Effect of swim suit design on passive drag

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Volumn 36, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 1029-1035

  Mollendorf, Joseph C ^a,b,c   Termin II, Albert C ^a   Oppenheim, Eric ^b   Pendergast, David R ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^b State University of New York   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

Friction drag; Laminar flow; Passive drag; Turbulent flow; Wave drag

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANKLE; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; BIOMECHANICS; CALCULATION; CLOTHING; HUMAN; KNEE; LEG; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PERFORMANCE; SHOULDER; SWIMMING; TRUNK; TURBULENT FLOW; VELOCITY;

ADULT; CLOTHING; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; FRICTION; HUMANS; SWIMMING;

EID: 2642525341     PISSN: 01959131     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000128179.02306.57     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. CHATARD, J. C., J. M. LAVOIE, B. BOURGOIN, and J. R. LACOUR. The contribution of passive drag as a determinant of swimming performance. Int. J. Sports Med. 11:367-372, 1990.
2. COOPER, R. D., and M. P. TULIN. The laminar flow about very slender cylinders in axial motion, including the effect of pressure gradients and unsteady motions. David Taylor Model Basin Report 838:1-35, 1953.
3. CRAIG, A. B., JR., and D. R. PENDERGAST. Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke, and velocity in competitive swimming. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 11:278-283, 1979.
4. DI PRAMPERO, P. E., D. R. PENDERGAST, D. R. WILSON, and D. W. RENNIE. Body drag and efficiency in swimming. Arch. Fisiol. 69(Suppl.):502-515, 1972.
5. DI PRAMPERO, P. E., D. R. PENDERGAST, D. R. WILSON, and D. W. RENNIE. Energetics of swimming in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 37:1-5, 1974.
6. ECKERT, H. U. Simplified treatment of the turbulent boundary layer along a cylinder in compressible flow. J. Aeron. Sci. 19:23-28, 1952.
7. Fox, R. W., and A. T. McDONALD. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 4th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992, p. 440.
8. LANDWEBER, L. The axially symmetric potential flow about elongated bodies of revolution. David Taylor Model Basin Report 761:1-65, 1949.
9. McLEAN, S. P., and R. N. HINRICHS. Sex differences in the center of buoyancy location of competitive swimmers. J. Sport Sci. 16:373-383, 1998.
10. PENDERGAST, D. R., P. E. DI PRAMPERO, A. B. CRAIG, JR., D. R. WILSON, and D. W. RENNIE. Quantitative analysis of the front crawl in men and women. J. Appl. Physiol. Respirat. Environ. Exerc. Physiol. 43:475-479, 1977.
11. SANDERS, R., B. RUSHALL, H. TOUSSAINT, J. STAGER, and H. TAKAGI. Bodysuit yourself, but first think about it. Am. Swimming Magazine 5:23-32, 2001.
12. SCHMITT, T. J. Wind-tunnel investigation of air loads on human beings. David Taylor Model Basin Report 892:1-65, 1954.
13. SHARP, R. L., and D. L. COSTILL. Influence of body hair removal on physiological responses during breaststroke swimming. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 21:576-80, 1998.
14. STARLING, R. D., D. L. COSTILL, T. A. TRAPPE, A. C. JOZSI, S. W. TRAPPE, and B. H. GOODPLASTER. Effect of swimming suit design on the energy demands of swimming. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 27:1086-1089, 1995.
15. TOUSSAINT, H. M., D. DE GROOT, H. H. C. M. SAVELBERG, K. VERVOORN, A. P. HOLLANDER, and G. J. VAN INGEN SCHENAU. Effect of a triathlon wet suit on drag during swimming. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 21:325-328, 1989.
16. TOUSSAINT, H. M., M. TRUIJENS, M. J. ELZINGA, et al. Effect of a Fast-skin "body" suit on drag during front crawl swimming. Sport Biomech. 1:1-10, 2002.
17. WALSH, J. Suits slicker than skin. Swim Magazine July: 1-4, 1998.
18. ZAMPARO, P., G. ANTONUTTO, C. CAPELLI, et al. Effects of body size, body density, gender and growth on underwater torque. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 6:273-280, 1996.
19. ZAMPARO, P., C. CAPELLI, B. TERMIN, D. R. PENDERGAST, and P. E. DI PRAMPERO. Effect of the underwater torque on the energy cost, drag and efficiency of front crawl swimming. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 73:195-201, 1996.
20. ZATSIORSKY, M. (Ed.). Biomechanics in Sport: Performance Improvement and Injury Prevention. Boston: Blackwell Science, 2000, pp. 184-231.