Evangelical protestantism and foreign policy in the United States after september 11

Patterns of Prejudice

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 145-158

  Durham, Martin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WOLVERHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Christian Right; Christian Zionism; Conspiracy; Evangelicalism; George W. Bush; Iraq war; Islam; Israel; US foreign policy

Indexed keywords

EID: 2642526338     PISSN: 0031322X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00313220410001692349     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. See Joseph A. Fry, 'Phases of empire: late nineteenth-century US foreign relations', in Charles W. Calhoun (ed.), The Gilded Age. Essays on the Origins of Modern America (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources 1996), 265.
2. See Diane Kirby (ed.), Religion and the Cold War (Basingstoke: Palgrave 2003).
3. See Sara Diamond, Roads to Dominion. Right-wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York: Guilford Press 1995), 218-19; and Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More. Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press 1992), 162.
4. See Sara Diamond, Roads to Dominion. Right-wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York: Guilford Press 1995), 218-19; and Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More. Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press 1992), 162.
5. Jennifer Butler, 'For faith and family: Christian Right advocacy at the United Nations', Public Eye, vol. 14, no. 2-3, summer-fall 2000.
6. Andrew Kohut, John C. Green, Scott Keeter and Robert C. Toth (eds), The Diminishing Divide. Religion's Changing Role in American Politics (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press 2000), 18.
7. Joan Didion, 'Mr Bush and the Divine', New York Review of Books, 6 November 2003; 'A library of quotations on religion and politics by George W. Bush', available at www.beliefnet.com/story/33/story_3345_1.html (viewed 2 March 2004).
8. 'White House apologizes for using "crusade" to describe war on terror', 18 September 2001, available at www.themodernreligion.com/terror/wtc- crusade-apology.html (viewed 2 March 2004).
9. 'Rice: War on terror is not war on Islam', NewsMax.com Wires, 20 October 2003, available at www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2003/10/19/131240.shtml (viewed 12 February 2004).
10. Deborah Caldwell, 'Is Bush too nice to Islam?', available at www.belief.net/story/95/story_9577.html (viewed 2 March 2004); Franklin Foer, 'Grover Norquist's strange alliance with radical Islam', New Republic, 12 November 2001.
11. Deborah Caldwell, 'Is Bush too nice to Islam?', available at www.belief.net/story/95/story_9577.html (viewed 2 March 2004); Franklin Foer, 'Grover Norquist's strange alliance with radical Islam', New Republic, 12 November 2001.
12. Dennis R. Hoover, 'Choosing up sides in the Middle East', Religion in the News, vol. 5, no. 3, fall 2002; Michelle Cottle, 'Bible brigade', New Republic, 21 April 2003; Ken Garfield, 'Graham stands by comments on Islam', Charlotte Observer, 19 November 2001, available at www.rickross.com/reference/ fundamentalists/fund65.html (viewed 12 February 2004); Alan Cooperman, 'Robertson calls Islam a religion of violence, mayhem', Washington Post, 22 February 2002.
13. Dennis R. Hoover, 'Choosing up sides in the Middle East', Religion in the News, vol. 5, no. 3, fall 2002; Michelle Cottle, 'Bible brigade', New Republic, 21 April 2003; Ken Garfield, 'Graham stands by comments on Islam', Charlotte Observer, 19 November 2001, available at www.rickross.com/reference/ fundamentalists/fund65.html (viewed 12 February 2004); Alan Cooperman, 'Robertson calls Islam a religion of violence, mayhem', Washington Post, 22 February 2002.
14. Dennis R. Hoover, 'Choosing up sides in the Middle East', Religion in the News, vol. 5, no. 3, fall 2002; Michelle Cottle, 'Bible brigade', New Republic, 21 April 2003; Ken Garfield, 'Graham stands by comments on Islam', Charlotte Observer, 19 November 2001, available at www.rickross.com/reference/ fundamentalists/fund65.html (viewed 12 February 2004); Alan Cooperman, 'Robertson calls Islam a religion of violence, mayhem', Washington Post, 22 February 2002.
15. Dennis R. Hoover, 'Choosing up sides in the Middle East', Religion in the News, vol. 5, no. 3, fall 2002; Michelle Cottle, 'Bible brigade', New Republic, 21 April 2003; Ken Garfield, 'Graham stands by comments on Islam', Charlotte Observer, 19 November 2001, available at www.rickross.com/reference/ fundamentalists/fund65.html (viewed 12 February 2004); Alan Cooperman, 'Robertson calls Islam a religion of violence, mayhem', Washington Post, 22 February 2002.
16. Caldwell; 'Secular media wrong about meeting about Muslims?', Maranatha Christian Journal (online magazine), 12 May 2003, available at www.mcjonline.com/news/03a/20030512e.shtml (viewed 12 February 2004); Alan Cooperman, 'Bush's remark about God assailed', Washington Post, 22 November 2003.
17. Caldwell; 'Secular media wrong about meeting about Muslims?', Maranatha Christian Journal (online magazine), 12 May 2003, available at www.mcjonline.com/news/03a/20030512e.shtml (viewed 12 February 2004); Alan Cooperman, 'Bush's remark about God assailed', Washington Post, 22 November 2003.
18. William M. Arkin, 'The Pentagon unleashes a holy warrior', Los Angeles Times, 16 October 2003.
19. 'With God on our side', Washington Post, 18 October 2003; 'Bush hosted Ramadan dinner ' at White House mired in Islam controversy', 28 October 2003, available at www. warstories.cc/mirror/1067401266.html (viewed 16 February 2004); Seymour M. Hersh, 'Moving targets', New Yorker, 15 December 2003; 'Focus on the Family decries media lambasting of Lt General Boykin', Focus on the Family press release, 24 October 2003, available at www.family.org/welcome/ press/a0028537.cfm (viewed 16 February 2004); Keith Peters, 'Flap over General's comments tied to Christianity', Family News in Focus, 23 October 2003, available at www.family.org/cforum/fnif/news/a0028529.cfm (viewed 16 February 2004).
20. 'With God on our side', Washington Post, 18 October 2003; 'Bush hosted Ramadan dinner ' at White House mired in Islam controversy', 28 October 2003, available at www. warstories.cc/mirror/1067401266.html (viewed 16 February 2004); Seymour M. Hersh, 'Moving targets', New Yorker, 15 December 2003; 'Focus on the Family decries media lambasting of Lt General Boykin', Focus on the Family press release, 24 October 2003, available at www.family.org/welcome/ press/a0028537.cfm (viewed 16 February 2004); Keith Peters, 'Flap over General's comments tied to Christianity', Family News in Focus, 23 October 2003, available at www.family.org/cforum/fnif/news/a0028529.cfm (viewed 16 February 2004).
21. 'With God on our side', Washington Post, 18 October 2003; 'Bush hosted Ramadan dinner ' at White House mired in Islam controversy', 28 October 2003, available at www. warstories.cc/mirror/1067401266.html (viewed 16 February 2004); Seymour M. Hersh, 'Moving targets', New Yorker, 15 December 2003; 'Focus on the Family decries media lambasting of Lt General Boykin', Focus on the Family press release, 24 October 2003, available at www.family.org/welcome/ press/a0028537.cfm (viewed 16 February 2004); Keith Peters, 'Flap over General's comments tied to Christianity', Family News in Focus, 23 October 2003, available at www.family.org/cforum/fnif/news/a0028529.cfm (viewed 16 February 2004).
22. 'With God on our side', Washington Post, 18 October 2003; 'Bush hosted Ramadan dinner ' at White House mired in Islam controversy', 28 October 2003, available at www. warstories.cc/mirror/1067401266.html (viewed 16 February 2004); Seymour M. Hersh, 'Moving targets', New Yorker, 15 December 2003; 'Focus on the Family decries media lambasting of Lt General Boykin', Focus on the Family press release, 24 October 2003, available at www.family.org/welcome/ press/a0028537.cfm (viewed 16 February 2004); Keith Peters, 'Flap over General's comments tied to Christianity', Family News in Focus, 23 October 2003, available at www.family.org/cforum/fnif/news/a0028529.cfm (viewed 16 February 2004).
23. 'With God on our side', Washington Post, 18 October 2003; 'Bush hosted Ramadan dinner ' at White House mired in Islam controversy', 28 October 2003, available at www. warstories.cc/mirror/1067401266.html (viewed 16 February 2004); Seymour M. Hersh, 'Moving targets', New Yorker, 15 December 2003; 'Focus on the Family decries media lambasting of Lt General Boykin', Focus on the Family press release, 24 October 2003, available at www.family.org/welcome/ press/a0028537.cfm (viewed 16 February 2004); Keith Peters, 'Flap over General's comments tied to Christianity', Family News in Focus, 23 October 2003, available at www.family.org/cforum/fnif/news/a0028529.cfm (viewed 16 February 2004).
24. For a discussion of early evangelical disputes over the Protocols, see Timothy P. Weber, 'How evangelicals became Israel's best friend', Christianity Today, 5 October 1998.
25. Boyer, 188; Jerry Falwell, The Fundamentalist Phenomenon. The Resurgence of Conservative Christianity (Garden City, NY: Doubleday-Galilee 1981), 215; Donald Wagner, 'Bible and sword: US Christian Zionists discover Israel', Daily Star (Beirut), 10 October 2003, available at www.informationclearinghouse.info/ article4950.htm (viewed 2 March 2004).
26. Boyer, 188; Jerry Falwell, The Fundamentalist Phenomenon. The Resurgence of Conservative Christianity (Garden City, NY: Doubleday-Galilee 1981), 215; Donald Wagner, 'Bible and sword: US Christian Zionists discover Israel', Daily Star (Beirut), 10 October 2003, available at www.informationclearinghouse.info/ article4950.htm (viewed 2 March 2004).
27. Boyer, 188; Jerry Falwell, The Fundamentalist Phenomenon. The Resurgence of Conservative Christianity (Garden City, NY: Doubleday-Galilee 1981), 215; Donald Wagner, 'Bible and sword: US Christian Zionists discover Israel', Daily Star (Beirut), 10 October 2003, available at www.informationclearinghouse.info/ article4950.htm (viewed 2 March 2004).
28. Boyer, 205, 207, 401.
29. Victoria Clark, 'The Christian Zionists', Prospect, July 2003; Weber.
30. 'Rabbi Daniel Lapin and Gary Bauer launch American Alliance of Jews and Christians', Toward Tradition press release, 10 July 2002, available at www.towardtradition.org/pr_aajc.htm (viewed 16 February 2004).
31. Joe Conn, 'The Christian Coalition: born again?', Church and State, November 2002; Bill Berkowitz, 'Onward Bush's soldiers', WorkingForChange (online magazine), 14 March 2003, available at www.workingforchange.com/article. cfm?ItemID=14656 (viewed 16 February 2004); Eli Kintisch, 'Group raising millions to launch a "Christian AIPAC"', Forward, 21 June 2002; David Firestone, 'Evangelical Christians and Jews unite for Israel', New York Times, 9 June 2002.
32. Joe Conn, 'The Christian Coalition: born again?', Church and State, November 2002; Bill Berkowitz, 'Onward Bush's soldiers', WorkingForChange (online magazine), 14 March 2003, available at www.workingforchange.com/article. cfm?ItemID=14656 (viewed 16 February 2004); Eli Kintisch, 'Group raising millions to launch a "Christian AIPAC"', Forward, 21 June 2002; David Firestone, 'Evangelical Christians and Jews unite for Israel', New York Times, 9 June 2002.
33. Joe Conn, 'The Christian Coalition: born again?', Church and State, November 2002; Bill Berkowitz, 'Onward Bush's soldiers', WorkingForChange (online magazine), 14 March 2003, available at www.workingforchange.com/article. cfm?ItemID=14656 (viewed 16 February 2004); Eli Kintisch, 'Group raising millions to launch a "Christian AIPAC"', Forward, 21 June 2002; David Firestone, 'Evangelical Christians and Jews unite for Israel', New York Times, 9 June 2002.
34. Joe Conn, 'The Christian Coalition: born again?', Church and State, November 2002; Bill Berkowitz, 'Onward Bush's soldiers', WorkingForChange (online magazine), 14 March 2003, available at www.workingforchange.com/article. cfm?ItemID=14656 (viewed 16 February 2004); Eli Kintisch, 'Group raising millions to launch a "Christian AIPAC"', Forward, 21 June 2002; David Firestone, 'Evangelical Christians and Jews unite for Israel', New York Times, 9 June 2002.
35. Jason Keyset, 'US evangelicals back West Bank settlements', Washington Times, 29 June 2003; Julia Duin, 'Israeli pits US politics against "road map" plan', Washington Times, 18 August 2003; Claire Tristram, 'Benny Elon's long, strange trip', Salon.com (online magazine), 14 May 2003, available at www.informationclearinghouse.info/article3379.htm (viewed 16 February 2004); Michael Freund, 'Cross his heart', International Jerusalem Post, 30 September 2003.
36. Jason Keyset, 'US evangelicals back West Bank settlements', Washington Times, 29 June 2003; Julia Duin, 'Israeli pits US politics against "road map" plan', Washington Times, 18 August 2003; Claire Tristram, 'Benny Elon's long, strange trip', Salon.com (online magazine), 14 May 2003, available at www.informationclearinghouse.info/article3379.htm (viewed 16 February 2004); Michael Freund, 'Cross his heart', International Jerusalem Post, 30 September 2003.
37. Jason Keyset, 'US evangelicals back West Bank settlements', Washington Times, 29 June 2003; Julia Duin, 'Israeli pits US politics against "road map" plan', Washington Times, 18 August 2003; Claire Tristram, 'Benny Elon's long, strange trip', Salon.com (online magazine), 14 May 2003, available at www.informationclearinghouse.info/article3379.htm (viewed 16 February 2004); Michael Freund, 'Cross his heart', International Jerusalem Post, 30 September 2003.
38. Jason Keyset, 'US evangelicals back West Bank settlements', Washington Times, 29 June 2003; Julia Duin, 'Israeli pits US politics against "road map" plan', Washington Times, 18 August 2003; Claire Tristram, 'Benny Elon's long, strange trip', Salon.com (online magazine), 14 May 2003, available at www.informationclearinghouse.info/article3379.htm (viewed 16 February 2004); Michael Freund, 'Cross his heart', International Jerusalem Post, 30 September 2003.
39. Ami Eden, 'Christians split over Bush, peace process', Forward, 22 August 2003; 'Fundamentalists launch billboard campaign against Middle East peace', EthicsDaily.com (online magazine), 23 June 2003, available at www.ethicsdaily.com/article_detail.cfm?AID=2731 (viewed 16 February 2004); 'Letter to Bush, re: Mid East road map to peace', 19 May 2003, Faith and Family press release, 19 May 2003, available at www.christianity.com/partner/ Article_Display_Page/0//PTID314166%7CCHID601016%7CCIID1577880,00.html (viewed 2 March 2004).
40. Ami Eden, 'Christians split over Bush, peace process', Forward, 22 August 2003; 'Fundamentalists launch billboard campaign against Middle East peace', EthicsDaily.com (online magazine), 23 June 2003, available at www.ethicsdaily.com/article_detail.cfm?AID=2731 (viewed 16 February 2004); 'Letter to Bush, re: Mid East road map to peace', 19 May 2003, Faith and Family press release, 19 May 2003, available at www.christianity.com/partner/ Article_Display_Page/0//PTID314166%7CCHID601016%7CCIID1577880,00.html (viewed 2 March 2004).
41. Ami Eden, 'Christians split over Bush, peace process', Forward, 22 August 2003; 'Fundamentalists launch billboard campaign against Middle East peace', EthicsDaily.com (online magazine), 23 June 2003, available at www.ethicsdaily.com/article_detail.cfm?AID=2731 (viewed 16 February 2004); 'Letter to Bush, re: Mid East road map to peace', 19 May 2003, Faith and Family press release, 19 May 2003, available at www.christianity.com/partner/ Article_Display_Page/0//PTID314166%7CCHID601016%7CCIID1577880,00.html (viewed 2 March 2004).
42. 'Christians hail rightist's call to oust Arabs', Forward, 18 October 2002; Hoover.
43. Craig Horowitz, 'Israel's Christian soldiers', New York, 29 September 2003.
44. Boyer, 208; Weber. For a recent discussion of Sojourners, see Jason C. Bivins, The Fracture of Good Order. Christian Antiliberalism and the Challenge to American Politics (Durham: University of North Carolina Press 2003), 35-78.
45. Boyer, 208; Weber. For a recent discussion of Sojourners, see Jason C. Bivins, The Fracture of Good Order. Christian Antiliberalism and the Challenge to American Politics (Durham: University of North Carolina Press 2003), 35-78.
46. Boyer, 210-16; Tim LaHaye, No Fear of the Storm (Chichester: New Wine Ministries 1992), 28-32, 51-7.
47. Boyer, 210-16; Tim LaHaye, No Fear of the Storm (Chichester: New Wine Ministries 1992), 28-32, 51-7.
48. Jim Lobe, 'Conservative Christians biggest backers of Iraq war', Common Dreams (news service), 10 October 2002, available at www.commondreams.org/ headlines02/1010-02.htm (viewed 16 February 2004).
49. Hoover; Bill Broadway, 'Evangelicals' voices speak softly about Iraq', Washington Post, 25 January 2003.
50. See Revelation 16, particularly 16: 12: 'And the sixth angel poured out his vial upon the great river Euphrates; and the water thereof was dried up, that the way of the kings of the east might be prepared.'
51. See Revelation 9: 13-18.
52. Bill Broadway, 'Direst predictions for war in Iraq', Washington Post, 8 March 2003; C. Marvin Pate and J. Daniel Hays, Iraq - Babylon of the End-Times? (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books 2003), 40, 139.
53. Bill Broadway, 'Direst predictions for war in Iraq', Washington Post, 8 March 2003; C. Marvin Pate and J. Daniel Hays, Iraq - Babylon of the End-Times? (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books 2003), 40, 139.
54. Joseph Chambers, A Palace for the Antichrist: Saddam Hussein's Drive to Rebuild Babylon and Its Place in Bible Prophecy (Green Forest, AK: New Leaf Press 1996).
55. Michael D. Evans, Beyond Iraq: The Next Move. Ancient Prophecy and Modern Day Conspiracy Collide (Anchorage, AK: White Stone Press 2003); Keith Intrater, From Iraq to Armageddon: The Final Showdown Approaches (Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Image 2003); Mark Hitchcock, The Second Coming of Babylon (Sisters, OR: Multnomah Publishers 2003).
56. Michael D. Evans, Beyond Iraq: The Next Move. Ancient Prophecy and Modern Day Conspiracy Collide (Anchorage, AK: White Stone Press 2003); Keith Intrater, From Iraq to Armageddon: The Final Showdown Approaches (Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Image 2003); Mark Hitchcock, The Second Coming of Babylon (Sisters, OR: Multnomah Publishers 2003).
57. Michael D. Evans, Beyond Iraq: The Next Move. Ancient Prophecy and Modern Day Conspiracy Collide (Anchorage, AK: White Stone Press 2003); Keith Intrater, From Iraq to Armageddon: The Final Showdown Approaches (Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Image 2003); Mark Hitchcock, The Second Coming of Babylon (Sisters, OR: Multnomah Publishers 2003).
58. Martin Durham, The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism (Manchester: Manchester University Press 2000), 115-16, 122.
59. 'America at the point of no return!', Last Trumpet Newsletter, vol. 22, no. 4, April 2003, available at www.lasttrumpetministries.org/2003/April2003. html (viewed 17 February 2004); 'Last Trumpet Ministries confirms Cutting Edge analysis that events are occurring based upon occult timing and other occult considerations!', April 2003, available at www.cuttingedge.org/news/n1795.cfm (viewed 17 February 2004).
60. 'America at the point of no return!', Last Trumpet Newsletter, vol. 22, no. 4, April 2003, available at www.lasttrumpetministries.org/2003/April2003. html (viewed 17 February 2004); 'Last Trumpet Ministries confirms Cutting Edge analysis that events are occurring based upon occult timing and other occult considerations!', April 2003, available at www.cuttingedge.org/news/n1795.cfm (viewed 17 February 2004).
61. Lawn Griffiths, 'Christians hold vigil against pro-war churches', Arizona Tribune, 18 January 2003, available at www.overthrow.com/lsn/news.asp? articleID=3433 (viewed 17 February 2004).
62. Charles E. Carlson, 'Open letter to Coach Bill McCartney, Founder, Promise Keepers, Men of Integrity', available at www.whtt.org/whtt. shtm17articles/030225.htm (viewed 17 February 2004).
63. Chris Herlinger, 'Religious anti-war movement pledges continued opposition to Bush policies', Religion News Service, 29 April 2003, available at http://pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=2197 (viewed 17 February 2004).
64. 'Day 911', Christian News, 10 December 2001; Charles E. Carlson, 'The body snatchers' report on planet Earth', Pharisee Watch (online bulletin), 2001, available at www.whtt. org/articles/010119pw.htm (viewed 17 February 2004); Charles E. Carlson, 'Sherry's war - part VI: whoever controls America controls the world', Pharisee Watch (online bulletin), 2001, available at www.whtt.org/articles/010411pw.htm (viewed 17 February 2004).
65. 'Day 911', Christian News, 10 December 2001; Charles E. Carlson, 'The body snatchers' report on planet Earth', Pharisee Watch (online bulletin), 2001, available at www.whtt. org/articles/010119pw.htm (viewed 17 February 2004); Charles E. Carlson, 'Sherry's war - part VI: whoever controls America controls the world', Pharisee Watch (online bulletin), 2001, available at www.whtt.org/articles/010411pw.htm (viewed 17 February 2004).
66. 'Day 911', Christian News, 10 December 2001; Charles E. Carlson, 'The body snatchers' report on planet Earth', Pharisee Watch (online bulletin), 2001, available at www.whtt. org/articles/010119pw.htm (viewed 17 February 2004); Charles E. Carlson, 'Sherry's war - part VI: whoever controls America controls the world', Pharisee Watch (online bulletin), 2001, available at www.whtt.org/articles/010411pw.htm (viewed 17 February 2004).
67. Caryle Murphy, 'Evangelical leaders ask Bush to adopt balanced Mideast policy', Washington Post, 27 July 2002, available at www.emeu.net/news/002post. html (viewed 17 February 2004); Jim Wallis, 'Dangerous religion: George W. Bush's theology of empire', Sojourners, September-October 2003, available at www.sojo.net/index.cfm?action=magazine.article&issue=soj0309&article= 030910 (viewed 17 February 2004).
68. Caryle Murphy, 'Evangelical leaders ask Bush to adopt balanced Mideast policy', Washington Post, 27 July 2002, available at www.emeu.net/news/002post. html (viewed 17 February 2004); Jim Wallis, 'Dangerous religion: George W. Bush's theology of empire', Sojourners, September-October 2003, available at www.sojo.net/index.cfm?action=magazine.article&issue=soj0309&article= 030910 (viewed 17 February 2004).