. Grund, E. Schmid, K. Buerki, W.W. Franke, and K. Illmensee, 1980. Formation of cytoskeletal elements during mouse embryogenesis. Differentiation. 17:161-179.
46. Jensen, K., and C. Gluud. 1994. The Mallory body: morphological, clinical and experimental studies (Part 1 of a literature survey). Hepatology. 20:1061-1077.
47. Jensen, K., and C. Gluud. 1994. The Mallory body: theories on development and pathological significance (Part 2 of a literature survey). Hepalology. 20: 1330-1342.
48. Jones, J.C.R., and R.D. Goldman. 1985. Intermediate filaments and the initiation of desmosome assembly. J. Cell Biol. 101:506-517.
49. Jorcano, J.L., T.M. Magin, and W.W. Franke. 1984. Cell type-specific expression of bovine keratin genes as demonstrated by the use of complementary DNA clones. J. Mol. Biol. 176:21-37.
50. Klymkowsky, M.W. 1981. Intermediate filaments in 3T3 cells collapse after intracellular injection of a monoclonal anti-intermediate filament antibody. Nature. 291:249-251.
51. Knapp, A.C., and W.W. Franke. 1989. Spontaneous losses of control of cytokeratin gene expression in transformed, non-epithelial human cells occurring at different levels of regulation. Cell. 59:67-79.
52. Knapp, A.C., F.X. Bosch, M. Hergt, C. Kuhn, S. Winter Simanowski, E. Schmid, S. Regauer, J. Bartek, and W.W. Franke. 1989. Cytokeratins and cytokeratin filaments in subpopulations of cultured human and rodent cells of nonepithelial origin: modes and patterns of formation. Differentiation. 42: 81-102.
53. Koch, P.J., and W.W. Franke. 1994. Desmosomal cadherins: another growing multigene family of adhesion molecules. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6:682-687.
54. Ku., N.O., S.A. Michie, R.G. Oshima, and M.B. Omary. 1995. Chronic hepatitis, hepatocyte fragility, and increased soluble phosphoglycokeratins in transgenic mice expressing a keratin 18 conserved arginine mutant. J. Cell Biol. 131:1303-1314.
55. Ku, N.O., T.L. Wright, N.A. Terrault, R. Gish, and M.B. Omary. 1997. Mutation of human keratin 18 in association with cryptogenic cirrhosis. J. Clin. Invest. 99:19-23.
56. Kulesh, D.A., G. Cecena, Y.M. Darmon, M. Vassear, and R.G. Oshima. 1989. Posttranslational regulation of keratins: degradation of mouse and human keratins 18 and 8. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:1553-1565.
57. Lane, E.B. 1993. Keratins. In Connective Tissue and Its Heritable Disorders. Wiley-Liss, New York. 237-247.
58. Lane, E.B., E.L. Rugg, H. Navsaria, I.M. Leigh, A.H.M. Heagerty, A. Ishida-Yamamoto, and R.A.J. Eady. 1992. A mutation in the conserved helix termination peptide of keratin 5 in hereditary skin blistering. Nuture. 356:244-246.
59. Liana, P., and T.H. MacRae. 1997. Molecular chaperones and the cytoskeleton. J. Cell Sci. 110:1431-1440.
60. Lloyd, C. Q.-C. Yu, J. Cheng, K. Turksen, L. Degenstein, E. Hutton, and E. Fuchs. 1995. The basal keratin network of stratified squamous epithelia: defining K15 function in the absence of K14.7. Cell Biol. 129:1329-1344.
61. Lu, X., and E.B. Lane. 1990. Retrovirus-mediated transgenic keratin expression in cultured fibroblasts: specific domain functions in keratin stabilization and filament formation. Cell. 62:681-696.
62. Magin, T.M. 1997. Lessons from keratin transgenic and knockout mice. In Subcellular Biochemistry. H. Herrmann and J.R. Harris, editors. Plenum Publishing Corp., London.
63. Magin, T.M., J.L. Jorcano, and W.W. Franke. 1983. Translalional products of mRNAs coding for non-epidermal cytokeratins. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 2:1387-1392.
64. Magin, T.M., M. Hatzfeld, and W.W. Franke. 1987. Analysis of cytokeratin domains by cloning and expression of intact and deleted polypeptides in Escherichia coli. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 6:2607-2615.
65. Magin, T.M., B.L. Bader, M. Freudenmann, and W.W. Franke. 1990. De novo formation of cytokeratin filaments in calf lens cells and cytoplasts after transfection with cDNAs or microinjection with mRNAs encoding human cytokeratins. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 53:333-3448.
66. Magin, T.M., C. McEwan, M. Milne, A.M. Pow, J. Selfridge, and D.W. Melton. 1992. A position- and orientation-dependent element in the first intron is required for expression of the mouse HPRT gene in embryonic stem cells. Gene. 122:289-296.
67. Mallory, F.B. 1911. Cirrhosis of the liver: five different types of lesions from which it may arise. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 22:69-75.
68. Maniotis, A.J., C.S. Chen, and D.E. Ingber. 1997. Demonstration of mechanical connections between integrins, cytoskeletal filaments, and nucleoplasm that stabilize nuclear structure. Proc. Natl. Acatl. Sci. USA. 94:849-854.
69. Markey, A.C., E.B. Lane, D.M. Macdonald, and I.M. Leigh. 1992. Keratin expression in basal cell carcinomas. Br. J. Dermatol. 126:154-160.
70. McLean, W.H., and E.B. Lane. 1995. Intermediate filaments in disease. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7:118-125.
71. McLean, W.H.I., L. Pulkkinen, F.J.D. Smith, E.L. Rugg, E.B. Lane, F. Bullrich, R.E. Burgeson, S. Amano, D.L. Hudson, K. Owaribe, et al. 1996. Loss of plectin causes epidermolysis bullosa with muscular dystrophy: cDNA clonine and genomic organization. Genes Oev. 10:1724-1735.
72. Mertens, C., C. Kuhn, and W.W. Franke. 1996. Plakophilins 2a and 2b: constitutive proteins of dual location in the karyoplasm and the desmosomal plaque. J. Cell Biol. 135:1009-1025.
73. Michel, M., N. Torik, M.J. Godbout, M. Lussier, P. Gaudreau, A. Royal, and L. Germain. 1996. Keratin 19 as a biochemical marker of skin stem cells in vivo and in vitro: keratin 19 expressing cells are differentially localized in function of anatomic sites, and their number varies with donor age and culture stage. J. Cell Sci. 109:1017-1028.
74. Moll, R., W.W. Franke, D.L. Schiller, B. Geiger, and R. Krepler. 1982. The catalog of human cytokeratins: patterns of expression in normal epithelia, tumors and cultured cells. Cell. 31:11-24.
75. Moll, R., D.L. Schiller, and W.W. Franke. 1990. Identification of protein IT of the intestinal cytoskeleion as a novel type I cytokeralin with unusual properties and expression patterns. J. Cell Biol. 111:567-580.
76. Mose-Larsen, P., R. Bravo, S.J. Fey, J.V. Small, and J.E. Celis. 1982. Putative association of mitochondria with a subpopulation of intermediate-sized filaments in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Cell. 31:681-692.
77. Oshima, R.G. 1992. Intermediate filament molecular biology. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 4:110-116.
78. Paladini, R.D., K. Takahashi, N.S. Bravo, and P.A. Coulombe. 1996. Onset of re-epilhelialization after skin injury correlates with a reorganization of keratin filaments in wound edge keratinocytes: defining a potential role for keratin 16. J. Cell Biol. 132:381-397.
79. Pasdar, M., and W.J. Nelson. 1988. Kinetics of desmosome assembly in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells: temporal and spatial regulation of desmoplakin organization and stabilization upon cell-cell contact. II. Morphological analysis. J. Cell Biol. 106:687-695.
80. Pasdar, M., K.A. Krzemmiski, and W.J. Nelson. 1991. Regulation of desmosome assembly in MDCK epithelial cells: coordination of membrane core and cytoplasmic plaque domain assembly at the plasma membrane. J. Cell Biol. 113:645-655.
81. Porter, R.M., S. Leitgeb, D.W. Mellon, O. Swensson, R.A.J. Eady, and T.M. Magin. 1996. Gene targeting at the mouse cytokeratin 10 locus: severe skin fragility and changes of cytokeratin expression in the epidermis. J. Cell Biol. 132:925-936.
82. Preisegger, K.-H., K. Zatloukal, G. Spurej, D. Riegelnegg, and H. Denk. 1992. Common epitopes of human and murine Mallory bodies and Lewy bodies as revealed by a neurofilament antibody. Lab. Invest. 66:193-199.
83. Pruss, R.M., R. Mirsky, R.M. Raff, R. Thorpe, A.J. Dowding, and B.H. Anderton. 1981. All classes of intermediate filaments share a common antigenic determinant defined by a monoclonal antibody. Cell. 27:419-128.
84. Reichelt, J., C. Bauer, R.M. Porter, E.B. Lane, V. Herzog, and T.M. Magin. 1997. Out of balance: consequences of a partial keratin 10 knockout. J. Cell Sci. 110:2175-2186.
85. Ruiz, P., V. Brinkmann, B. Ledermann, M. Behrend, C. Grund. C. Thalhammer, F. Vogel. C. Birehmeier, U. Günthert, W.W. Franke, et al. 1996. Targeted mutation of plakoglobin in mice reveals essential functions of desmosomes in the embryonic heart. J. Cell Biol. 135:215-225.
86. Salas, P.J., M.L. Rodriguez, A.L. Viciana, D.E. Vega Salas, and K.P. Hauri. 1997. The apical submembrane cytoskeleton participates in the organization of the apical pole in epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 137:359-375.
87. Sambrook, J., E.F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular Cloning. Volumes 1-3. Cold Spring Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
88. Schmidt, A., H.W. Heid, S. Schäfer, U.A. Nuher, R. Zimbelman, and W.W. Franke. 1994. Desmosomes and cyloskeletal architecture in epithelial differentiation: cell-lype-specific plaque components and intermediate filament anchorage. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 65:229-245.
89. Schröder, R., R.R. Mundegar, M. Treusch, U. Schlegel, I. Blümcke, K. Owaribe, and T.M. Magin. 1997. Altered distribution of plectin/HD1 in dystrophinopathies. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 74:165-171.
90. Schwarz, M.A., K. Owaribe, J. Kartenbeck, and W.W. Franke. 1990. Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes: constitutive molecular components. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 6:461-491.
91. Selfridge, J., A.M. Pow, J. McWhir, T.M. Magin, and D.W. Melton. 1992. Gene targeting using a HPRT minigene/HPRT-deficient embryonic stem cell system: inactivation of the mouse ERCC-1 gene. Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 18: 325-336.
92. Stacey, A., A. Schnieke, J. McWhir, A. Colman, and D.W. Melton. 1994. Use of double-replacement gene targeting to replace the murine alpha-lactalbumin gene with its human counterpart in embryonic stem cells and mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1009-1016.
93. Steinert, P.M. 1990. The two-chain coiled-coil molecule of native epidermal keratin intermediate filaments is a type I-type II heterodimer. J. Biol. Chem. 265:8766-8774.
94. Steinert, P.M., W.W. Idler, and S.B. Zimmerman. 1976. Self-assembly of bovine epidermal keratin filaments in vitro. J. Mol. Biol. 108:547-567.
95. Sun, T.T., S.C. Tseng, A.J. Huang, D. Cooper, A. Schermer, M.H. Lynch, R. Weiss, and R. Eichner. 1985. Monoclonal antibody studies of mammalian epithelial keratins: a review. Annu. New York Acad. Sci. 455:307-329.
96. Trevor, K., E. Linney, and R.G. Oshima. 1987. Suppression of endo B cytokeratin by its antisense RNA inhibits the normal coexpression of endo A cytokeratin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:1040-1044.
97. Tyner, A.L., and E. Fuchs. 1986. Evidence for posttranscriptional regulation of the keratins expressed during hyperproliferation and malignant transformation in human epidermis. J. Cell Biol. 103:1945-1955.
98. Vassar, R., P.A. Coulombe, L. Degenstein, K. Albers, and E. Fuchs. 1991. Mutant keratin expression in transgenic mice causes marked abnormalities resembling a human genetic skin disease. Cell. 64:265-380.
99. Venetianer, A., D.L. Schiller, T. Magin, and W.W. Franke. 1983. Cessation of cytokeralin expression in a rat hepatoma cell line lacking differentiated functions. Nature. 305:730-733.
100. Waseem, A., A.C. Gough, N.K. Spurr, and E.B. Lane. 1990. Localization of the gene for human simple-epithelial keratin 18 to chromosome 12 using polymerase chain reaction. Genomics, 7:188-194.
101. Wilson, A.K., P.A. Coulombe, and E. Fuchs. 1992. The roles of K5 and K14 head, tail, and R/K L L E G E domains in keratin filament assembly in vitro. J. Cell Biol 119:401-414.
102. Yen, T.J., P.S. Machlin, and D.W. Cleveland. 1988. Autoregulated instability of beta-tubulin mRNAs by recognition of the nascent amino terminus of beta-tubulin. Nature. 334:580-585.
103. Zatloukal, K., H. Denk, G. Spurej, E. Lackinger, K.-H., Preisegger, and W.W. Franke. 1990. High molecular weight component of Mallory bodies detected by a monoclonal antibody. Lab. Invent. 62:427-434.
104. Zatloukal, K., G. Bock, I. Rainer, H. Denk, and K. Weber. 1991. High molecular weight components are main constituents of Mallory bodies isolated with a fluorescence activated cell sorter. Lab. Invest. 64:200-206.