Spectroscopy: The key to rapid, reliable petrophysical answers

Oilfield Review

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 14-33

  Barson, Dan ^a   Christensen, Rod ^a   Decoster, Eric ^b   Grau, Jim ^b   Herron, Michael ^b   Herron, Susan ^b   Guru, Udit Kumar ^b   Jordan, Martin ^c   Maher, Thomas M ^d   Rylander, Erik ^b   White, Jim ^b  

^a Oilexco   (Canada)

^b Petróleos de Venezuela SA ^*

^c PDVSA INTEVEP   (Venezuela)

^d Apache Egypt Companies   (Egypt)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORE SAMPLES; DATA PROCESSING; ROCK DRILLING; SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS; WELL LOGGING;

ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS; LOGGING TOOLS; PETROPHYSICS; ROCK PROPERTIES;

OIL WELL COMPLETION;

EID: 25444485252     PISSN: 09231730     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (26)

1. wirr, that can be achieved in a core plug by displacing the water with oil or gas. This state is usually achieved by flowing oil or gas through a water-saturated sample, or by spinning it in a centrifuge to displace the water with oil or gas.
2. Poupon A, Clavier C, Dumanoir J, Gaymard R and Misk A: "Log Analysis of Sand-Shale Sequences - A Systematic Approach," Journal of Petroleum Technology 22, no. 7 (July 1970): 867-881.
3. Herron MM, Herron SL, Grau JA, Seleznev NV, Phillips J, El Sherif A, Farag S, Horkowitz JP, Neville TJ and Hsu K: "Real-Time Petrophysical Analysis in Siliciclastics from the Integration of Spectroscopy and Triple-Combo Logging," paper SPE 77631, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, September 29-October 2, 2002.
4. Hertzog R, Colson L, Seeman O, O'Brien M, Scott H, McKeon D, Wraight P, Grau J, Ellis D, Schweitzer J and Herron M: "Geochemical Logging with Spectroscopy Tools," SPE Formation Evaluation 4, no. 2 (June 1989): 153-162.
5. Sedimentary minerals contain single or multiple oxides. Even clay minerals can be treated as complex mixtures of oxides. Concentrations are expressed in percent by weight, because it is the mass and not the volume of an element that contributes to the measured yield.
6. i. Herron SL: "Method and Apparatus for Determining Elemental Concentrations for Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Tools," US Patent No. 5,471,057 (November 28, 1995).
7. Herron MM, Matteson A and Gustavson G: "Dual-Range FT-IR Mineralogy and the Analysis of Sedimentary Formations," paper 9729, presented at the Annual Society of Core Analysts Conference, Calgary, September 7-10, 1997.
8. Ellis DV: Well Logging for Earth Scientists. New York: Elsevier (1987): 190.
9. e is a measure of the rock matrix properties. The PEF of dolomite is less than that of calcite. The PEF reconstructed from the computed matrix fractions should equal the measured PEF if the carbonate is pure calcite. If the measured PEF is less, the difference is proportional to the fraction of dolomite. See Hertzog et al, reference 4.
10. Herron SL and Herron MM: "Quantitative Lithology: An Application for Open and Cased Hole Spectroscopy," Transactions of the SPWLA 37th Annual Logging Symposium, New Orleans, June 16-19, 1996, paper E.
11. S are the % by dry weight of these elements. Herron SL and Herron MM: "Application of Nuclear Spectroscopy Logs to the Derivation of Formation Matrix Density," Transactions of the SPWLA 41st Annual Logging Symposium, Dallas, June 4-7, 2000, paper JJ.
12. v, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) per unit pore volume, is directly related to clay volume and its CEC. CEC is the quantity of positively charged ions that a clay mineral or similar material can accommodate on its negatively charged surface, expressed as milli-ion equivalent per 100 g, or more commonly as milliequivalent (meq) per 100 g. Smits LJM and Waxman MH: "Electrical Conductivities in Oil-Bearing Shaly Sands," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journals, no. 2 (June 1968): 107-122.
13. Waxman MH and Thomas EC: "Electrical Conductivities in Shaly Sands I. The Relation Between Hydrocarbon Saturation and Resistivity Index; II. The Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Conductivity," Journal of Petroleum Technology 26, no. 2 (February 1974): 213-225.
14. Herron MM, Johnson DL and Schwartz LM: "A Robust Permeability Estimator for Siliciclastics," paper SPE 49301, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, September 27-30, 1998.
15. Carman PC: Flow of Gases through Porous Media. London: Butterworth's Scientific Publications, 1956.
16. 0ρma(1-Ø)/Ø.
17. 1.714.
18. Timur A: "Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Porosity, Movable Fluid, and Permeability of Sandstones," Journal of Petroleum Technology 21, no. 6 (June 1969):775-786.
19. Coates GR, Miller M, Gillen M and Henderson G: "The MRIL in Conoco 33-1: An Investigation of a New Magnetic Resonance Imaging Log," Transactions of the SPWLA 32nd Annual Logging Symposium, Midland, Texas, USA, June 16-19, 1991, paper DD.
20. Glauconite is a silicate mineral found in sedimentary rocks. It typically forms on continental shelves characterized by slow sedimentation with organic matter present in an oxidizing environment. In sufficient quantity, it can form thick, sandy, green deposits.
21. The Waxman-Smits equation is described in reference 12.
22. The Sen-Goode-Sibbit saturation model is commonly applied in freshwater shaly sand environments. For more information: Sen PN, Goode PA and Sibbit A: "Electrical Conduction in Clay-Bearing Sandstones at Low and High Salinities," Journal of Applied Physics 63, no. 10 (May 15, 1988): 4832-4840.
23. For more about exploration for stratigraphic traps by OILEXCO: Durham LS: "Subtle Traps Become New Prey," AAPG Explorer 25, no. 8 (August 2004): 14.
24. Amplitude variation with offset (AVO) refers to a difference in seismic reflection amplitude with a change in distance between shotpoint and receiver. AVO responses indicate differences in lithology and fluid content in rocks above and below the reflector.
25. For additional examples: Poulin M, Hidore J, Sutiyono S, Herron M, Herron S, Seleznev N, Grau J, Horkowitz J, Alden M and Chabernaud T: "Deepwater Core Comparison with Answers from a Real-Time Petrophysical Evaluation," paper SPE 90134, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, September 26-29, 2004.
26. Rasmus JC, Horkowitz JP, Chabernaud T, Graham P, Summers M and Wise D: "A New Formation Evaluation Technique for the Lower Tertiary in South Texas -Predicting Production in Low Permeability, Fine-Grained Sandstones," paper SPE 90690, presented at the SPE International Petroleum Conference, Puebla, Mexico, November 7-9, 2004.