Closing the gaps?

Political Science

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 116-124

  Gould, John ^a  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Maori ethnic population; Maori Non Maori disparity; Measurement of gaps

Indexed keywords

EID: 25444486130     PISSN: 00323187     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/003231870005200202     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Te Puni Kokiri. Progress Towards Closing Social and Economic Gaps Between Maori and Non-Maori: A Report to the Minister of Maori Affairs (Wellington: Te Puni Kokiri, 1998);
2. Te Puni Kokiri, Progress Towards Closing Social and Economic Gaps Between Maori and Non-Maori: A Report to the Minister of Maori Affairs May 2000 (Wellington: Te Puni Kokiri, 2000).
3. I have discussed the census problem in the following papers: 'The facts and figures on the ethnic divide', Metro. No. 112 (October 1990), p. 117;
4. "Maori" in the Population Census, 1971-1991', New Zealand Population Review, Vol. 18, Nos. 1 & 2 (1992), pp. 64-65;
5. 'Socio-Economic Differences Between Maori Iwi', The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 105. No. 2 (June 1996), pp. 176-177;
6. 'Counting Maori', New Zealand Population Review, Vol. 26, No. 2 (2000), pp. 1-19.
7. An excellent recent article by Chapple and Rea, many of the findings of which, though reached quite independently and starting from a different data set, are very similar to mine, is also highly relevant to the question of the definition of 'Maori' and its statistical importance. See Simon Chapple and David Rea, 'Time series analysis of disparity between Maori and non-Maori labour market outcomes in the Household Labour Force Survey', Labour Market Bulletin, Nos. 1 & 2, (1998). pp. 127-144.
8. Brian Easton, Income Distribution in New Zealand (Wellington: New Zealand Institute of Economic Research, 1983). Ch. 12. Table 12.2.
9. Easton updates his data in his In Stormy Seas (Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1997), pp. 277-8;
10. George Barker. Income Distribution in New Zealand (Wellington: Institute of Policy Studies, 1996), chs. 4, 5;
11. Barry Martin. Away from Equality: Change in Personal Incomes 1951 to 1991 (Hamilton: University of Waikato, 1997), Tables 5, 8.
12. Reference might also have been made to my own studies, John D. Gould, 'The facts and figures';
13. 'The narrowing gap', Metro No. 113 (November 1990), pp. 142-9. These sought not only to establish trends in Maori relative income since the second world war, but to provide as much similar information as the data permitted for the other major ethnic minorities: Pacific Islanders, Chinese, and Indians. This multi-ethnic approach was adopted because of my conviction that Maori performance can only be properly explained if it is set alongside data not only for European New Zealanders, but for other ethnic minorities.
14. Chapple and Rea, 'Time series analysis of disparity between Maori and non-Maori labour market outcomes'.
15. Paul Dalziel, 'Economists' Analyses of Maori Economic Experience: 1959-1989', Proceedings of the Sesquicentennial Conference of the New Zealand Association of Economists August 20-22, 1990 (Auckland: New Zealand Association of Economists, 1990). Vol. 1, pp. 193-217.
16. See also, in the same publication, the same author's 'Explaining Ethnic Differences in Economic Attainment: a Survey', pp. 23-38.
17. Te Puni Kokiri, Progress Towards Closing Social and Economic Gaps 1998, Fig. 2 and footnote 11, p. 11.
18. Ministry of Health, Taking the Pulse: The 1996/1997 Health Survey (Wellington: Ministry of Health, 1999), Table 69, p. 245.
19. Te Puni Kokiri, Progress Towards Closing Social and Economic Gaps 1998, Fig. 13 and p. 18..
20. Te Puni Kokiri, Progress Towards Closing Social and Economic Gaps 1998, p. 17.
21. 1981 Census, Vol. 4, Table 20; Vol. 8, Table 48;
22. 1996 Census: Employment and Unemployment, Table 3;
23. 1996 Census: Matori. Table 34.
24. Statistics New Zealand, New Zealand Income Survey: June 1999 Quarter (Wellington: Statistics New Zealand. September 1999), Table 1. The same Table, incidentally, reports a still lower figure for the Pacific group, confirming the conclusion of my own census-based research that it is Pacific Islanders, not Maori, who are currently at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder. It might also be noted in passing that these relative values for the Maori and Pacific groups, calculated from the NZIS, a Household Labour Force Survey-based set of data, are virtually identical with the values derived by me from a different source, the 1996 Census, thus reinforcing the credibility of both calculations.
25. See Gould, 'Facts and Figures'.
26. By 1996 the Pacific group was the most disadvantaged of New Zealand's larger ethnic minorities. This statement is valid whether we base it on per capita income, on educational attainment, or on occupational distribution.
27. L. Haines, Work Today. Employment Trends to 1989 (Wellington: New Zealand Planning Council, 1989);
28. Jeff Honey and James Lindop, The Changing Structure of New Zealand's Labour Force 1976-1996. Briefing Paper No. 3, (Hamilton: Population Studies Centre, University of Waikato, 1997).
29. For 1986-1998 see Te Puni Kokiri, Progress Towards Closing Social and Economic Gaps 1998, Fig. 9;
30. for September 1999 see Statistics New Zealand, Household Labour Force Survey. June 2000 Quarter (August 2000), Table 5.
31. Te Puni Kokiri, Progress Towards Closing Social and Economic Gaps 1998, Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Table 7.
32. This statement is based on the occupational data of the 1991 and 1996 Censuses.
33. Te Puni Kokiri, Progress Towards Closing Social and Economic Gaps 1000, Figs. 37, 38.
34. Te Puni Kokiri, Progress Towards Closing Social and Economic Gaps 2000, Table 1.
35. Te Puni Kokiri, Progress Towards Closing Social and Economic Gaps 2000, p. 14.