No more servants in the house

Review of Black Political Economy

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 33-49

  Bates, Beth T ^a  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 25444479115     PISSN: 00346446     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12114-999-1025-0     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Joleen Kirshenman and Katherine Neckerman, "'We'd Love to Hire Them, But. . . . ': the Meaning of Race to Employers," in Christopher Jencks and Paul Peterson, eds., The Urban Underclass (Washington, D. C.: Brookings, 1991).
2. Roger Waldinger, Still the Promised City? African-Americans and New Immigrants in Postindustrial New York (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 288.
3. Waldinger, Still the Promised City?, 15.
4. Saskia Sassen-Koob, "Exporting Capital and Importing Labor: The Role of Caribbean Migration to New York City," Occasional Paper, Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University, 1981.
5. Waldinger, Still the Promised City?, 166.
6. Waldinger, Still the Promised City?, 7.
7. For Pullman Company officials perceptions of black workers, see findings of the 1915 Commission on Industrial Relations, which was submitted to the U.S. Congress, see Brailsford Reese Brazeal, The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: Its Origins and Development (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946), 6, note 1.
8. Stanley Buder, Pullman: An Experiment in Industrial Order and Community Planning, 1880-1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 10.
9. For a history of the early years of George Pullman and the Pioneer, see Buder, Pullman, 3-16; Almont Lindsey, The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942), 19-37; and
10. Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph: A Biological Portrait (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973; reprinted, Berkeley, California, 1986), 155-158.
11. William H. Harris, Keeping the Faith: A; Philip Randolph, Milton P. Webster, and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 1925-1937 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977), 3.
12. Joseph Husband, Story of Pullman Car (Chicago: A. C. Mc Clurg, 1917), 155.
13. This reference was found in Anderson, A Philip Randolph, 159, 366-367.
14. For Pullman Company officials testifying before the Commission, see information from Commission on Industrial Relations, Final Report and Testimony (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1915), Volume X, 9553,
15. which is quoted in Brailsford Reese Brazeal, The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: Its Origins and Development (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1946), 6, see also, pp. 1-2.
16. H. N. Hall, The Art of the Pullman Porter," The American Mercury 23:91 (July 1931): 333.
17. Jack Santino interviewed twenty plus retired Pullman Porters between 1978 and 1984. He said the term "George" was associated with the days of slavery. See, Santino, Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle: Stories of Black Pullman Porters (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 125.
18. Murray Kempton, Part of Our Time: Some Ruins and Monuments of the Thirties (New York: Simon Schuster, 1955), 259, 240-242.
19. Quotes from, Bernard Mergen, "The Pullman Porter: From 'George' to Brotherhood," The South Atlantic Quarterly 73:2 (Spring 1974): 224 and
20. Anderson, A. Philip Randolph, 162.
21. For Malcolm X quote, see David D./ Perata, Those Pullman Blues: An Oral History of the African American Railroad Attendant (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996), xxviii.
22. Anderson, A. Philip Randolph, 162.
23. For an interesting and instructive study of "George," see Bernard Mergen, "The Pullman Porter: From 'George' to Brotherhood," The South Atlantic Quarterly 73:2 (Spring 1974): quote from, 224.
24. The nature of the relationship between porters and passengers is commented on by, Jack Jack Santino, Miles of Smiles, 107.
25. Beth Tompkins Bates, "The Unfinished Task of Emancipation: Protest Policies Come of Age in Black Chicago." Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1997, pp. 74-75.
26. Helen Buckler, Doctor Dan (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1954), 66-84;
27. Junius B. Wood, The Negro in Chicago (Chicago: Chicago Daily News 1916), 17-18 ;
28. Allan Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 97-98;
29. St. Clair Drake, "Churches and Voluntary Associations in the Chicago Negro Community," Report 465-54-3-386 (Chicago: WPA Publication, 1940), 102.
30. Buckler, Doctor Dan, 70-71.
31. Buckler, Doctor Dan, 83-84.
32. "Pullman Porters in Session at Y.M.C.A.," Chicago Defender, November 21, 1925, p. 9.
33. James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 200;
34. George R. Arthur, Life on the Negro Frontier (New York: Association Press, 1934), 186;
35. George Arthur, "The Young Men's Christian Association Movement Among Negroes," Opportunity 1:3 (March 1923), 17;
36. Chicago Defender, October 14, 1922;
37. Arvarh E. Strickland, History of the Chicago Urban League (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966), 34-36;
38. Sterling Spero and Abram L. Harris, Black Worker: The Negro and the Labor Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931), 142.
39. Quote from Tuttle, Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 (New York: Atheneum, 1970), 151;
40. see also, James R. Barrett, Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago's Packinghouse Workers, 1894-1922 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 213.
41. Grossman, Land of Hope, 200;
42. Arthur, "The YWCA Movement Among Negroes," 17;
43. Chicago Defender, October 14, 1922;
44. Strickland, History of the Chicago Urban League, 34-36;
45. Spero and Harris, Black Worker, 142.
46. Joseph A. Logsdon, "The Rev. Archibald J. Carey and the Negro in Chicago Politics," M.A. Thesis, University of Chicago, 1961, 7-11, 17-18, 43, 79-80;
47. Grossman, Land of Hope, 230.
48. Logsdon, "The Rev. Archibald J. Carey," 15-16;
49. Chicago Defender, April 5, 1913, p.5, and January 17, 1914, p.2; Interview with Rev. S. A. Bryant, Feb. 2, 1934, Folder 5, Box 89, Burgess Papers, Manuscripts Division, Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago;
50. Charles R. Branham, "The Transformation of Black Political Leadership in Chicago, 1864-1942," Ph.D. (University of Chicago, 1981), 36, 66-67.
51. Logsdon, "The Rev. Archibald Carey," 16-18;
52. St. Clair Drake, "Churches and Voluntary Associations in the Chicago Negro Community," Report of Project 465-54-3-386 (Chicago: WPA publication, 1940), 6-12;
53. Branham, "The Transformation of Black Political Leadership in Chicago," 37;
54. Spero and Harris, The Black Worker, 308-309;
55. Heebie Jeebies 2:41 (Sept. 4, 1926):18.
56. Charles R. Branham, "The Transformation of Black Political Leadership in Chicago," 36, 66-67; Interview with Anabelle Carey, August 26, 1960, by Logsdon in "The Rev. Archibald J. Carey," 18.
57. Eric Amesen, "Following the Color Line of Labor: Black Workers and the Labor Movement before 1930," Radical History, 55 (Winter 1993): 53-87;
58. William M. Tuttle, "Labor Conflict and Racial Violence: the Black Worker in Chicago, 1894-1919," Labor History, 10 (Summer 1969): 408-432;
59. Arna Bontemps and Jack Conroy, Anyplace But Here (New York: Hill and Wang, 1966), 140;
60. William H. Harris, The Harder We Run: Black Workers Since the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 41-42.
61. Personal interview with Ida Mae Smith by Logsdon, July 10, 1960, in Logsdon, "The Rev. Archibald Carey," 79-80.
62. Chicago Whip, March 29, 1924.
63. Quoted in Spero and Harris, The Black Worker, 135.
64. Logsdon, "The Rev. Archibald Carey," 15-18;
65. St. Clair Drake, "Churches and Voluntary Associations in Chicago," 6-12;
66. Branham, "The Transformation of Black Political Leadership in Chicago," 36-37;
67. Chicago Defender, January 17, 1914, p. 2, April 5, 1913, p. 5.
68. Heebie Jeebies 2:41 (Sept. 4, 1926): 18.
69. Report of President Carry of the Pullman Company, 1922, Pullman Company Papers, Newberry Library.
70. Information on these educational programs was contained in two press releases by Associated Negro Press, 1926, see all four pages, Folder 5, Box 278, Barnett Papers, Chicago Historical Society (CHS); see also, Report of president Carry of the Pullman Company, 1922.
71. Milton Webster to A. Philip Randolph, August 10, 1928, BSCP Papers, Chicago Division, CHS.
72. Chicago Defender, June 5, 1926, part 2, p. 1;
73. The Messenger 8:1 (January 1926): 28.
74. Report of President Carry of the Pullman Company, 1922; Heebie Jeebies, 2:41 (September 4, 1926): 18;
75. Spero and Harris, Black Worker, 440;
76. The Pullman News (November 1925): 221.
77. Spero and Harris, The Black Worker, 441;
78. Brazeal, The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 12-13;
79. Harris, Keeping the Faith, 17-18; Fred Powell to O.P. Powell, February 4, 1926, O.P. Powell to Fred Powell, February 5, 1926, Perry Parker to J. S. Seese, District Superintendent, February 15, 1926, F.L. Simmons to Fred Powell, June 29, 1926, BSCP Papers, Chicago Division, CHS; "The Pullman Porters Benefit Association of America," Box 4, 06/01/01, Pullman Company Papers, Newberry Library.
80. Chicago Defender November 26, 1927, p.3.
81. W.E.B. DuBois, Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil (1920; reprint, New York: Schocken Books, 1969), 113-120 (page numbers refer to reprint edition).
82. A. Philip Randolph, "The Brotherhood's Anniversary," The Messenger, 8:9 (September 1926): 263.
83. See Beth Tompkins Bates, "The Unfinished Task of Emancipation: Protest Politics Come of Age in Black Chicago, 1925-1943," Ph.D., diss., Columbia University 1997, 176-188.
84. Behind specific yearnings for freedom, as Eric Foner points out, lay the larger desire for independence from white control. See Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 60-123 and
85. Foner, "The Meaning of Freedom in the Age of Emancipation," Journal of American History (September 1994): 457-458.
86. Thanks to the oral histories gathered by the Works Progress Administration of former slaves during the 1930s, we know how vivid the recollections were of a time when black Americans held office in the South. See, George P. Rawick, ed., The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography (Westport, CN.: Greenwood Press, 1972-1979), 9, pt. 3:30, 81, pt. 4:42, pt. 5:220, 14:145, 361, Supplement 1, 5:1650, 6:134, 7:567, Supplement 2, 1650,4015;
87. Paul D. Escott, Slavery Remembered (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), 153;
88. Eric Foner, Reconstruction, 610-611;
89. Mark D. Naison, "Black Agrarian Radicalism in the Great Depression: The Threads of a Lost Tradition," Journal of Ethnic Studies, 1 (Fall 1973): 52-55.
90. Philip S. Foner, ed., The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass: Reconstruction and After, vol. 4 (New York: International Publishers, 1955), 430.
91. W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (1903; reprint, New York: Signet Classic, 1969), 95 [Declaration of Independence reference], 88 (page references are to reprint edition).
92. David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. DuBoise Biography of a Race, 1868-1919 (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1993), 230, 329-330.
93. See also, DuBois, the Autobiography of W. E. B. DuBois: A Soliloquy of Viewing My Life from he Last Decade of Its First Century (New York: International Publishers, 1968), 250-251.
94. "Posters, handbills, propaganda of the BSCP," Pullman Company Papers, Newberry Library, from Reel 9 of BSCP Papers, University Microfilm Project.
95. The Messenger, 9:6 (June 1927): 207.
96. A. Philip Randolph, "The Indictment," The Messenger 8 (April 1926): 114.
97. BSCP poster, Propaganda folder, Box 633-A, Pullman Company Papers, Newberry Library.
98. The Messenger 7:7 (July 1925): 290.
99. Frank W. Crosswaith, "Toward the Home Stretch," The Messenger 8:7 (July 1926): 196.
100. Anderson, A. Philip Randolph, 220-221.
101. For fuller discussion, see Bates, "The Unfinished Task of Emancipation."
102. John Kasarda, "Cities as Places where People Live and Work: Urban Change and Neighborhood Distress," in Henry Cisneros, ed., Interwoven Destinies: Cities and the Nation (New York: Norton, 1993), 82.
103. Bennett Harrison and Barry Bluestone, The Great U-Turn: Corporate Restructuring and the Polarizing of America (New York: Basic Books, 1988), 70.
104. Waldinger, Still the Promised City?