Update on pediatric echocardiography

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 579-585

  Frommelt, Peter C ^a,b  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^b Children's Hospital of Wisconsin   (United States)

Author keywords

Congenital heart disease; Doppler tissue imaging; Echocardiography; Pediatric echocardiography

Indexed keywords

AORTA VALVE DISEASE; CARDIAC GRAFT REJECTION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FALLOT TETRALOGY; GREAT VESSELS TRANSPOSITION; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART FUNCTION; HEART PERFORMANCE; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING;

CHILD; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; GRAFT REJECTION; HEART DISEASES; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HUMANS; KIDNEY DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION; VENTRICULAR FUNCTION;

EID: 26044477911     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.mop.0000175459.63797.d7     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Mori K, Nakagawa R, Nu M, et al. Pulsed wave Doppler tissue echocardiography assessment of the long axis function of the right and left ventricles during the early neonatal period. Heart 2004; 90:175-180. Describes long axis indexes of right and left ventricular function using pulsed DTI in normal neonates and how they evolve after birth.
2. Eidem BW, McMahon CJ, Cohen RR, et al. Impact of cardiac growth on Doppler tissue imaging velocities: a study in healthy children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17:212-221. Establishes reference values for annular velocities at the mitral, interventricular septum, and tricuspid valve in 325 healthy children.
3. Sun JP, Popovic ZB, Greenberg NL, et al. Noninvasive quantification of regional myocardial function using Doppler-derived velocity, displacement, strain rate, and strain in healthy volunteers: effects of aging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17:132-138.
4. 2. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93:1567-1569. A study comparing 25 obese children with 91 normal-weight children using DTI; the overweight children had evidence of abnormal diastolic function that was inversely related to body mass index.
5. Gomez CA, Ludomirsky A, Ensing GJ, Rocchini AP. Effect of acute changes in load on left ventricular diastolic function during device closure of atrial septal defects. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95:686-688. A well designed study documenting the load independence of DTI early annular velocities in patients undergoing atrial septal defect closure.
6. Pascotto M, Caso P, Santoro G, et al. Analysis of right ventricular Doppler tissue imaging and local dependence in patients undergoing percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94:1202-1205.
7. McMahon CJ, Nagueh SF, Pignatelli RH, et al. Characterization of left ventricular diastolic function by tissue Doppler imaging and clinical status in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2004; 109:1756-1762. This novel study is the first to identify DTI as a predictive tool in the outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children; the transmitral E/septal Ea ratio predicted adverse clinical outcomes as well as significant cardiac symptoms and should provide an additional quantitative tool in the assessment of this high-risk population.
8. McMahon CJ, Nagueh SF, Eapen RS, et al. Echocardiographic predictors of adverse clinical events in children with dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective clinical study. Heart 2004; 90:908-915. Again, a novel study that is the first to find DTI useful as a predictive tool in the outcome of dilated cardiomyopathy in children; specifically, a decreased tricuspid Ea velocity predicted adverse clinical outcomes and should provide an additional quantitative tool in the assessment of this high-risk population.
9. Harada K, Toyono M, Yamamoto F. Assessment of right ventricular function during exercise with quantitative Doppler tissue imaging in children late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17:863-869. This study describes the utility of combining DTI and exercise in the assessment of right ventricular systolic function after TOF repair in children.
10. Vogel M, Derrick G, White PA, et al. Systemic ventricular function in patients with transposition of the great arteries after atrial repair: a tissue Doppler and conductance catheter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:100-106. An important study in the utility of IVA in the assessment of right ventricular function in adolescents and young adults after atrial switch repair of TGA.
11. Toyono M, Harad K, Tamura M, et al. Myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction as a new index of right ventricular contractile function and its relation to pulmonary regurgitation in patients after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17:332-337. A study describing the inverse correlation between IVA and the degree of pulmonary insufficiency in children who have undergone TOF repair.
12. Solarz DE, Witt SA, Glascock BJ, et al. Right ventricular strain rate and strain analysis in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: possible interventricular septal compensation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17:338-344. Right ventricular strain and strain rate indexes in children who have had a TOF repair were found to be impaired compared with control subjects and correlated with decreased right ventricular ejection fraction.
13. Hughes ML, Shekerdemian LS, Brizard CP, Penny DJ. Improved early ventricular performance with a right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit in stage 1 palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: evidence from strain Doppler echocardiography. Heart 2004; 90:191-194. The first echocardiographic study comparing right ventricular function in infants after initial palliation for hypoplastic left-sided heart syndrome using strain Doppler echocardiography. The authors found significantly improved right ventricular contractility in infants with a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit compared with those who received a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt.
14. Tham EB, Silverman NH. Measurement of the Tei index: a comparison of M-mode and pulse Doppler methods. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17: 1259-1265.
15. Ikemba CM, Su JT, Stayer SA, et al. Myocardial performance index with sevoflurane-pancuronium versus fentanyl-midazolam-pancuronium in infants with functional single ventricle. Anesthesiology 2004; 101:1298-1305.
16. Yasuoka K, Harada K, Toyono M, et al. Tei index determined by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with pulmonary regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Cardiol 2004; 25:131-136. An interesting comparison of the right ventricular MPI obtained by inflow Doppler vs DTI in children who had had TOF repair; DTI was a much more effective technique in obtaining MPI values and distinguished TOF patients from normal subjects.
17. Pacileo G, Limongelli G, Verrengia M, et al. Backscatter evaluation of myocardial functional and textural findings in children with right ventricular pressure and/or volume overload. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 594-597. An important and well designed study that describes the utility of integrated backscatter indexes in differentiating right ventricular myocardial properties in children with various forms of right ventricular volume or pressure overload. The authors found that only right ventricles under pressure load stress, particularly when associated with volume overload, had abnormal indexes compared with normal subjects and those with isolated volume overload.
18. Ge S, Bu L, Zhang H, et al. A real-time 3-dimensional digital Doppler method for measurement of flow rate and volume through mitral valve in children: a validation study compared with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18:1-7. Real-time three-dimensional digital Doppler quantitation of flow volumes through the mitral valve correlated very well with MRI techniques in children.
19. Hofmann T, Franzen O, Koschyk DH, et al. Three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography for assessing shunt volume in atrial septal defects. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17:1173-1178. Three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography was an effective technique in accurately quantifying shunt volume in patients with atrial septal defects by TEE when compared with traditional invasive methods.
20. Bacha EA, Zimmerman FJ, Mor-Avi V, et al. Ventricular resynchronization by multisite pacing improves myocardial performance in the postoperative single-ventricle patient. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78:1678-1683. The study evaluated three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of ventricular function in children with single-ventricle physiology after surgery as a gauge of the effectiveness of multisite pacing for ventricular resynchronization; it can assess an index of asynchrony using volume-time curves that may provide the most sensitive measure of improved function with resynchronization in a population who could derive the most benefit.
21. Bhat AH, Corbett V, Carpenter N, et al. Fetal ventricular mass determination on three-dimensional echocardiography: studies in normal fetuses and validation experiments. Circulation 2004; 110:1054-1060.
22. Sklansky MS, DeVore GR, Wong PC. Real-time 3-dimensional fetal echocardiography with an instantaneous volume-rendered display: early description and pictorial essay. J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23:283-289. This report describes the ability to obtain real-time, instantaneous three-dimensional volume rendering of the fetal heart. Although this technique requires specialized expertise to fully analyze the information available and may have limited resolution in smaller fetuses, it has the potential to revolutionize the field by dramatically alleviating the burden of prolonged image acquisition.
23. Gonçalves LF, Romero R, Espinoza J, et al. Four-dimensional ultrasonography of the fetal heart using color Doppler spatiotemporal image correlation. J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23:473-481.
24. Alboliras ET, Hijazi ZM. Comparison of costs of intracardiac echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography in monitoring percutaneous device closure of atrial septal defect in children and adults. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94:690-692. Cost analysis of intracardiac vs TEE in monitoring of device placement for atrial septal defect in the catheterization laboratory; there was no significant difference in price ($33,562 vs $32,812), so economics does not appear to have a role in deciding which technique is preferable.
25. Earing MG, Cabalka AK, Seward JB, et al. Intracardiac echocardiographic guidance during transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79:24-34.
26. Kardon RE, Sokoloski MC, Levi DS, et al. Transthoracic echocardiographic guidance of transcatheter atrial septal defect closure. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94:256-260.
27. Roman KS, Nu M, Golding F, et al. Real-time subcostal 3-dimensional echocardiography for guided percutaneous atrial septal defect closure. Circulation 2004; 109:e320-e321.
28. Brizard CP, Olsson C, Wilkinson JL. New approach to multiple ventricular septal defect closure with intraoperative echocardiography and double patches sandwiching the septum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 128: 684-692. A novel approach to the challenge of identifying and successfully closing multiple ventricular septal defects in infants and children, using a combination of intraoperative epicardial echocardiographically guided wire fixation of the defects and a double-patch closure technique.
29. Ro PS, Rychik J, Cohen MS, et al. Diagnostic assessment before Fontan operation in patients with bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:184-187. A clever study trying to answer the question of who needs a cardiac catheterization before Fontan surgery. Criteria were devised to place patients in either a low-risk or high-risk category based on clinical and echocardiographic parameters; based on the authors' variables, their ability to discriminate patients who could safely forego cardiac catheterization was 93%.
30. Rosenthal DN, Chin C, Nishimura K, et al. Identifying cardiac transplant rejection in children: diagnostic utility of echocardiography, right heart catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy data. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23:323-329. Using an extensive list of standard echocardiographic and invasive indexes, the authors found no measure that distinguished pediatric cardiac transplant patients with biopsy-proven rejection from those without rejection. None of the new echocardiographic techniques (DTI, MPI, strain) were included in the analysis.
31. Prakash A, Printz BF, Lamour JM, et al. Myocardial performance index in pediatric patients after cardiac transplantation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17:439-442. Children who have undergone cardiac transplantation without evidence of rejection have a significantly elevated MPI compared with normal children, and the difference is secondary to prolonged isovolumic relaxation.
32. Asante-Korang A, Fickey M, Boucek MM, Boucke RJ Jr. Diastolic performance assessed by tissue Doppler after pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23:865-872. Diastolic indexes were assessed in 37 children who had undergone cardiac transplant using DTI, and although maximal diastolic velocities of posterior left ventricular wall thinning were not useful in predicting rejection, mitral annular Ea/Aa ratio did have predictive value in some patients compared with baseline measures.
33. Robinson RF, Nahata MC, Sparks E, et al. Abnormal left ventricular mass and aortic distensibility in pediatric dialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20: 64-68. This study identified elevated left ventricular mass index and abnormal aortic distensibility in children with end-stage renal disease.
34. Mitsnefes MM, Thomas RK, Witt SA, et al. Abnormal carotid artery structure and function in children and adolescents with successful renal transplantation. Circulation 2004; 110:97-101. Carotid arteriopathy, characterized by increased intima-media thickness and decreased distensibility, was identified in 31 children who had undergone successful renal transplantation.
35. Mitsnefes MM, Kimball TR, Border WL, et al. Impaired left ventricular diastolic function in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 1461-1466. Diastolic dysfunction, identified by transmitral inflow and DTI, is present in children 6-20 years of age with chronic renal failure, and the diastolic abnormalities correlate with left ventricular mass.
36. Whyte GP, George K, Sharma S, et al. The upper limit of physiological cardiac hypertrophy in elite male and female athletes: the British experience. J Appl Physiol 2004; 92:592-597. Values for upper limits of left ventricular wall thickness and left ventricular dimensions are described in elite athletes in Britain; values in excess of these suggest pathologic hypertrophy.
37. Nottin S, Nguyen L-D, Terbah M, Obert P. Left ventricular function in endurance trained children by tissue Doppler imaging. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:1507-1513. In endurance-trained children and adults, diastolic function as assessed by DTI was improved with increased relaxation indexes despite an absence of left ventricular hypertrophy in the athletic children.
38. Basso C, Boschello M, Perrone C, et al. An echocardiographic survey of primary school children for bicuspid aortic valve. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 661-663. Screening of school-aged children revealed an incidence of bicuspid aortic valve of 0.5%, and this was associated with aortic root dilation compared with children with trileaflet aortic valves.
39. Fernandes SM, Sanders SP, Khairy P, et al. Morphology of bicuspid aortic valve in children and adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:1648-1651. Characterization of aortic valve morphology in children with a bicuspid aortic valve reveals that the location of commissural fusion affects valve function (worse with right coronary and noncoronary fusion) and the risk for coarctation of the aorta (higher with right coronary and left coronary fusion).
40. Cecconi M, Manfrin M, Moraca A, et al. Aortic dimensions in patients with bicuspid aortic valve without significant valve dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95:292-294.
41. Gurvitz M, Chang R-K, Drant S, Allada V. Frequency of aortic root dilation in children with a bicuspid aortic valve. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94:1337-1340.