What are the essential elements needed for the determination of amino acid requirements in humans?

Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 134, Issue 6 SUPPL., 2004, Pages

  Fürst, Peter ^a,b   Stehle, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b NONE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Amino acid requirements; Amino acid requirements in disease; Dispensable amino acids; Factors influencing amino acid requirements; Indispensable amino acids

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; CYSTEINE; ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID; GLUTAMINE; HISTIDINE; SERINE; TAURINE; TYROSINE;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADULT; AMINO ACID METABOLISM; CHRONIC DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DIETARY INTAKE; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; INFANT; INJURY; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; PROTEIN INTAKE; SEPSIS; WASTING SYNDROME;

APOGON BRACHYGRAMMUS;

EID: 2642525364     PISSN: 00223166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.6.1558s     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (88)

1. Rose, W. C. (1957) The amino acid requirements of adult man. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 27: 631-647.
2. FAO/WHO (1973) Energy and Protein Requirements: Report of a Joint FAO/ WHO Ad Hoc Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report, Serial No. 522. WHO, Geneva. Switzerland.
3. FAO/WHO/UNO (1985) Energy and Protein Requirements: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNO Expert Consultation. WHO Technical Report, No. 724. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
4. Leverton, R. M. (1959) Amino acid requirements of young adults. In: Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition (Albanese, A. A., ed.), pp 477-506. Academic Press, New York, NY.
5. Waterlow, J. C. (1996) The requirements of adult man for indispensable amino acids. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50: S151-S179.
6. Young, V. R., Bier, D. M. & Pellet, P. L. (1989) A theoretical basis for increasing current estimates of the amino acid requirements in adult man with experimental support. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50: 80-92.
7. FAO/WHO (1990) Protein Requirements: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Group. WHO Technical Report, No. 301. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
8. FAO/WHO (1965) Protein Quality Evaluation: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. FAO, Rome, Italy.
9. Sukhatme, P. V. & Margen, S. (1978) Models for protein deficiency. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 1237-1256.
10. Millward, D. J., Jackson, A. A., Price, G. & Rivers, J. W. P. (1989) Human amino acid and protein requirements: current dilemmas and uncertainties. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2: 109-132.
11. Millward, D. J., Price, G. M., Pacy, P. J. M. & Halliday, D. (1990) Maintenance protein requirements: the need for conceptual re-evaluation. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 49: 473-487.
12. Miller, D. S. & Payne, P. R. (1961) Problems in the prediction of protein values of diets: the use of food composition tables. J. Nutr. 74: 413-419.
13. Millward, D. J. & Rivers, J. P. W. (1988) The nutritional role of indispensable amino acids and the metabolic basis for their requirement. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 42: 367-394.
14. Reeds, P. J. (1990) Amino acid needs and protein scoring patterns. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 49: 489-497.
15. Reeds, P. J. & Hutchens, T. W. (1994) Protein requirements: from nitrogen balance to functional impact. J. Nutr. 124: 1754S-1764S.
16. Fuller, M. F., Milne, A., Harris, C. I., Reid, T. M. S. & Keenan, R. (1994) Amino acid losses in ileostomy fluid on a protein-free diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59: 70-73.
17. Fukagawa, N. K., Ajami, A. M. & Young, V. R. (1996) Plasma methionine and cysteine kinetics in response to an intravenous glutathione infusion in adult humans. Am. J. Physiol. 270: E209-E214.
18. Lyons, J., Rauh-Pfeiffer, A., Yu, Y. M., Lu, X. M., Zurakowski, D., Tompkins, R. G., Ajami, A. M., Young, V. R. & Castillo, L. (2000) Blood glutathione synthesis rates in healthy adults receiving a sulfur amino acid-free diet. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97: 5071-5076.
19. Laidlaw, S. A., Shultz, T. D., Cecchino, J. T. & Kopple, J. D. (1988) Plasma and urine taurine in vegans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47: 660-663.
20. Fuller, M. F. & Garlick, P. J. (1994) Human amino acid requirements: can the controversity be resolved? Annu. Rev. Nutr. 14: 217-241.
21. Pencharz, P. B. & Ball, R. O. (2003) Different approaches to define individual amino acid requirements. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 23: 101-116.
22. Young, V. R. & Marchini, J. S. (1990) Mechanisms and nutritional significance of metabolic responses to altered intakes of protein and amino acids with reference to nutritional adaptation in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51: 270-289.
23. Young, V. R. & El-Khoury, A. E. (1995) Can amino acid requirements for nutritional maintenance in adult humans be approximated from the amino acid composition of body mixed proteins? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92: 300-304.
24. Meguid, M. M., Matthews, D. E., Bier, D. M., Meredith, C. N., Soeldner, J. S. & Young, V. R. (1986) Leucine kinetics at graded leucine intakes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43: 770-780.
25. El-Khoury, A. E., Fukagawa, N. K., Sanchez, M., Tsay, R. M., Gleason, R. E., Chapman, T. E. & Young, V. R. (1994) The 24-h pattern and rate of leucine oxidation, with particular reference to tracer estimates of leucine requirements in healthy adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59: 1012-1020.
26. Young, V. R. & Borgonha, S. (1999) Adult human amino acid requirements. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2: 39-45.
27. 13C phenylalanine. Am. J. Physiol. 259: E835-E843.
28. 13C phenylalanine. Am. J. Physiol. 264: E677-E685.
29. Thorpe, J. M., Roberts, S. A., Ball, R. O. & Pencharz, P. B. (1999) Effect of prior protein intake on phenylalanine kinetics. J. Nutr. 129: 343-348.
30. Bross, R., Ball, R. O. & Pencharz, P. B. (1998) Development of a minimally invasive protocol for determination of phenylalanine and lysine kinetics in humans during the fed state. J. Nutr. 128: 1913-1919.
31. Young, V. R., Scrimshaw, N. S. & Pellet, P. L. (1998) Significance of dietary protein source in human nutrition: animal or plant proteins? In: Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People: A Challenge to Science. (Waterlow, J. C., Armstrong, D. G., Fowden, L., Riley, R., eds.), pp. 205-212. Oxford University Press in association with the Rank Prize Funds, New York, NY.
32. Pencharz, P. & Ball, R. O. (2004) Amino acid needs for early growth and development. J. Nutr. 134: 1566S-1568S.
33. Van den Berghe, G., Wouters, P. & Weekers, F. (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 345: 1359-1367.
34. Mitchell, H. H. (1962) Comparative Nutrition of Man and Domestic Animals, Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, NY.
35. Fürst, P. (1998) Old and new substrates in clinical nutrition. J. Nutr. 128: 789-796.
36. Young, V. E. & Tharakan, J. F. (2004) Nutritional essentiality of amino acids and amino acid requirements in healthy adults. In: Metabolic and Therapeutic Aspects of Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition. (Cynober, L., ed.), pp. 439-464. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; London, UK; New York, NY; Washington, DC.
37. Grimble, G. K. (1994) The significance of peptides in clinical nutrition. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 14: 419-447.
38. Wilmore, D. W. (1989) The practice of clinical nutrition: how to prepare for the future. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr. 13: 337-343.
39. Carpentier, Y. A., Richelle, M., Rubin, M., Rössle, C., Dahlan, W., Bosson, D. & Fürst, P. (1990) Stabilisation of plasma substrate concentrations: a model for conducting metabolic studies. Clin. Nutr. 9: 313-318.
40. Cynober, L. (2003) Lessons from pharmacokinetics in the design of new nutrition formulas for critically ill patients. In: Nutrition and Critical Care (Cynober, L. & Moore, F.A., eds.), pp. 265-277. Karger, Basel, Switzerland.
41. Cynober, L. (2002) Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation and metabolic significance. Nutrition 18: 761-766.
42. Bérard, M. P., Pelletier, A., Ollivier, J. M., Gentil, B. & Cynober, L. (2002) Qualitative manipulation of amino acid supply during total parenteral nutritional in surgical patients. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 26: 136-143.
43. Fürst, P. (1983) Intracellular muscle free amino acids-their measurement and function. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 42: 451-462.
44. Fürst, P. & Stehle, P. (1994) Are intravenous amino acid solutions unbalanced? New Horiz. 2: 215-223.
45. Snyderman, S. E. (1970) The protein and amino acid requirements of the premature infant. In: Metabolic Processes in the Fetus and Newborn Infant. (Jonxis, J. H. P., Visser, K. H. A. & Troelstra, J. A., eds.), p. 128. Stenfert Kroese, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
46. Anderson, H. L., Cho, E. S. & Wixom, R. K. (1986) Effects of long-term, low histidine diet on men. In: Histidine III (Fürst, P. & Kluthe, R., eds.), p. 2. Wiss. Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany.
47. Bergström, J., Fürst, P. & Josephson, B. (1970) Improvement of nitrogen balance in an uremic patient by the addition of histidine to essential amino acid solutions given intravenously. Life Sci. 9: 794-797.
48. 15N-studies in severe renal failure. II. Evidence for the essentiality of histidine. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 30: 307-312.
49. Giordano, C., De Santo, N. G., Rinaldi, S., De Pascale, C. & Pluvio, M. (1972) Histidine and glycine essential amino acids in uremia. In: Uremia: An International Conference on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapy. (Kluthe, R., Berlyne, G. & Burton, B., eds.), pp. 138-143. Georg Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
50. Kopple, J. D. & Swenseid, M. E. (1975) Evidence that histidine is an essential amino acid in normal and chronically uremic man. J. Clin. Invest. 55: 881-891.
51. Fürst, P. (1989) Amino acid metabolism in uremia. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 8: 310-323.
52. Alvestrand, A., Fürst, P. & Bergström, J. (1982) Plasma and muscle free amino acids in uremia: influence of nutrition with amino acids. Clin. Nephrol. 18: 297-305.
53. Alvestrand, A., Ahlberg, M., Fürst, P. & Bergström, J. (1983) Clinical results of long-term treatment with a low protein diet and new amino acid preparation in patients with chronic uremia. Clin. Nephrol. 119: 67-73.
54. Bergström, J., Alvestrand, A. & Fürst, P. (1990) Plasma and muscle amino acid in maintenance hemodialysis without protein malnutrition. Kidney Int. 38: 108-114.
55. Tizianello, A., Defarrri, G., Garribotto, G. & Robaudo, C. (1980) Amino acid metabolism and the liver in renal failure. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 1354-1362.
56. Fukuda, S. & Kopple, J. D. (1980) Uptake and release of amino acids by the kidney of dogs made chronically uremic with uranyl nitrate. Min. Elect. Metab. 3: 248-260.
57. Tizianello, A., Deferrari, G., Garibotto, G., Guerreri, G. & Robaudo, C. (1980) Renal metabolism of amino acids and ammonia in subjects with normal renal function and in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. J. Clin. Invest. 65: 1162-1173.
58. Bergström, J., Fürst, P., Noree, L.-O. & Vinnars, E. (1974) Intracellular free amino acid concentration in human muscle tissue. J. Appl. Physiol. 36: 693-697.
59. Huxtable, R. I. (1992) Physiological actions of taurine. Physiol. Rev. 72: 101-163.
60. Wang, J. H., Redmond, H. P., Watson, R. W., Condron, C. & Bouchier-Hayes, D. (1996) The beneficial effect of taurine on the prevention of human endothelial cell death. Shock 6: 331-338.
61. Condron, C., Neary, P., Toomey, D., Redmond, H. P. & Bouchier-Hayes, D. (2003) Taurine attenuates calcium-dependent, Fas-mediated neutrophil apoptosis. Shock 19: 564-569.
62. Geggel, H. S., Ament, M. E., Heckenlively, J. R., Martin, D. A., Kopple, B. S. & Kopple, J. D. (1985) Nutritional requirement for taurine in patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. N. Engl. J. Med. 312: 142-146.
63. Heird, W. C., Hay, W., Helms, R. A., Storm, M. C., Kashyap, S. & Dell, R. B. (1988) Pediatric parenteral amino acid mixture in low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 81: 41-50.
64. Kopple, J. D., Vinton, N. E., Laidlaw, S. A. & Ament, M. E. (1990) Effect of intravenous taurine supplementation on plasma, blood cell and urine taurine concentrations in adults undergoing long-term parenteral nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52: 846-853.
65. Desai, T. I. C., Maliakkal, J., Kinzie, J. L., Ehrinprels, M. N., Luk, G. D. & Ceijka, J. (1992) Taurine deficiency after intensive chemotherapy and/or radiation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55: 708-711.
66. Bergström, J., Alvestrand, A., Fürst, P. & Lindholm, B. (1989) Sulphur amino acids in plasma and muscle in patients with chronic renal failure: evidence for taurine depletion. J. Intern. Med. 226: 189-194.
67. Suliman, M. E., Anderstam, B. & Bergström, J. (1996) Evidence of taurine depletion and accumulation of cysteinesulfinic acid in chronic dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 50: 1713-1717.
68. Redmond, H. P., Stapleton, P. P., Neary, P. & Bouchier-Hayes, D. (1998) Immunonutrition: the role of taurine. Nutrition 14: 599-604.
69. Fürst, P., Pogan, K., Hummel, M., Herzog, B. & Stehle, P. (1997) Design of parenteral synthetic dipeptides for clinical nutrition: in vitro and in vivo utilization. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 41: 10-21.
70. Fürst, P., Pogan, K., Hummel, M., Herzog, B. & Stehle, P. (1997) Re-appraisal of indispensable amino acids. Design of parenteral synthetic dipeptides for clinical nutrition: synthesis and characterization. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 41: 1-9.
71. Räihä, N. C. R. (1973) Phenylalanine hydroxylase in human liver during development. Pediatr. Res. 7: 1-4.
72. Bross, R., Ball, R. O., Clarke, J. T. R. & Pencharz, P. B. (2000) Tyrosine requirements in children with classical PKU determined by indicator amino acid oxidation. Am. J. Physiol. 278: E195-E201.
73. Young, G. A. & Parsons, F. M. (1973) Impairment of phenylalanine hydroxylation in chronic renal insufficiency. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 45: 89-97.
74. Gaull, G., Sturman, J. A. & Räihä, N. C. R. (1972) Development of mammalian sulfur metabolism: absence of cystathionase in human fetal tissues. Pediatr. Res. 6: 538-547.
75. Di Buono, M., Wykes, L. J., Ball, R. O. & Pencharz, P. B. (2001) Dietary cysteine reduces methionine requirement in men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 74: 761-766.
76. Chawla, R. K., Lewis, F. W., Kutner, M., Bate, D. M., Roy, R. G. B. & Rudman, D. (1984) Plasma cysteine, cystine and glutathione in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 87: 770-776.
77. Pohlandt, F. (1974) Cystine: a semi essential amino acid in the newborn infant. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 63: 801-804.
78. Stegink, L. D. & Den Besten, L. (1972) Synthesis of cysteine from methionine in normal adult subjects: effect of route of alimentation. Science 178: 514-516.
79. Fürst, P. (1994) New parenteral substrates in clinical nutrition. Part I. Introduction. New substrates in protein nutrition. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 48: 607-616.
80. Bode, B. P. & Souba, W. W. (1994) Modulation of cellular proliferation alters glutamine transport and metabolism in human hepatoma cells. Ann. Surg. 220: 411-424.
81. Fürst, P. (2000) Jonathan E. Rhoads lecture: a thirty-year odyssey in nitrogen metabolism: from ammonium to dipeptides. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr. 24: 197-209.
82. Novak, F., Heyland, P. K., Avenell, A., Drower, J. W. & Xiangyao, S. U. (2002) Glutamine supplementation in serious illness: a systemic review of the evidence. Crit. Care Med. 30: 2022-2029.
83. Heyland, D. K., Phalinowa, R., Drower, J. W., Gramlich, L. & Dodek, P. (2003) Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr. 27: 355-373.
84. Stehle, P., Zander, J., Mertes, N., Albers, S., Puchstein, C., Lawin, P. & Fürst, P. (1989) Effect of parenteral glutamine peptide supplements on muscle glutamine loss and nitrogen balance after major surgery. Lancet i: 231-233.
85. Fürst, P., Pogan, K. & Stehle, P. (1997) Glutamine dipeptides in clinical nutrition. Nutrition 13: 731-737.
86. McCoy, R. H., Meyer, C. E. & Rose, W. C. (1935) Feeding experiments with mixtures of highly purified amino acids. VIII. Isolation and identification of a new essential amino acid. J. Biol. Chem. 112: 282-302.
87. Vinnars, E., Fürst, P. & Hallgren, B. (1970) The nutritive effect in man of non-essential amino-acids infused intravenously (together with the essential ones). I. Individual non-essential amino acids. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 14: 147-172.
88. Young, V. R. & Pellet, P. L. (1990) Current concepts concerning indispensable amino acid needs in adults and their implications for international nutrition planning. Food Nutr. Bull. 12: 289-300.