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Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 377-396

Tragedy as political theory: The self-destruction of antigone's laws

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EID: 25844452026     PISSN: 0143781X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (7)

References (75)
  • 1
    • 0012274860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • The text used in this article is the Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics edition of Antigone, ed. Mark Griffith (Cambridge, 1999);
    • (1999) Antigone
    • Griffith, M.1
  • 2
    • 84938283485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • trans. Reginald Gibbons and Charles Segal (Oxford)
    • the translation used is Antigone, trans. Reginald Gibbons and Charles Segal (Oxford, 2003).
    • (2003) Antigone
  • 5
    • 0003735103 scopus 로고
    • (Princeton), pp. 4 ff
    • for a defence against the contemporary critique of the alleged anachronism of interest in tragedy as political theory, cf. J. Peter Euben, The Tragedy of Political Theory: The Road not Taken (Princeton, 1990), pp. 4 ff.
    • (1990) The Tragedy of Political Theory: The Road Not Taken
    • Euben, J.P.1
  • 7
    • 36549036980 scopus 로고
    • Vorlesungen über die Ästhetik, III
    • Frankfurt/Main
    • G.W.F. Hegel, Vorlesungen über die Ästhetik, III, in Werke, XV (Frankfurt/Main, 1993), p. 523.
    • (1993) Werke , vol.15 , pp. 523
    • Hegel, G.W.F.1
  • 9
    • 25844476194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bloomington and Indianapolis
    • See, for a recent account, Dennis J. Schmidt, On Germans and Other Greeks (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 2001), pp. 89-121.
    • (2001) On Germans and Other Greeks , pp. 89-121
    • Schmidt, D.J.1
  • 10
    • 25844455577 scopus 로고
    • (Messina and Milan), pp. 59 f
    • Gennaro Perrotta, Sofocle (Messina and Milan, 1935), pp. 59 f.
    • (1935) Sofocle
    • Perrotta, G.1
  • 11
    • 25844454808 scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • ed. R.C. Jebb (Cambridge, especially), pp. xix ff
    • R.C. Jebb, 'Introduction', in Antigone, ed. R.C. Jebb (Cambridge, 1966), pp. ii-xxx, especially pp. xix ff.
    • (1966) Antigone
    • Jebb, R.C.1
  • 12
    • 25844491095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Heidelberg), especially
    • Gerhard Müller, Sophokles Antigone (Heidelberg, 1967), especially pp. 9-21. Müller seems to consider Hegel's theory to be a specifically German statist apology of political repression.
    • (1967) Sophokles Antigone , pp. 9-21
    • Müller, G.1
  • 13
    • 84861241791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tensions et ambiguïtés dans la tragédie grecque
    • Jean-Pierre Vernant and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, (Paris)
    • Jean-Pierre Vernant, 'Tensions et ambiguïtés dans la tragédie grecque', in Jean-Pierre Vernant and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Mythe et tragédie en Grèce ancienne, I (Paris, 2001), p. 34.
    • (2001) Mythe et Tragédie en Grèce Ancienne , vol.1 , pp. 34
    • Vernant, J.-P.1
  • 16
    • 0040418285 scopus 로고
    • New York and Oxford
    • George Steiner, Antigones (New York and Oxford, 1984), p. 40.
    • (1984) Antigones , pp. 40
    • Steiner, G.1
  • 17
    • 85008581215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigone's final speech sophocles, 'antigone' 891-928
    • Martin Cropp, 'Antigone's Final Speech (Sophocles, 'Antigone' 891-928)', Greece and Rome, Second Series, XXXXIV (2) (1997), pp. 137-60, here p. 153.
    • (1997) Greece and Rome, Second Series , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 137-160
    • Cropp, M.1
  • 18
    • 25844527386 scopus 로고
    • Polis und Hades in der Antigone des Sophokles
    • ed. Hans Diller (Darmstadt)
    • Cf. Rudolf Bultmann, 'Polis und Hades in der Antigone des Sophokles', in Sophokles, ed. Hans Diller (Darmstadt, 1967), p. 61.
    • (1967) Sophokles , pp. 61
    • Bultmann, R.1
  • 19
    • 77954941596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • Griffith, Antigone, 'Introduction', p. 28.
    • Antigone , pp. 28
    • Griffith1
  • 20
    • 0002093359 scopus 로고
    • Meaning and understanding in the history of ideas
    • ed. James Tully (Cambridge)
    • Quentin Skinner, 'Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas', in Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and his Critics, ed. James Tully (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 29-67, here p. 68.
    • (1988) Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and His Critics , pp. 29-67
    • Skinner, Q.1
  • 21
    • 25844491095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'ein tiefliegendes Missverständnis dessen ist, was Sophokles darstellen will' (my emphasis)
    • Müller, Sophokles Antigone, p. 9: 'ein tiefliegendes Missverständnis dessen ist, was Sophokles darstellen will' (my emphasis).
    • Sophokles Antigone , pp. 9
    • Müller1
  • 22
    • 0038296018 scopus 로고
    • Assumptions and the creation of meaning: Reading sophocles' antigone
    • This seems to be the kind of interpretation suggested in Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood, 'Assumptions and the Creation of Meaning: Reading Sophocles' Antigone', Journal of Hellenic Studies, CIX (1989), pp. 134-48;
    • (1989) Journal of Hellenic Studies , vol.109 , pp. 134-148
    • Sourvinou-Inwood, C.1
  • 23
    • 84861238296 scopus 로고
    • Creon and the "ode to man" in sophocles' antigone
    • Gregory Crane, 'Creon and the "Ode to Man" in Sophocles' Antigone', Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, XCII (1989), pp. 103-16, here p. 115. Whereas the latter is vague on this issue, it seems as if the former at least comes fairly close to equating the audience's understanding of the play with the correct interpretation of it.
    • (1989) Harvard Studies in Classical Philology , vol.92 , pp. 103-116
    • Crane, G.1
  • 26
    • 25844528183 scopus 로고
    • Wahrheit und Methode: Grundzüge einer philosophischen Hermeneutik
    • Tübingen
    • Hans-Georg Gadamer, Wahrheit und Methode: Grundzüge einer philosophischen Hermeneutik, in Gesammelte Werke, I (Tübingen, 1990), p. 301.
    • (1990) Gesammelte Werke , vol.1 , pp. 301
    • Gadamer, H.-G.1
  • 28
    • 0004336305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • pp. 25 f
    • Cf. Griffith, 'Introduction', pp. 25 f., who acknowledges the plurality of approaches.
    • Introduction
    • Griffith1
  • 30
  • 32
    • 61249655408 scopus 로고
    • Vorlesungen über die Ästhetik, I
    • Frankfurt/Main
    • G.W.F. Hegel, Vorlesungen über die Ästhetik, I, in Werke, XIII (Frankfurt/Main, 1986), p. 26.
    • (1986) Werke , vol.13 , pp. 26
    • Hegel, G.W.F.1
  • 35
    • 84861243839 scopus 로고
    • Sophokles' Antigone, passim
    • R.P. Winnington-Ingram, (Cambridge)
    • See, apart from Müller's Sophokles' Antigone, passim, R.P. Winnington-Ingram, Sophocles: An Interpretation (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 97, 124; the latter, however, does not cite Hegel in this context.
    • (1980) Sophocles: An Interpretation , pp. 97
    • Müller1
  • 36
    • 25844487009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Numbers in brackets refer to verses in the original text and in the translation.
  • 37
    • 84961327679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winnington-Ingram, Sophocles, p. 123. Moreover, Bernard Knox points out that this is the word used of ' "adopting" a child';
    • Sophocles , pp. 123
    • Winnington-Ingram1
  • 41
    • 25844518663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Cf. Jebb's commentary, ad 643-4, where Kreon's understanding of philia seems to echo Thoukydides' definition of an alliance between cities, a symmachia.
  • 43
    • 25844448066 scopus 로고
    • Lament and closure in Antigone
    • (Cambridge, MA and London), 136f
    • In an interesting reading (which would not, however, give an adequate answer to the kind of question asked in this paper) Charles Segal has claimed that Kreon's action is shown to be unjustified by the fact that, at the end of the play, he turns to a traditionally feminine grief and lament, that is, to the rituals that he has himself scorned: Segal, 'Lament and closure in Antigone', in Sophocles' Tragic World: Divinity, Nature, Society (Cambridge, MA and London, 1995), pp. 119-37, here pp. 126, 136f.
    • (1995) Sophocles' Tragic World: Divinity, Nature, Society , pp. 119-137
    • Segal1
  • 44
    • 25844446151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • pp. 31 f
    • Here, the text is corrupt and very much contested (Müller, for instance, says that he does not even consider Jebb's suggestion 'mögliches Griechisch' (Sophokles Antigone, pp. 31 f)); yet the most recent editor points out that '[w]hatever reading we adopt, it is clear that Ant. is describing the burial of Eteokles as "right" and in accordance with "law" or "custom" '
    • Sophokles Antigone
  • 46
    • 25844433893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • Jebb, Antigone, 'Introduction', p. xx.
    • Antigone
    • Jebb1
  • 49
    • 25844517923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thebes: Theater of self and society in athenian drama
    • ed. John J. Winkler and Froma Zeitlin (Princeton), 1992 here pp. 144 f
    • Froma Zeitlin, 'Thebes: Theater of Self and Society in Athenian Drama', in Nothing to Do with Dionysos? Athenian Drama in its Social Context, ed. John J. Winkler and Froma Zeitlin (Princeton, 1992), pp. 130-67, here pp. 144 f.
    • Nothing to Do with Dionysos? Athenian Drama in Its Social Context , pp. 130-167
    • Zeitlin, F.1
  • 52
    • 84923420901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Such an Athenian intervention can be found in Euripides' Suppliants, which, admittedly, was written about twenty years after Sophocles had staged the Antigone around 421 BC. But Aischylos' lost Eleusinioi is supposed to have contained such a version of the myth, too.
    • Suppliants
    • Euripides1
  • 53
    • 25844483795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The great dionysia and civic ideology
    • ed. Winkler and Zeitlin
    • Simon Goldhill, 'The Great Dionysia and Civic Ideology', in Nothing to Do with Dionysos?, ed. Winkler and Zeitlin, pp. 97-129.
    • Nothing to Do with Dionysos? , pp. 97-129
    • Goldhill, S.1
  • 54
    • 25844519744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sophocles' Antigone and her incestuous namesake
    • ed. Anders Piltz et al. (Lund)
    • Strid points out that Antigone's calling the dead Polyneikes adelphōi philtatōi, '[most] beloved brother' (verses 81/98), often evoked in support of such an interpretation, is also used by Ismene about Antigone's betrothed, Haimon (572); see Ove Strid, 'Sophocles' Antigone and her Incestuous Namesake', in For Particular Reasons: Studies in Honour of Jerker Blomqvist, ed. Anders Piltz et al. (Lund, 2003), pp. 289-303. Some editors have attributed verse 572 to Antigone instead, but that would not affect this point
    • (2003) For Particular Reasons: Studies in Honour of Jerker Blomqvist , pp. 289-303
    • Strid, O.1
  • 55
    • 25844479846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Likewise, it could be suggested that Antigone's main concern is an aristocratic conception of honour. In the prologos, she says Ismene will - when deciding whether or not to help her sister - show if she eugenēs pephykas, is '[born] noble' (38); and when confronted by Kreon, she rhetorically asks how she could have had kleos . . . eukleesteron, 'greater glory' (502) than by burying her brother. But clearly, there has to be some reason why her action is indeed honourable apart from just being courageous -that is, there has to be a kind of obligation regarding what she does.
  • 58
    • 79955235488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • pp. 181 ff
    • See Jebb's commentary, Antigone, pp. 181 ff.;
    • Antigone
    • Jebb1
  • 61
    • 84971108646 scopus 로고
    • How like a woman: Antigone's "inconsistency"
    • Matt Neuburg, 'How Like a Woman: Antigone's "Inconsistency" ', Classical Quarterly, XL (2) (1990), pp. 54-76.
    • (1990) Classical Quarterly , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 54-76
    • Neuburg, M.1
  • 62
    • 25844443492 scopus 로고
    • The plays of sophocles: Commentaries, III
    • Leiden
    • J.C. Kamerbeek, The Plays of Sophocles: Commentaries, III, The Antigone (Leiden, 1978), p. 160.
    • (1978) The Antigone , pp. 160
    • Kamerbeek, J.C.1
  • 65
    • 84861243486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peri alētheias
    • (On Truth), Diels/Kranz
    • As attested in Sophist writings such as Antiphon's Peri alētheias (On Truth), Diels/Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, B 44.
    • Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker
    • Antiphon1
  • 70
    • 0009877590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It could be objected that Antigone really just states the view that the child was more related to the father than to the mother. But in the lamentation quoted earlier (898-9), Antigone seems to make no distinction whatsoever between father, mother and brother as philoi. Antigone says once that Eteokles is 'of the same mother and father' (ek mias te kai tautou patros) in 513; in 466-7, she even says Polyneikes is ton ex emēs / mētros, 'of my mother', without mentioning the father. If anything, this would appear to entail emphasizing the mother as opposed to the father. Aristotle famously claimed that the father provided the 'form' to the embryo whereas the mother contributed the 'matter' (Aristotle, De generatione animalium, 729a10-12); but this is not what Antigone seems to be saying either.
    • De Generatione Animalium
    • Aristotle1
  • 72
    • 0011296551 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, pp. 113 f
    • See Mary Whitlock Blundell, Helping Friends and Harming Enemies: A Study in Sophocles and Greek Ethics (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 113 f, whose astute and innovative approach is in some ways very similar to the one in this article, but whose interpretation accounts neither for the internal opposition involved in Antigone's speech about the substitutability of husband and wife, nor for Antigone's one-sidedness in her dependence on Kreon's political philia, to which we will now turn. Furthermore, and more importantly, it appears that her critique is in the end not internal, for she seems to be judging 'character' from a standpoint that is not always intrinsic to the drama itself - an example of this is her claim that Kreon does not understand 'authentic philia' (p. 121), for one would have to ask what this 'authentic' phenomenon is and whether it is really a value to which Kreon himself adheres.
    • (1991) Helping Friends and Harming Enemies: A Study in Sophocles and Greek Ethics
    • Blundell, M.W.1
  • 73
    • 84961327679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winnington-Ingram, Sophocles, p. 141, seems to interpret this as a kind of recognition of the polis. Yet it seems reasonable to argue that the intertwining of the polis in the language of kinship is too insistent for such discontinuity in her character to be established.
    • Sophocles , pp. 141
    • Winnington-Ingram1
  • 75
    • 25844505125 scopus 로고
    • Wissenschaft der Logik, I, Die objektive Logik
    • Hamburg
    • G.W.F. Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik, I, Die objektive Logik, in Gesammelte Werke, XXI (Hamburg, 1984), p. 38.
    • (1984) Gesammelte Werke , vol.21 , pp. 38
    • Hegel, G.W.F.1


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