Between the cracks: Balkan cigarette smuggling

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 35-44

  Hozić, Aida A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2642575211     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2004.11052163     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Dženana Karup-Druško "Reket za Dodika, Bičakčića i Čovića" (A Racket for Dodik, Bičakčić, and Čović), Naši Dani (October 13, 2000).
2. Since the Dayton Peace Agreement of 1995, and especially since the 1999 Kosovo war, the discourse about the former Yugoslavia as a land of "ancient ethnic hatreds" and senseless identity-based violence has been replaced by the discourse of lawlessness, corruption, and criminality. See, for example, the U.S. Institute for Peace report, "Lawless Law Versus Rule of Law in the Balkans," no. 97 (December 2002), available at www.usip.org/pubs/ specialreports/sr97.html.
3. Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998).
4. Traian Stoianovich, "The Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant," Journal of Economic History 20, no. 1 (1960): 234-313.
5. For the history of Balkan economies under the Ottomans, see Haul Inalcik and Donald Quataert, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Resat Kasaba, The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988); John R. Lampe and Marvin R. Jackson, Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982); Bruce McGowan, Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade, and the Struggle for Land, 1600-1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Michael Palairet, The Balkan Economies c. 1800-1914: Evolution Without Development (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
6. For the history of Balkan economies under the Ottomans, see Haul Inalcik and Donald Quataert, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Resat Kasaba, The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988); John R. Lampe and Marvin R. Jackson, Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982); Bruce McGowan, Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade, and the Struggle for Land, 1600-1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Michael Palairet, The Balkan Economies c. 1800-1914: Evolution Without Development (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
7. For the history of Balkan economies under the Ottomans, see Haul Inalcik and Donald Quataert, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Resat Kasaba, The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988); John R. Lampe and Marvin R. Jackson, Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982); Bruce McGowan, Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade, and the Struggle for Land, 1600-1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Michael Palairet, The Balkan Economies c. 1800-1914: Evolution Without Development (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
8. For the history of Balkan economies under the Ottomans, see Haul Inalcik and Donald Quataert, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Resat Kasaba, The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988); John R. Lampe and Marvin R. Jackson, Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982); Bruce McGowan, Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade, and the Struggle for Land, 1600-1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Michael Palairet, The Balkan Economies c. 1800-1914: Evolution Without Development (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
9. For the history of Balkan economies under the Ottomans, see Haul Inalcik and Donald Quataert, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Resat Kasaba, The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988); John R. Lampe and Marvin R. Jackson, Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982); Bruce McGowan, Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade, and the Struggle for Land, 1600-1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Michael Palairet, The Balkan Economies c. 1800-1914: Evolution Without Development (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
10. On the significance of diasporas, see especially Stoianovich, "The Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant."
11. See particularly Palairet, Balkan Economies.
12. Peter Sugar, Industrialization of Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1878-1918 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967).
13. According to Negri and Hardt, the new empire is all-encompassing, more similar to the Roman Empire than to nineteenth-century imperialism. It embodies elements of the American constitutional order but should not be identified with the United States only. It is the political expression of globalization. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001).
14. Daria Šito-Sučič, "Sarajevo Plant Seeks New Marlboro License," Reuters (January 19, 1999).
15. Džnana Karup-Druško, "(Ne)Zakonita privatizacija Fabrike duhana Sarajevo" ([Il]legal Privatization of the Sarajevo Tobacco Factory), Naši Dani (May 10, 2002).
16. Šito-Sušić, "Sarajevo Plant."
17. See annual reports for Rovinj Tobacco on their Web site at www.tdr.hr/eng/corporate/index.html.
18. Ivica Djikić, "Balkanska Pušiona" (Balkan Smoking Room), Feral Tribune, available at www.feral.hr/index1.php?article=2002,871, djikic/.
19. I b i d.
20. Marko Hajdinjak, Smuggling in Southeastern Europe (Sofia: Center for the Study of Democracy, 2002); also Karup-Kruško, "Racket."
21. Marko Hajdinjak, Smuggling in Southeastern Europe (Sofia: Center for the Study of Democracy, 2002); also Karup-Kruško, "Racket."
22. In Serbia, the largest cigarette manufacturing company - Duvanska Industrija Niš - nearly shut down in late 1990s. See Zoran Kosanović, Šverc zatvorio fabriku" (Smuggling Closed Down the Factory), AIMPress report, available at www.aimpress.ch/dyn/pubs/archive/data/ 199707/70710-019-pubs-beo.htm. In Macedonia, tobacco growers have been experiencing tremendous difficulties in putting their crop on the market, because neither merchants nor the state have sufficient money to purchase their annual output. See Branka Nanevska, "Proizvodjači duvana beru bostan" (Tobacco Growers Getting Short End of the Stick), AIMPress report, available at www.aimpress.ch/dyn/pubs/archive/data/200201/20130-003-pubs-sko. htm.
23. In Serbia, the largest cigarette manufacturing company - Duvanska Industrija Niš - nearly shut down in late 1990s. See Zoran Kosanović, Šverc zatvorio fabriku" (Smuggling Closed Down the Factory), AIMPress report, available at www.aimpress.ch/dyn/pubs/archive/data/ 199707/70710-019-pubs-beo.htm. In Macedonia, tobacco growers have been experiencing tremendous difficulties in putting their crop on the market, because neither merchants nor the state have sufficient money to purchase their annual output. See Branka Nanevska, "Proizvodjači duvana beru bostan" (Tobacco Growers Getting Short End of the Stick), AIMPress report, available at www.aimpress.ch/dyn/pubs/archive/data/200201/20130-003-pubs-sko. htm.
24. Nicholas Forster and Sead Husić, "Probe into Montenegro's Role in Illegal Cigarette Trade," Financial Times (August 9, 2001).
25. Major revelations about Montenegrin cigarette smuggling were first made in the Croatian weekly Nacional. Most of the information in the next few paragraphs is based on their reports. See Jasna Babić, "Nacional Reveals the Head Mafia Boss of the Balkans," Nacional (May 17, 2001). On Vanja Bokan, see interview with his associate Srećko Kestner, by Ivo Pukanić and Borislav Jelinić, "Nacional razotkriva kako je djelovala najveć a balkanska mafijska organizacija" (Nacional Reveals the Practices of the Largest Mafia Organization in the Balkans), Nacional (May 31, 2001).
26. Major revelations about Montenegrin cigarette smuggling were first made in the Croatian weekly Nacional. Most of the information in the next few paragraphs is based on their reports. See Jasna Babić, "Nacional Reveals the Head Mafia Boss of the Balkans," Nacional (May 17, 2001). On Vanja Bokan, see interview with his associate Srećko Kestner, by Ivo Pukanić and Borislav Jelinić, "Nacional razotkriva kako je djelovala najveć a balkanska mafijska organizacija" (Nacional Reveals the Practices of the Largest Mafia Organization in the Balkans), Nacional (May 31, 2001).
27. "Put sverca duvana vodio do Nemačke" (Tobacco's Smuggling Route Leads to Germany), Blic (February 13, 2002), available at www.blic.co.yu/arhiva/2003-02-13/strane/hronika.htm.
28. Željko Ivanović, "Speedboats, Cigarettes, Mafia, and Montenegrin Democracy," Balkan Crisis Report, no. 83 (October 12, 1999), available at www.csd.bg/publications/book10/2.2.pdf.
29. "Premijer je kapitulirao" (Prime Minister Capitulates), Montenegrin electronic news service PCNEN, available at www.pcnen.cg.yu/pcnen2/ afere/afere48.htm.
30. "Ko i kako švercuje cigarette u Srbij" (The Who and How of Cigarette Smuggling into Serbia), Montenegrin electronic news service PCNEN, available at www.pcnen.cg.yu.
31. See "'Dnevnik' istražuje: putevi švercovanja cigareta izmedju mafijskog i državnog budjeta" (Dnevnik Investigates: Cigarette Smuggling Routes Between Mafias and State Budget), PCNEN.
32. "Šverc cigareta iz Crne Gore još traje" (Cigarette Smuggling from Montenegro Continues), PCNEN (September 26, 2003).
33. L. Joossens, "Tobacco Smuggling: An Optimal Policy Approach," in The Economics of Tobacco Control, ed. I. Abedian et al. (Cape Town: Applied Fiscal Research Center, 1998).
34. European Parliament, Report on the Community Transit System, Committee of Inquiry into the Community Transit System, Rapporteur: Mr. Edward Kellett Bowman, February 20, 1997. Available at www.europarl.eu.int/hearings/kelletta/ kel_6_en.htm?redirected=1/.
35. Prabhat Jha and Frank Chaloupka, eds., Tobacco Control in Developing Countries (Washington DC: World Bank, 2000).
36. I b i d.
37. Ibid. See chap. 16, "Issues in the Smuggling of Tobacco Products."
38. For example, cigarettes with transit or duty-free labels would be legally sent to Montenegro, then illegally shipped back to Western Europe. The relevant report has two parts: "Major Tobacco Multinational Implicated in Cigarette Smuggling, Tax Evasion, Documents Show," released on January 31, 2000, and "Global Reach of Tobacco Company's Involvement in Cigarette Smuggling Exposed in Company Papers, " released on February 2, 2000. Both are available at www.public-i.org/story_01_013100.htm.
39. World Customs Organization, Western European Regional Intelligence Liaison Office, LASSO 2000: Review on Cigarette Smuggling in Europe (Amsterdam, 2000).
40. Center for Public Integrity, "Cigarette Smuggling and Kids," available at tobaccofreekids.org/reports/smuggling/. More relevant reports are available at publicintegrity.org.
41. Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
42. I b i d.
43. See, for instance, I. William Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995).
44. See Dietrich Jung, ed., Shadow Globalization, Ethnic Conflicts, and New Wars: Political Economy of Intra-State War (London: Routledge, 2003). Although far more nuanced than most analysis of contemporary illict trade networks, even Jung's book, and particularly his chapter "A Political Economy of Intra-State War," still holds some hope that current illicit trade will eventually be transformed into a state-building force.
45. See Vadim Volkov, Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002).
46. Ronen Palan, "Tax Havens and the Commercialization of State Sovereignty," International Organization 56, no. 1 (2002): 152.
47. James H. Mittelman and Robert Johnston, "The Globalization of Organized Crime: The Courtesan State, and the Corruption of Civil Society," Global Governance 5, no. 1 (1999): 103-27.
48. Agamben, Homo Sacer.
49. Aida A. Hozić, "Zoning; or, How to Govern (Cultural) Violence," Cultural Values 6, no. 1 (2002): 183-95.