Unit price and choice in a token-reinforcement context

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Volumn 81, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 5-25

  Foster, Theresa A ^a   Hackenberg, Timothy D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Choice; Fixed ratio schedules; Key peck; Pigeons; Second order schedules; Token reinforcement; Unit price

Indexed keywords

EID: 2642552880     PISSN: 00225002     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1901/jeab.2004.81-5     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Bauman, R. (1991). An experimental analysis of the cost of food in a closed economy. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56, 33-50.
2. Bickel, W. K., DeGrandpre, R. J., & Higgins, S. T. (1993). Behavioral economics: A novel experimental approach to the study of drug dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 33, 173-192.
3. Bickel, W. K., DeGrandpre, R. J., & Higgins, S. T. (1995). The behavioral economics of concurrent drug reinforcers: A review and reanalysis of drug self-administration research. Psychopharmacology, 118, 250-259.
4. Bickel, W. K., DeGrandpre, R. J., Higgins, S. T., & Hughes, J. R. (1990). Behavioral economics of drug self-administration. I. Functional equivalence of response requirement and drug dose. Life Sciences, 47, 1501-1510.
5. Bickel, W. K., DeGrandpre, R. J., Hughes, J. R., & Higgins, S. T. (1991). Behavioral economics of drug self-administration. II. A unit-price analysis of cigarette smoking. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 55, 145-154.
6. Bickel, W. K., Green, L., & Vuchinich, R. E. (1995). Behavioral economics. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 64, 257-262.
7. Bickel, W. K., & Madden, G. J. (1999). Similar consumption and responding under single and multiple sources of drug. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 72, 299-316.
8. Bloomfield, T. M. (1967). Behavioral contrast and relative reinforcement frequency in two multiple schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10, 151-158.
9. Carroll, M. E. (1987). Self-administration of orally-delivered phencyclidine and ethanol under concurrent fixed-ratio schedules in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology, 93, 1-7.
10. Collier, G. H., Johnson, D. F., Hill, W. L., & Kaufman, L. W. (1986). The economics of the law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 46, 113-136.
11. Collier, G., & Rega, F. (1971). Two bar sucrose preference. Learning and Motivation, 2, 190-194.
12. DeGrandpre, R. J., Bickel, W. K., Hughes, J. R., Layng, M. P., & Badger, G. (1993). Unit price as a useful metric in analyzing effects of reinforcer magnitude. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 641-666.
13. English, J. A., Rowlett, J. K., & Woolverton, W. L. (1995). Unit-price analysis of opioid consumption by monkeys responding under a progressive-ratio schedule of drug injection. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 64, 361-371.
14. Epstein, R. (1981). Amount consumed as a function of magazine cycle duration. Behaviour Analysis Letters, 1, 63-66.
15. Epstein, R. (1985). Amount consumed varies as a function of feeder design. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 44, 121-125.
16. Ferster, C. B., & Skinner, B. F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
17. Findley, J. D. (1958). Preference and switching under concurrent scheduling. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1, 124-144.
18. Foltin, R. W. (1991). An economic analysis of "demand" for food in baboons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56, 445-454.
19. Foster, T. A., Hackenberg, T. D., & Vaidya, M. (2001). Second-order schedules of token reinforcement with pigeons: Effects of fixed- and variable-ratio exchange schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 76, 159-178.
20. Gollub, L. R. (1977). Conditioned reinforcement: Schedule effects. In W. K. Honig & J. E. R. Staddon (Eds.), Handbook of operant behavior (pp. 288-312). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
21. Green, L. & Kagel, J. (1987). Advances in behavioral economics. Vol. 1. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp.
22. Green, L., Rachlin, H., & Hanson, J. (1983). Matching and maximizing with concurrent ratio-interval schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 40, 217-224.
23. Herrnstein, R. J. (1958). Some factors influencing behavior in a two-choice situation. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 12, 35-45.
24. Herrnstein, R. J., & Loveland, D. H. (1975). Matching and maximizing on concurrent-ratio schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 24, 107-116.
25. Hursh, S. R. (1980). Economic concepts for the analysis of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 34, 219-238.
26. Hursh, S. R. (1984). Behavioral economics. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 42, 435-452.
27. Hursh, S. R., Raslear, T. G., Shurtleff, D., Bauman, R., & Simmons, L. (1988). A cost-benefit analysis of demand for food. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 419-440.
28. Jackson, K., & Hackenberg, T. D. (1996). Token reinforcement, choice, and self-control in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 66, 29-49.
29. Johanson, C. E., & Schuster, C. R. (1974). A choice procedure for drug reinforcers: Cocaine and methylphenidate in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 192, 676-688.
30. Kagel, J. H., Battalio, R. C., & Green, L. (1995). Economic choice theory: An experimental analysis of animal behavior. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
31. Kelleher, R. T. (1958). Fixed-ratio schedules of conditioned reinforcement with chimpanzees. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1, 281-289.
32. Killeen, P. R. (1985). Incentive theory: IV. Magnitude of reward. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 43, 407-417.
33. Killeen, P. R. (1995). Economics, ecologies, and mechanics: The dynamics of responding under conditions of varying motivation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 64, 405-431.
34. Lea, S. E. (1978). The psychology and economics of demand. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 441-466.
35. Logue, A. W. (1988). Research on self-control: An integrating framework. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 11, 665-709.
36. MacDonall, J. S. (1988). Concurrent variable-ratio schedules: Implications for the generalized matching law. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 55-64.
37. Macenski, M. J., & Meisch, R. A. (1998). Ratio size and cocaine concentration effects on oral cocaine-reinforced behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 70, 185-201.
38. Madden, G. J., Bicket, W. K., & Jacobs, E. A. (2000). Three predictions of the economic concept of unit price in a choice context. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 73, 45-64.
39. Mazur, J. E. (1987). An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. In M. L. Commons, J. E. Mazur, J. A. Nevin, & H. Rachlin (Eds.), Quantitative analyses of behavior: Vol. 5. The effect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value (pp. 55-73). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
40. Mazur, J. E. (1997). Choice, delay, probability, and conditioned reinforcement. Animal Learning of Behavior, 25, 133-147.
41. Meisch, R. A., & Lemaire, G. A. (1988). Oral self-administration of pentobarbital by rhesus monkeys: Relative reinforcing effects under concurrent fixed-ratio schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50, 175-186.
42. Neuringer, A. J. (1967). Effects of reinforcement magnitude on choice and rate of responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10, 417-424.
43. Rachlin, H. (1992). Diminishing marginal value as delay discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 57, 407-415.
44. Rachlin, H. (1995). Self-control: Beyond commitment. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18, 109-159.
45. Reynolds, G. S. (1961). Behavioral contrast. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 4, 57-71.
46. Rider, D. P. (1979). Concurrent ratio schedules: Fixed vs. variable response requirements. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 31, 225-237.
47. Shapiro, N., & Allison, J. (1978). Conservation, choice, and the concurrent fixed-ratio schedule. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29, 211-223.
48. Sumpter, C. E., Temple, W., & Foster, T. M. (1999). The effects of differing response types and price manipulations on demand measures. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 71, 329-354.
49. Tsunematsu, S. (2000). Effort- and time-cost effects on demand curves for food by pigeons under short-session closed economies. Behavioural Processes, 53, 47-56.
50. Webbe, F. M., & Malagodi, E. F. (1978). Second-order schedules of token reinforcement: Comparisons of performance under fixed-ratio and variable-ratio exchange schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 30, 219-224.
51. Zeiler, M. D. (1977). Schedules of reinforcement: The controlling variables. In W. K. Honig & J. E. R. Staddon (Eds.), Handbook of operant behavior (pp. 201-232). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
52. Zeiler, M. D. (1999). Reversed schedule effects in closed and open economies. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 71, 171-186.