Expanding roles of the cardiovascular specialists in panvascular disease prevention and treatment

Canadian Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 535-544

  Chan, Albert W ^a  

^a OCHSNER CLINIC FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Angioplasty; Atherosclerosis; Coronary artery disease; Hypertension; Peripheral artery disease; Stent; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ARTERY DISEASE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAROTID ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ILIAC ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; KIDNEY FAILURE; LEARNING; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; NEUROLOGY; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PATIENT CARE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RENAL ARTERY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SKILL; SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY; SURGEON; SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION; VASCULAR ACCESS; VASCULAR DISEASE; VASCULAR SURGERY; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CANADA; CARDIOLOGY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; UNITED STATES;

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CANADA; CARDIOLOGY; CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; HUMANS; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 2642512553     PISSN: 0828282X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. American Stroke Association and American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2003 Update. Dallas: American Stroke Association and American Heart Association, 2003.
2. Belch JJ, Topol EJ, Agnelli G, et al. Critical issues in peripheral arterial disease detection and management: A call to action. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:884-92.
3. Adams RJ, Chimowitz MI, Alpert JS, et al; Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association; American Stroke Association. Coronary risk evaluation in patients with transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Circulation 2003;108:1278-90.
4. Buffon A, Biasucci LM, Liuzzo G, D'Onofrio G, Crea F, Maseri A. Widespread coronary inflammation in unstable angina. N Engl J Med 2002;347:5-12.
5. Rioufol G, Finet G, Ginon I, et al. Multiple atherosclerotic plaque rupture in acute coronary syndrome: A three-vessel intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation 2002;106:804-8.
6. Hogue CW Jr, De Wet CJ, Schechtman KB, Davila-Roman VG. The importance of prior stroke for the adjusted risk of neurologic injury after cardiac surgery for women and men. Anesthesiology 2003;98:823-9.
7. Ricotta JJ, Wall LP. Treatment of patients with combined coronary and carotid atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Surg 2003;44:363-9.
8. Brown KR, Kresowik TF, Chin MH, Kresowik RA, Grund SL, Hendel ME. Multistate population-based outcomes of combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass. J Vasc Surg 2003;37:32-9.
9. Nussmeier NA. A review of risk factors for adverse neurologic outcome after cardiac surgery. J Extra Corpor Technol 2002;34:4-10.
10. Farooq MM, Reid TD, Gelabert HA, et al. Combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary bypass: A decade experience at UCLA. Cardiovasc Surg 2001;9:339-44.
11. Simon N, Franklin SS, Bleifer KH, Maxwell MH. Clinical characteristics of renovascular hypertension. JAMA 1972;220:1209-18.
12. Jean WJ, al-Bitar I, Zwicke DL, Port SC, Schmidt DH, Bajwa TK. High incidence of renal artery stenosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1994;32:8-10.
13. Harding MB, Smith LR, Himmelstein SI, et al. Renal artery stenosis: Prevalence and associated risk factors in patients undergoing routine cardiac catheterization. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992;2:1608-16.
14. Olin JW, Melia M, Young JR, Graor RA, Risius B. Prevalence of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis in patients with atherosclerosis elsewhere. Am J Med 1990;88:N46-51.
15. Caps MT, Perissinotto C, Zierler RE, et al. Prospective study of atherosclerotic disease progression in the renal artery. Circulation 1998;98:2866-72.
16. Zierler RE, Bergelin RO, Davidson RC, Cantwell-Gab K, Polissar NL, Strandness DE Jr. A prospective study of disease progression in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Am J Hypertens 1996;9:1055-61.
17. Zierler RE, Bergelin RO, Isaacson JA, Strandness DE Jr. Natural history of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: A prospective study with duplex ultrasonography. J Vasc Surg 1994;19:250-7.
18. Wollenweber J, Sheps SG, Davis GD. Clinical course of atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 1968;21:60-71.
19. Schreiber MJ, Pohl MA, Novick AC. The natural history of atherosclerotic and fibrous renal artery disease. Urol Clin North Am 1984;11:383-92.
20. Zierler RE, Bergelin RO, Isaacson JA, Strandness DE Jr. Natural history of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: A prospective study with duplex ultrasonography. J Vasc Surg 1994;19:250-8.
21. Greco BA, Breyer JA. The natural history of renal artery stenosis: Who should be evaluated for suspected ischemic nephropathy? Semin Nephrol 1996;16:2-11.
22. Dean RH, Kieffer RW, Smith BM, et al. Renovascular hypertension: Anatomic and renal function changes during drug therapy. Arch Surg 1981;116:1408-15.
23. Radermacher J, Chavan A, Bieck J, et al. Use of Doppler ultrasonography to predict the outcome of therapy for renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 2001;344:410-7.
24. Zeller T, Muller C, Frank U, et al. Stent angioplasty of severe atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis in patients with diabetes mellitus and nephrosclerosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;58:510-5.
25. Blum U, Krumme B, Flugel P, et al. Treatment of ostial renal-artery stenoses with vascular endoprostheses after unsuccessful balloon angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1997;336:459-65.
26. White CJ, Ramee SR, Collins TJ, Jenkins JS, Escobar A, Shaw D. Renal artery stent placement: Utility in lesions difficult to treat with balloon angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1445-50.
27. Dorros G, Jaff M, Mathiak L, et al. Four-year follow-up of Palmaz-Schatz stent revascularization as treatment for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Circulation 1998;98:642-7.
28. van de Ven PJ, Beutler JJ, Kaatee R, et al. Transluminal vascular stent for ostial atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Lancet 1995;346:672-4.
29. van de Ven PJ, Kaatee R, Beutler JJ, et al. Arterial stenting and balloon angioplasty in ostial atherosclerotic renovascular disease: A randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:282-6.
30. Henry M, Amor M, Henry I, et al. Stems in the treatment of renal artery stenosis: Long-term follow-up. J Endovasc Surg 1999;6:42-51.
31. Leertouwer TC, Gussenhoven EJ, Bosch JL, et al. Stent placement for renal arterial stenosis: Where do we stand? A meta-analysis. Radiology 2000;216:78-85.
32. Burket MW, Cooper CJ, Kennedy DJ, et al. Renal artery angioplasty and stent placement: Predictors of a favorable outcome. Am Heart J 2000;139:64-71.
33. Iannone LA, Underwood PL, Nath A, Tannenbaum MA, Ghali MG, Clevenger LD. Effect of primary balloon expandable renal artery stents on long-term patency, renal function, and blood pressure in hypertensive and renal insufficient patients with renal artery stenosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1996;37:243-50.
34. Jensen G, Zachrisson BF, Delin K, Volkmann R, Aurell M. Treatment of renovascular hypertension: One year results of renal angioplasty. Kidney Int 1995;48:1936-45.
35. Rundback JH, Jacobs JM. Percutaneous renal artery stent placement for hypertension and azotemia: Pilot study. Am J Kidney Dis 1996;28:214-9.
36. Watson PS, Hadjipetrou P, Cox SV, Piemonte TC, Eisenhauer AC. Effect of renal artery stenting on renal function and size in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease. Circulation 2000;102:1671-7.
37. Rocha-Singh KJ, Mishkel GJ, Katholi RE, et al. Clinical predictors of improved long-term blood pressure control after successful stenting of hypertensive patients with obstructive renal artery atherosclerosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 1999;47:167-72.
38. Rodriguez-Lopez JA, Werner A, Ray LI, et al. Renal artery stenosis treated with stent deployment: Indications, technique, and outcome for 108 patients. J Vasc Surg 1999;29:617-24.
39. Bakker J, Goffette PP, Henry M, et al. The Erasme study: A multicenter study on the safety and technical results of the Palmaz stent used for the treatment of atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1999;22:468-74.
40. Begelman SM, Olin JW. Renal Artery Stenosis. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 1999;1:55-62.
41. Giroux MF, Soulez G, Therasse E, et al. Percutaneous revascularization of the renal arteries: Predictors of outcome. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000;11:713-20.
42. Gross CM, Kramer J, Waigand J, et al. Ostial renal artery stent placement for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1998;45:1-8.
43. Jaff MR. Management of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: Interventional versus medical therapy. Curr Interv Cardiol Rep 2001;3:93-9.
44. Lederman RJ, Mendelsohn FO, Santos R, Phillips HR, Stack RS, Crowley JJ. Primary renal artery stenting: Characteristics and outcomes after 363 procedures. Am Heart J 2001;142:314-23.
45. Siablis D, Liatsikos EN, Kalogeropoulou C, et al. Metal stents for the management of atherosclerotic renovascular disease. J Endourol 2001;15:993-6.
46. Leertouwer TC, Derkx FH, Pattynama PM, Deinum J, van Dijk LC, Schalekamp MA. Functional effects of renal artery stent placement on treated and contralateral kidneys. Kidney Int 2002;62:574-9.
47. Gill-Leertouwer TC, Gussenhoven EJ, Bosch JL, et al. Predictors for clinical success at one year following renal artery stent placement. J Endovasc Ther 2002;9:495-502.
48. Gill KS, Fowler RC. Atherosclerotic renal arterial stenosis: Clinical outcomes of stent placement for hypertension and renal failure. Radiology 2003;24:24.
49. Silva J, Chan AW, Ramee SR, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide is elevated in patients with renal artery stenosis and is decreased with renal artery revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:101A.
50. Harden PN, MacLeod MJ, Rodger RS, et al. Effect of renal-artery stenting on progression of renovascular renal failure. Lancet 1997;349:1133-6.
51. Bush RL, Martin LG, Lin PH, et al. Endovascular revascularization of renal artery stenosis in the solitary functioning kidney. Ann Vasc Surg 2001;15:60-6.
52. Shannon HM, Gillespie IN, Moss JG. Salvage of the solitary kidney by insertion of a renal artery stent. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171:217-22.
53. Subramanian R, Silva JA, Ramee SR, Collins TJ, Jenkins SJ, White CJ. Stenting of renal artery stenosis preserves renal function in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients with chronic renal insufficiency. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:75A.
54. Bitter M, Do DD, Mahler F, Triller J, Baumgartner I. Treatment of renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia with balloon angioplasty: A prospective follow-up study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002;23:146-52.
55. Schomig A, Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, et al. A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1084-9.
56. Urban P, Macaya C, Rupprecht HJ, et al. Randomized evaluation of anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy after coronary stent implantation in high-risk patients: The multicenter aspirin and ticlopidine trial after intracoronary stenting (MATTIS). Circulation 1998;98:2126-32.
57. Berger PB, Bell MR, Rihal CS, et al. Clopidogrel versus ticlopidine after intracoronary stent placement. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1891-4.
58. Bertrand ME, Rupprecht HJ, Urban P, Gershlick AH, Investigators FT. Double-blind study of the safety of clopidogrel with and without a loading dose in combination with aspirin compared with ticlopidine in combination with aspirin after coronary stenting: The clopidogrel aspirin stent international cooperative study (CLASSICS). Circulation 2000;102:624-9.
59. Chrysant GS, Goldstein JA, Casserly IP, et al. Endovascular brachytherapy for treatment of bilateral renal artery in-stent restenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;59:251-4.
60. Aslam MS, Balasubramanian J, Greenspahn BR. Brachytherapy for renal artery in-stent restenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;58:151-4.
61. Albers GW, Caplan LR, Easton JD, et al. Transient ischemic attack - proposal for a new definition. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1713-6.
62. Davalos A, Matias-Guiu J, Torrent O, Vilaseca J, Codina A. Computed tomography in reversible ischaemic attacks: Clinical and prognostic correlations in a prospective study. J Neurol 1988;235:155-8.
63. Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock F, Molyneux A, Warlow C. Computed tomography in patients with transient ischaemic attacks: When is a transient ischaemic attack not a transient ischaemic attack but a stroke? J Neurol 1990;237:257-61.
64. Evans GW, Howard G, Murros KE, Rose LA, Toole JF. Cerebral infarction verified by cranial computed tomography and prognosis for survival following transient ischemic attack. Stroke 1991;22:431-6.
65. Kidwell CS, Alger JR, Di Salle F, et al. Diffusion MRI in patients with transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 1999;30:1174-80.
66. Engelter ST, Provenzale JM, Petrella JR, Alberts MJ. Diffusion MR imaging and transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 1999;30:2762-3.
67. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1581-7.
68. Johnston SC. Clinical practice. Transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1687-92.
69. Bamford J. Assessment and investigation of stroke and transient ischaemic attack. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70(Suppl 1):13-6.
70. Brott T, Bogousslaversusky J. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2000;343:710-22.
71. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22.
72. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001-9.
73. Byington RP, Davis BR, Plehn JF, et al. Reduction of stroke events with pravastatin: The Prospective Pravastatin Pooling (PPP) Project. Circulation 2001;103:387-92.
74. Rosenson RS, Tangney CC. Antiatherothrombotic properties of statins: Implications for cardiovascular event reduction. JAMA 1998;279:1643-50.
75. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1415-25.
76. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: Final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998;351:1379-87.
77. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995;273:1421-8.
78. Tu JV, Hannan EL, Anderson GM, et al. The fall and rise of carotid endarterectomy in the United States and Canada. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1441-7.
79. Wennberg DE, Lucas FL, Birkmeyer JD, Bredenberg CE, Fisher ES. Variation in carotid endarterectomy mortality in the Medicare population: Trial hospitals, volume, and patient characteristics. JAMA 1998;279:1278-81.
80. Ouriel K, Hertzer NR, Beven EG, et al. Preprocedural risk stratification: Identifying an appropriate population for carotid stenting. J Vasc Surg 2001;33:728-32.
81. Babatasi G, Massetti M, Theron J. Coexistent coronary and cerebrovascular disease: A place for carotid stenting. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:297.
82. Yadav JS. Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy (SAPPHIRE). American Heart Association Annual Scientific Sessions. Chicago, November 2002.
83. Wholey MH. Acculink for Revascularization of Carotids in High-Risk patients (ARCHER). American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions. Chicago, March 2003.
84. Mathias K. Carotid High-Risk Study (CHRS). Euro PCR meeting. Paris, May 2003.
85. Hobson RW II, Howard VJ, Brott TG, Howard G, Roubin GS, Ferguson RD; For the CREST Executive Committee. Organizing the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial (CREST): National Institutes of Health, Health Care Financing Administration, and industry funding. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med 2001;2:160-4.
86. Webb JG, Carere RG, Virmani R, et al. Retrieval and analysis of particulate debris after saphenous vein graft intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:468-75.
87. Baim DS, Wahr D, George B, et al. Randomized trial of a distal embolic protection device during percutaneous intervention of saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass grafts. Circulation 2002;105:1285-90.
88. Henry M, Amor M, Henry I, et al. Carotid stenting with cerebral protection: First clinical experience using the PercuSurge GuardWire system. J Endovasc Surg 1999;6:321-31.
89. Parodi JC, La Mura R, Ferreira LM, et al. Initial evaluation of carotid angioplasty and stenting with three different cerebral protection devices. J Vasc Surg 2000;32:1127-36.
90. Reimers B, Corvaja N, Moshiri S, et al. Cerebral protection with filter devices during carotid artery stenting. Circulation 2001;104:12-5.
91. Tubler T, Schluter M, Dirsch O, et al. Balloon-protected carotid artery stenting: Relationship of periprocedural neurological complications with the size of particulate debris. Circulation 2001;104:2791-6.
92. Mehran R, Roubin GS, New G, et al. Neurologic events after carotid stenting with distal protection using an occlusion balloon: Final results from the CAFE-USE trial. Circulation 2001;104:II367.
93. Guimaraens L, Sola MT, Matali A, et al. Carotid angioplasty with cerebral protection and stenting: Report of 164 patients (194 carotid percutaneous transluminal angioplasties). Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;13:114-9.
94. Al-Mubarak N, Colombo A, Gaines PA, et al. Multicenter evaluation of carotid artery stenting with a filter protection system. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:841-6.
95. Whitlow PL, Lylyk P, Londero H, et al. Carotid artery stenting protected with an emboli containment system. Stroke 2002;33:1308-14.
96. Yadav JS, Roubin GS, Iyer S, et al. Elective stenting of the extracranial carotid arteries. Circulation 1997;95:376-81.
97. White CJ, Gomez CR, Iyer SS, Wholey M, Yadav JS. Carotid stent placement for extracranial carotid artery disease: Current state of the art. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2000;51:339-46.
98. Meyers PM, Higashida RT, Phatouros CC, et al. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after percutaneous transluminal stenting of the craniocervical arteries. Neurosurgery 2000;47:335-45.
99. Jenkins JS, White CJ, Rainee SR, et al. Vertebral artery stenting. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2001;54:1-5.
100. Jenkins JS, Subramanian R. Endovascular treatment for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2002;4:385-91.
101. Wholey MH, Wholey M, Mathias K, et al. Global experience in cervical carotid artery stent placement. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2000;50:160-7.
102. Chan AW, Roffi M, Mukherjee D, et al. Carotid brachytherapy for in-stent restenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;58:86-92.
103. Hirsch AT, Hiatt WR. PAD awareness, risk, and treatment: New resources for survival - the USA PARTNERS program. Vasc Med 2001;6:9-12.
104. Hirsch AT, Halverson SL, Treat-Jacobson D, et al. The Minnesota Regional Peripheral Arterial Disease Screening Program: Toward a definition of community standards of care. Vasc Med 2001;6:87-96.
105. Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA 2001;286:1317-24.
106. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 2002;346:793-801.
107. LaMonte MJ, Durstine JL, Yanowitz FG, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein among a tri-ethnic sample of women. Circulation 2002;106:403-6.
108. Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, et al. Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1483-92.
109. Barbeau P, Litaker MS, Woods KF, et al. Hemostatic and inflammatory markers in obese youths: Effects of exercise and adiposity. J Pediatr 2002;141:415-20.
110. Abramson JL, Vaccarino V. Relationship between physical activity and inflammation among apparently healthy middle-aged and older US Adults. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1286-92.
111. Wannamethee SG, Lowe GD, Whincup PH, Rumley A, Walker M, Lennon L. Physical activity and hemostatic and inflammatory variables in elderly men. Circulation 2002;105:1785-90.
112. Murabito JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF. Intermittent claudication. A risk profile from The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1997;96:44-9.
113. Criqui MH, Fronek A, Barrett-Connor E, Klauber MR, Gabriel S, Goodman D. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population. Circulation 1985;71:510-5.
114. Hoogeveen EK, Kostense PJ, Beks PJ, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A population-based study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:133-8.
115. Cupples LA, Gagnon DR, Wong ND, Ostfeld AM, Kannel WB. Preexisting cardiovascular conditions and long-term prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: The Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1993;125:863-72.
116. Criqui MH, Fronek A, Klauber MR, Barrett-Connor E, Gabriel S. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive Value of traditional clinical evaluation of peripheral arterial disease: Results from noninvasive testing in a defined population. Circulation 1985;71:516-22.
117. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:145-53.
118. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 Report. JAMA 2003;289:2560-71.
119. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker versus diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002;288:2981-97.
120. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin versus usual care: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). JAMA 2002;288:2998-3007.
121. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106:3143-421.
122. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002;324:71-86.
123. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 1996;348:1329-39.
124. Duda SH, Pusich B, Richter G, et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents for the treatment of obstructive Superficial femoral artery disease: Six-month results. Circulation 2002;106:1505-9.