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25844443305
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For recent reviews on asymmetric halogenation reactions, see: a) M. Oestreich, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 2376;
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Oestreich, M.1
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0003467672
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Wiley, New York
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a) J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 1992;
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(1992)
Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, 4th Ed.
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March, J.1
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0003681697
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Wiley, New York
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b) N. De Kimpe, R. Verhé, The Chemistry of α-Haloketones, α-Haloaldehydes, and α-Haloimines, Wiley, New York, 1990.
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(1990)
The Chemistry of α-Haloketones, α-Haloaldehydes, and α-Haloimines
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De Kimpe, N.1
Verhé, R.2
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14
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0033790769
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For catalytic asymmetric chlorinations and brominations of β-keto esters, see: a) L. Hintermann, A. Togni, Helv. Chim. Acta 2000, 83, 2425;
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(2000)
Helv. Chim. Acta
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Hintermann, L.1
Togni, A.2
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2442584755
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b) M. Marigo, N. Kumaragurubaran, K. A. Jørgensen, Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 2133;
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Chem. Eur. J.
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Marigo, M.1
Kumaragurubaran, N.2
Jørgensen, K.A.3
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2142660821
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c) H. Ibrahim, F. Kleinbeck, A. Togni, Helv. Chim. Acta 2004, 87, 605;
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Helv. Chim. Acta
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Ibrahim, H.1
Kleinbeck, F.2
Togni, A.3
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17
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0037065341
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for catalytic asymmetric fluorination reactions, see: d) Y. Hamoshima, K. Yagi, H. Takano, L. Tamàs, M. Sodeoka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14 530;
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(2002)
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Hamoshima, Y.1
Yagi, K.2
Takano, H.3
Tamàs, L.4
Sodeoka, M.5
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20
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1842450587
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For chlorination reactions, see: a) M. P. Brochu, S. P. Brown, D. W. C. MacMillan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4108;
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Brochu, M.P.1
Brown, S.P.2
MacMillan, D.W.C.3
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21
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1842863015
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b) N. Halland, A. Braunton, S. Bachmann, M. Marigo, K. A. Jørgensen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4790;
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Halland, N.1
Braunton, A.2
Bachmann, S.3
Marigo, M.4
Jørgensen, K.A.5
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13444302402
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c) M. Marigo, S. Bachmann, N. Halland, A. Braunton, K. A. Jørgensen, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 5623;
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Angew. Chem.
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Marigo, M.1
Bachmann, S.2
Halland, N.3
Braunton, A.4
Jørgensen, K.A.5
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24
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25144443583
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for fluorination reactions, see: d) M. Marigo, D. Fielenbach, A. Braunton, A. Kjærsgaard, K. A. Jørgensen, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 3769;
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Angew. Chem.
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Marigo, M.1
Fielenbach, D.2
Braunton, A.3
Kjærsgaard, A.4
Jørgensen, K.A.5
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26
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25144445794
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e) D. D. Steiner, N. Mase, C. F. Barbas III, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 3772;
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Angew. Chem.
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Steiner, D.D.1
Mase, N.2
Barbas III, C.F.3
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0035925178
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a) H. Wack, A. E. Taggi, A. M. Hafez, W. J. Drury III, T. Lectka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1531;
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Wack, H.1
Taggi, A.E.2
Hafez, A.M.3
Drury III, W.J.4
Lectka, T.5
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b) S. France, H. Wack, A. E. Taggi, A. M. Hafez, T. R. Wagerle, M. H. Shah, C. L. Dusich, T. Lectka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4245.
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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France, S.1
Wack, H.2
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Hafez, A.M.4
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Shah, M.H.6
Dusich, C.L.7
Lectka, T.8
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0037148980
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For a phase-transfer catalyzed fluorination of β-keto esters, see: D. Y. Kim, E. J. Park, Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 545.
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(2002)
Org. Lett.
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, pp. 545
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Kim, D.Y.1
Park, E.J.2
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25844445144
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For recent examples, see: a) T. B. Poulsen, C. Alemparte, S. Saaby, M. Bella, K. A. Jørgensen, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 2956;
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Angew. Chem.
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Poulsen, T.B.1
Alemparte, C.2
Saaby, S.3
Bella, M.4
Jørgensen, K.A.5
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b) H. Li, Y. Wang, L. Tang, F. Wu, X. Liu, C. Guo, B. M. Foxman, L. Deng, Angew. Chem. 2005, 117, 107;
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Angew. Chem.
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Li, H.1
Wang, Y.2
Tang, L.3
Wu, F.4
Liu, X.5
Guo, C.6
Foxman, B.M.7
Deng, L.8
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c) S. Saaby, M. Bella, K. A. Jørgensen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 8120;
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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, pp. 8120
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Saaby, S.1
Bella, M.2
Jørgensen, K.A.3
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e) H. Li, Y. Wang, L. Tang, L. Deng, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 9906.
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(2004)
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Li, H.1
Wang, Y.2
Tang, L.3
Deng, L.4
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39
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25844490319
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note
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The uncatalyzed background chlorination reaction of 1a was demonstrated to proceed to different extents depending on the chlorinating agent; that is, under conditions of 1:1 1a/3, in toluene for 3 h at room temperature, the conversion of 1a is 100% with 3a, 58% with 3c, and 12% with 3d.
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40
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see reference [8b]
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It was reported that the use of trichloroquinolinone 3d in the asymmetric catalytic α-chlorination of acid halides resulted in poor chemical and optical yields; see reference [8b].
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41
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25844434235
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note
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3 represents a key step of catalysis, see the α-chlorination of acid halides in reference [8b].
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42
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25844455123
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note
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3 on reactivity is more appreciable with less-reactive substrates such as linear β-keto esters. The effects of various bases on the asymmetric halogenation were evaluated (see Supporting Information).
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43
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note
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The absolute configurations of 2a-b and 2e were determined to be S by comparison of the specific optical rotations with those reported in the literature. All other absolute configurations were assigned by analogy. Although it is premature to provide a detailed mechanistic explanation at this level, the sense of stereochemical induction suggests the formation of a BQd-enolate ionic complex in which the Re face is effectively shielded by the chiral organocatalyst.
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The use of different brominating agents such as N-bromosuccinimide and 2,4,4,6-tetrabromo-2,5-cyclohexadione resulted in very low enantioselectivities.
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