메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 594-606

From outposts to enclaves: A social history of black barbers from 1750 to 1915

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 25844508466     PISSN: 14672227     EISSN: 14672235     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/es/khh079     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (9)

References (55)
  • 5
    • 85050712361 scopus 로고
    • The negro businessman: In search of a tradition
    • Winter
    • Eugene P. Foley, "The Negro Businessman: In Search of a Tradition," Daedalus 95 (Winter 1966): 107-44;
    • (1966) Daedalus , vol.95 , pp. 107-144
    • Foley, E.P.1
  • 7
    • 25844444095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Out of the shadows: Business enterprise and African American historiography
    • Fall
    • For a discussion of how the negative views about black businessmen has dampened interest in the history of black business, see Robert E. Weems, Jr., "Out of the Shadows: Business Enterprise and African American Historiography," Business and Economic History 26 (Fall 1997): 200-12.
    • (1997) Business and Economic History , vol.26 , pp. 200-212
    • Weems Jr., R.E.1
  • 11
    • 84920884442 scopus 로고
    • Womanist consciousness: Maggie lena walker and the independent order of St. Luke
    • Spring
    • Elsa Berkley Brown, "Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of St. Luke," Signs 14 (Spring 1989): 610-33;
    • (1989) Signs , vol.14 , pp. 610-633
    • Brown, E.B.1
  • 19
    • 25844469381 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • The fact that most antebellum whites failed to perceive the true character of African Americans is the fulcrum of Melville's story. In actuality, Delano is taken in by the act of Babo, who poses as a devoted slave although he is the leader of a slave mutiny. For a discussion of this point, see Sterling Brown, The Negro in American Fiction (New York, 1969), 12.
    • (1969) The Negro in American Fiction , pp. 12
    • Brown, S.1
  • 21
    • 84981913874 scopus 로고
    • ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Terri Hume Oliver New York
    • DuBois defined double-consciousness as the sense "of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity." Nathan Irving Huggins observes that there was a corollary to double-consciousness, "a unique insight into the vulnerable and unfulfilled soul" of white people. In her study of black female domestics, Darlene Clark Hine identifies a similar strategy, a "culture of dissemblance" that "created the appearance of openness and disclosure" to their employers while shielding themselves from debilitating racial and gendered stereotypes. W. E. B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk, ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Terri Hume Oliver (1903; New York, 1999), 11;
    • (1903) The Souls of Black Folk , pp. 11
    • DuBois, W.E.B.1
  • 23
    • 0000457684 scopus 로고
    • Rape and the inner lives of black women in the middle west: Preliminary thoughts on the culture of dissemblance
    • Summer
    • Darlene Clark Hine, "Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance," Signs 14 (Summer 1989): 342-47.
    • (1989) Signs , vol.14 , pp. 342-347
    • Hine, D.C.1
  • 25
    • 0003836068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I examined household-level entries for occupation, real property, and personal property in the manuscript census returns for Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Mobile to compare the North, the upper South, and the lower South. Seventh Census of the United States, 1850.
    • Seventh Census of the United States, 1850
  • 26
    • 25844438869 scopus 로고
    • Philadelphia, Pa.
    • Population, Slave, and Manufacturing Schedules, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, National Archives, Washington, D.C. In one directory, businesses were listed by their addresses, which made it possible to determine what establishments conducted business on a given block: The Philadelphia Shopping Guide and Housekeeper's Companion (Philadelphia, Pa.,1859).
    • (1859) The Philadelphia Shopping Guide and Housekeeper's Companion
  • 28
    • 25844493249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Series D - Cards, Box 84-2, File 108, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington, D.C.
    • The ad for Roberson's barbershop is contained in the Rapier Family Papers, Series D - Cards, Box 84-2, File 108, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington, D.C. Massive purchases of cigars and cologne are recorded in Jacob White's business records, John C. White, Sr.; B & R; 1839-1841; American Negro Historical Society Collection; Reel 5; frames 12, 103, 117, 153; Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
    • Rapier Family Papers
  • 39
    • 25844477650 scopus 로고
    • 22 April 1853, 23 Dec. 1853, and 28 Dec.
    • Frederick Douglass' Paper, 22 April 1853, 23 Dec. 1853, and 28 Dec. 1853;
    • (1853) Frederick Douglass' Paper
  • 41
    • 25844489189 scopus 로고
    • The father of black nationalism: Another contender
    • Dec.
    • For background on Woodson, see Floyd J. Miller, "The Father of Black Nationalism: Another Contender," Civil War History 17 (Dec. 1971): 310-19.
    • (1971) Civil War History , vol.17 , pp. 310-319
    • Miller, F.J.1
  • 42
    • 84925901659 scopus 로고
    • The structure of the free negro caste in the antebellum United States
    • Spring
    • For an overview of regional differences among free blacks, see Ira Berlin, "The Structure of the Free Negro Caste in the Antebellum United States," Journal of Social History 9 (Spring 1976): 297-318;
    • (1976) Journal of Social History , vol.9 , pp. 297-318
    • Berlin, I.1
  • 44
    • 25844471699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Various entries
    • reel 1157
    • Various entries, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. Census, 1860, reel 1157, pp. 71, 72, 84, 87, 94, 122, 149, 207, 268, 523, 537, 711, 715, 757;
    • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. Census, 1860 , pp. 71
  • 51
    • 25844482670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • James P. Hall (grandson of Edgar Harney), interview with author, Mobile, Ala., 13 and 14 Aug. 1997.
    • James P. Hall (grandson of Edgar Harney), interview with author, Mobile, Ala., 13 and 14 Aug. 1997. I identified all barbers in Mobile through the manuscript census returns. Barbershop ownership and shop location were determined by looking the men up in Mobile City Directories and referring to Sanborn Fire Insurance maps.
  • 52
    • 25844469380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The victory of black barbers over reform in Ohio, 1902-1913
    • I discuss the licensing movement in Douglas Bristol, Jr., "The Victory of Black Barbers over Reform in Ohio, 1902-1913," Essays in Economic and Business History 16 (1998): 251-60.
    • (1998) Essays in Economic and Business History , vol.16 , pp. 251-260
    • Bristol Jr., D.1
  • 55
    • 25844442517 scopus 로고
    • Emotional labor
    • Berkeley, Calif.
    • Sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild has established a well-regarded theoretical framework for studying what she dubs "emotional labor" in The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (Berkeley, Calif., 1983).
    • (1983) The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.