Language of the people in the world of gods: Ideologies of Tamil before the nation

Journal of Asian Studies

Volumn 57, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 66-92

  Ramaswamy, Sumathi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 26044457268     PISSN: 00219118     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2659024     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. ANDERSON, BENEDICT. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
2. ARAVAMUTHAN, T. G. 1930. "The Oldest Account of the Tamil Academies." Journal of Oriental Research 4:183-01; 289-17.
3. _. 1931-32. "The Maturai Chronicles and the Tamil Academies." Journal of Oriental Research 5:108-24; 196-214;
4. ." Journal of Oriental Research 6:89-105; 275-94; 322-40.
5. BAYLY, SUSAN. 1989. Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. CANKU PULAVAR, T. 1966. Maturaic Cokkanātar Tamil + (combining low line sign) Vit + (Combining dot below sign)utūtu [Tamil Dispatched as Messenger to Madurai Cokkanatar]. Madras: South India Shaiva Siddhanata Publishing Works.
7. CARMAN, JOHN, and VASUDHA NARAYANAN. 1989. The Tamil + (combining low line sign) Veda: Pillān + (combining low line sign) 's Interpretation of the Tiruvāymol + (combining low line sign) i. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8. CHENGALVARAYA PILLAI, V. S. 1941. Murukarum Tamil + (combining low line sign) um [Murukan + (combining low line sign) and Tamil], Madras: n.p.
9. CHIDAMBARANAR, A. 1964. Akattiyar Varalār + (combining low line sign) u [Story of Agastya]. Madras: South India Shaiva Siddhanata Publishing Works.
10. CLOTHEY, FRED. 1978. The Many Faces of Murukan + (combining low line sign): The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. The Hague: Mouton.
11. CUTLER, NORMAN. 1987. Songs of Experience: The Poetics of Tamil Devotion. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
12. HARDY, FRIEDHELM. 1983. Viraha-Bhakti: The Early History of Kr + (Combining dot below sign)s + (Combining dot below sign)n + (Combining dot below sign)a Devotion in South India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
13. HEIN, NORVIN. 1995. "Līlā." In The Gods at Play: Līlā in South Asia, edited by William S. Sax. New York: Oxford University Press.
14. HUDSON, DENNIS. 1989. "Violent and Fanatical Devotion Among the Nāyanārs: A Study in the Periya Purān + (combining low line sign) am of Cēkkil + (combining low line sign) ār." In Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism, edited by Alf Hiltebeitel. Albany: State University of New York Press.
15. ILANKUMARAN, I. 1988. Il + (Combining dot below sign)akkan + (Combining dot below sign)a Varalār + (combining low line sign) u [History of Grammar]. Madras: Manivacagar.
16. JAYARAMAN, N. V. 1965. Tūtu Ilakkiyaṅkal + (Combining dot below sign) [Messenger Poems]. Chidambaram: Manivacagar.
17. JESUDASAN, C., and H. JESUDASAN. 1961. A History of Tamil Literature. Calcutta: YMCA.
18. JEYECHANDRUN, A. V. 1985. The Madurai Temple Complex with Special Reference to Literature and Legends. Madurai: Madurai Kamaraj University.
19. KAILASAPATHY, K. 1970. "Kālantōrum Kat + (Combining dot below sign)avul + (Combining dot below sign) Vāl + (combining low line sign) ttu." [Divine Invocations through the Ages]. In his At + (Combining dot below sign)iyum Mut + (Combining dot below sign)iyum [Essays on Literature]. Madras: Pari Nilayam.
20. KRISHNAN, P. 1984. Tamil + (combining low line sign) Nūlkal + (Combining dot below sign)il Tamil + (combining low line sign) Mol + (combining low line sign) i, Tamil + (combining low line sign) In + (combining low line sign) am, Tamil + (combining low line sign) Nāt + (Combining dot below sign)u [Tamil Language, Tamil Community and Tamilnadu in Tamil Texts]. Madras: Ilantamilar Publications.
21. MOHAN LAL, ed. 1992. Encylopedia of Indian Literature. Vol. 5. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
22. NAMASIVAYA MUDALIAR, C. R. 1910. "The Tamil Tongue." In his Tamil: Dramatic Interludes, First Book. Madras: C. Coomaraswami Naidu and Sons.
23. NARAYANA AYYAR, C. V. 1936. Origin and Early History of Śaivism in South India. Madras: University of Madras.
24. NARAYANA RAO, V., D. SHULMAN, and S. SUBRAHMANYAM. 1992. Symbols of Substance: Court and State in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
25. NARAYANAN, VASUDHA. 1994. The Vernacular Veda: Revelation, Recitation and Ritual. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
26. NILAKANTA SASTRI, K. A. 1963. Development of Religion in South India. Bombay: Orient Longman.
27. NIRANJANA, TEJASWINI et al. 1993. Interrogating Modernity: Culture and Colonialism in India. Calcutta: Seagull.
28. PARANTAMANAR, A. K. 1966. Maturai Nāyakkar Varalār + (combining low line sign) u [A History of the Madurai Nayakas]. Madras: Pari Nilayam.
29. PERUMAL, K. V. 1981. "Ir + (combining low line sign) ;aivar In + (combining low line sign) pat Tamil + (combining low line sign) an + (combining low line sign) pu" [God's Love for Sweet Tamil]. In Tiruvil + (Combining dot below sign)ayāt + (Combining dot below sign)al Cor + (combining low line sign) pol + (combining liow line sign) ivukal [Lectures on the Tiruvil + (Combining dot below sign)āyāt + (Combining dot below sign)al Purāna + (Combining dot below sign)m]. Madras: South India Shaiva Siddhanata Publishing Works.
30. PETERSON, INDIRA. 1989. Poems to Śiva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
31. POLLOCK, SHELDON. 1996. "The Sanskrit Cosmopolis, 300-1300: Transculturation, Vernacularization, and the Question of Ideology." In The Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, edited by Jan E. M. Houben. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
32. PULAVAR KULANTHAI. 1972. Pulavar Kul + (combining low line sign) antai Pāt + (Combining dot below sign)alkal + (Combining dot below sign) [Songs of Pulavar Kulanthai]. Erode: Vela Patippakam.
33. RAMANUJAN, A. K. 1981. Hymns for the Drowning: Poems for Vis + (Combining dot below sign)n + (Combining dot below sign)u by Nammāl + (combining low line sign) vār. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
34. RAMASWAMY, SUMATHI. 1997. Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
35. SANJEEVI, N. 1972. "Vat + (Combining dot below sign)amol + (combining low line sign) i: Sanskrit? in Ancient Tamil Literature." Annals of the Oriental Research 24(1):1-11.
36. _. 1977. "Earliest References to Tamil." Annals of Oriental Research 27(1-2):1-9.
37. SARAVANA MUTTU, T. 1892. The Study of Tamil Literature: An Essay in Tamil. Madras: Sreenilayum Press.
38. SAX, WILLIAM S., ed. 1992. The Gods at Play: Līlā in South Asia. New York: Oxford University Press.
39. SHULMAN, DAVID. 1980. Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Śaiva Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
40. _. 1985. The King and the Clown in South Indian Myth and Poetry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
41. _. 1988. "The Tamil Flood Myths and the Cankam Legend." In The Flood Myth, edited by Alan Dundes. Berkeley: University of California Press.
42. _. 1990. Songs of the Harsh Devotee: The Tēvāram of Cuntaramūrttināyan + (combining low line sign) ār. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
43. SINGARAVELANAR, C. 1958. "Tamil + (combining low line sign) vit + (Combining dot below sign)u Tūtu." In Cir + (combining low line sign) r + (combining low line sign) ilakkiyac Cor + (combining low line sign) pol + (combining low line sign) ivukal [Lectures on Minor Literatures]. Madras: South India Shaiva Siddhanata Publishing Works.
44. SINGARAVELU MUDALIAR, A. [1910] 1983. Apitān + (combining low line sign) a Cintāman + (Combining dot below sign)i [Encyclopedia of Tamil Literature]. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services (reprint)
45. SIVARAJA PILLAI, K. N. [1932] 1985. Agastya in the Tamil Land. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services (reprint).
46. SRINIVASA AIYANGAR, M. [1914] 1982. Tamil Studies: Essays on the History of the Tamil People, Language, Religion, and Literature. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services (reprint).
47. STEIN, BURTON. 1980. Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
48. _. 1984. All the King's Mana: Papers on Medieval South Indian History. Madras: New Era.
49. SUBRAMANIA PILLAI, K. 1961. Kumarakuruparar At + (Combining dot below sign)ikal + (Combining dot below sign) Varalār + (combining low line sign) um Nūlārāycciyum [History of Kumarakuruparar and His Works]. Madras: South India Shaiva Siddhanata Publishing Works.
50. SUDDHANANDA BHARATI. 1970. The Grand Epic of Śaivism. Madras: South India Shaiva Siddhanata Publishing Works.
51. SWAMINATHA AIYAR, U. V. [1941] 1981. Maturaic Cokkanātar Tamil + (combining low line sign) Vit + (Combining dot below sign)utūtu [Tamil Dispatched as Messenger to Madurai Cokkanatar]. Madras: U. V. Swaminatha Aiyar Library (reprint).
52. VARADARAJAN, M. 1988. A History of Tamil Literature (translated from Tamil by E. S. Visswanathan). New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
53. VEDANAYAGAM PILLAI, S. 1879. The Life and Adventures in Tamil of Pradapa Mudaliar. Mayavaram: The author.
54. VELAYUTAM PILLAI. [1949] 1971. Mol + (combining low line sign) iyaraci [Queen of Languages]. Madras: South India Shaiva Siddhanata Publishing Works (reprint).
55. VENKATACHARI, K. K. A. 1978. The Man + (Combining dot below sign)ipravāl + (Combining dot below sign)a Literature of the Śrivais + (Combining dot below sign)n + (Combining dot below sign)ava Ācāryas, 12th-15th Century A.D. Bombay: Ananthacharya Research Institute.
56. VENKATASAMI NATTAR, N. M., ed. 1965. Parañcōtimun + (combining low line sign) ivar Arul + (Combining dot below sign)iceyta Tiruvil + (Combining dot below sign)ayāt + (Combining dot below sign)ar + (combining low line sign) Purān + (Combining dot below sign)am: Maturaikkān + (Combining dot below sign)t + (Combining dot below sign)am [Tiruvil + (Combining dot below sign)ayāt + (Combining dot below sign)al Purān + (Combining dot below sign)am of Parañcōti: Book on Madurai]. Madras: South India Shaiva Siddhanata Publishing Works.
57. WAGHORNE, JOANNE. 1994. The Raja's Magic Clothes: Re-Visioning Kingship and Divinity in England's India. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
58. YOCUM, GLENN. 1982. Hymns to the Dancing Śiva: A Study of Mān + (Combining dot below sign)ikkavācakar's Tiruvācakam. New Delhi: Heritage.
59. ZVELEBIL, KAMIL. 1973a. "The Earliest Account of the Tamil Academies." Indo-Iranian Journal 15(2): 109-35.
60. _. 1973b. The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
61. _. 1974. Tamil Literature. Weisbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
62. _. 1991. Tamil Traditions of Subrahman + (Combining dot below sign)ya-Murugan. Madras: Institute of Asian Studies.