Finescale structure of the T-S relation in the eastern North Atlantic

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 35, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 1437-1454

  Ferrari, Raffaele ^a   Polzin, K L ^b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEAT LOSSES; SALINITY MEASUREMENT; TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; THERMAL GRADIENTS; TURBULENCE;

LARGE SCALE ADVECTION; SALINITY COMPENSATED TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS; SMALL SCALE TURBULENCE;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

SALINITY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; THERMOCLINE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); OCEANIC REGIONS; WORLD;

EID: 25444463589     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JPO2763.1     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Armi, L., and H. Stommel, 1983: Four views of a portion of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 828-857.
2. Batchelor, G. K., 1959: Small-scale variation of convected quantities like temperature in a turbulence fluid. Part 1. J. Fluid Mech., 5, 113-133.
3. Curry, R. G., 1996: Hydrobase - A database of hydrographic stations and tools for climatological analysis. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Tech. Rep. WHOI-96-01, 44 pp.
4. Davis, R. E., 1994: Diapyncal mixing in the ocean: The Osborn-Cox model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2560-2576.
5. Davis, R. E., 1996: Sampling turbulent dissipation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 341-358.
6. Eckart, C., 1948: An analysis of stirring and mixing processes in incompressible fluids. J. Mar. Res., 7, 265-275.
7. Efron, B., 1982: The Jackknife, the Bootstrap and Other Resampling Plans. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 92 pp
8. Garrett, C., 1982: On the parameterizations of diapyncal fluxes due to double diffusive intursions. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 952-959.
9. Garrett, C., 2001: Stirring and mixing: What are the rate controlling processes? Proc. 'Aha Huliko'a Winter Workshop, P. Müller and D. Henderson, Eds., University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1-8.
10. Gent, P. R., and J. C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155.
11. Green, J. A., 1970: Transfer properties of the large-scale eddies and the general circulation of the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 157-185.
12. Gregg, M. C., 1989: Scaling turbulent dissipation in the thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 9686-9698.
13. Haine, T. W. N., and J. Marshall, 1998: Gravitational, symmetric, and baroclinic instability of the ocean mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 634-658.
14. Hayes, S. P., H. B. Milburn, and E. F. Ford, 1984: TOPS: A free-fall velocity and CTD profiler. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 1, 220-236.
15. Haynes, P. H., and J. Anglade, 1997: The vertical-scale cascade of atmospheric tracers due to large-scale differential advection. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1121-1136.
16. Iselin, C. O. D., 1936: A study of the circulation of the western North Atlantic. Pap. Phys. Oceanogr. Meteor., 4, 101 pp.
17. Iselin, C. O. D., 1939: The influence of vertical and lateral turbulence on the characteristics of waters at mid-depth. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 20, 414-417.
18. Jackett, D. R., and T. J. McDougall, 1997: A neutral density variable for the world's oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 237-263.
19. Jenkins, W. J., 1998: Studying subtropical thermocline ventilation and circulation using tritium and He-3. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 15 817-15 831.
20. Joyce, T. M., 1977: A note on the lateral mixing of water masses. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 626-629.
21. Joyce, T. M., J. R. Luyten, A. Kubryakov, F. B. Bahr, and J. S. Pallant, 1998: Meso- to large-scale structure of subducting water in the subtropical gyre of the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 40-61.
22. Karsten, R. H., H. Jones, and J. Marshall, 2002: The role of eddy transfer in setting the stratification and transport of a circumpolar current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 39-54.
23. Kelley, D., 1990: Fluxes through diffusive staircases: A new formulation. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3365-3371.
24. Klein, P., A. Treguier, and B. L. Hua, 1997: Three-dimensional stirring of thermohaline fronts. J. Mar. Res., 55, 1069-1101.
25. Larichev, V., and I. Held, 1995: Eddy amplitudes and fluxes in a homogeneous model of fully developed baroclinic instability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2285-2297.
26. Ledwell, J. R., A. J. Watson, and C. S. Law, 1993: Evidence for slow mixing across the pycnocline from an open-ocean tracer-release experiment. Nature, 364, 701-703.
27. Ledwell, J. R., A. J. Watson, and C. S. Law, 1998: Mixing of a tracer in the pycnocline. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 21 499-21 529.
28. Linden, P. F., 1979: Mixing in stratified fluids. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 13, 3-23.
29. MacVean, M. K., and J. D. Woods, 1980: Redistribution of scalars during upper ocean frontogenesis: A numerical model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 293-311.
30. Mauritzen, C., Y. Morel, and J. Paillet, 2001: On the influence of Mediterranean Water on the Central Waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 48A, 347-381.
31. McCartney, M. S., 1977: Subantarctic Mode Water. A Voyage of Discovery: George Deacon 70th Anniversary Volume, M. V. Angel, Ed., Deep-Sea Res. Suppl., Pergamon Press, 103-119.
32. McCartney, M. S., 1982: The subtropical recirculation of Mode Waters. J. Mar. Res., 40, 427-464.
33. Montgomery, R. B. 1938: Circulation in upper layers of southern North Atlantic deduced with use of isentropic analysis. Pap. Phys. Oceanogr. Meteor., 6, 3-55.
34. Moum, J. N., 1996: Efficiency of mixing in the main thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12 057-12 069.
35. Nash, J. D., and J. N. Moum, 2002: Microstructure estimates of turbulent salinity flux and the dissipation spectrum of salinity. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2312-2333.
36. Oakey, N. S., 1988. Estimates of mixing inferred from temperature and velocity microstructure. Small-Scale Turbulence and Mixing in the Ocean, J. Nihoul and B. Jamart, Eds., Vol. 46, Elsevier Oceanography Series, Elsevier, 239-248.
37. Osborn, T. R., 1980: Estimates of the local rate of vertical diffusion from dissipation measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 83-89.
38. Osborn, T. R., and C. S. Cox, 1972: Oceanic fine structure. Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 3, 321-345.
39. Pavan, V., and I. Held, 1996: The diffusive approximation for eddy fluxes in baroclinically unstable jets. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1262-1272.
40. Polzin, K. L., 1996: Statistics of the Richardson number: Mixing models and finestructure. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1409-1425.
41. Polzin, K. L., and E. T. Montgomery, 1996: Microstructure profiling with the High Resolution Profiler. Proc. Microstructure Sensor Workshop, Mt. Hood, OR, Office of Naval Research, 109-115.
42. Polzin, K. L., and R. Ferrari, 2004: Lateral dispersion in NATRE. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 247-257.
43. Polzin, K. L., J. M. Toole, and R. W. Schmitt, 1995: Finescale parameterizations of turbulent dissipation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 306-328.
44. Polzin, K. L., E. Kunze, J. M. Toole, and R. W. Schmitt, 2003: The partition of finescale energy into internal waves and subinertial motions. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 234-248.
45. Robbins, P. E., J. F. Price, W. B. Owens, and W. J. Jenkins, 2000: The importance of lateral diffusion for the ventilation of the lower thermocline in the subtropical North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 67-89.
46. Rohr, J. J., E. C. Itsewire, and C. W. VanAtta, 1984: Mixing efficiency in stably-stratified decaying turbulence. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 29, 221-236.
47. Ruddick, B., and D. Hebert, 1988. The mixing of Meddy "Sharon." Small-scale Mixing in the Ocean, J. C. J. Nihoul and B. M. Jamart, Eds., Vol. 46, Elsevier Oceanography Series, Elsevier, 249-262.
48. Ruddick, B., D. Walsh, and N. Oakey, 1997: Variations in apparent mixing efficiency in the North Atlantic Central Waters. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 2589-2605.
49. Schmitt, R. W., 1981: Form of the temperature-salinity relationship in the central water: Evidence for double-diffusive mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1015-1026.
50. Schmitt, R. W., 1994: Double diffusion in oceanography. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 26, 255-285.
51. Schmitt, R. W., J. M. Toole, R. L. Koehler, E. C. Mellinger, and K. W. Doherty, 1988: The development of a fine- and microstructure profiler. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 484-500.
52. Schott, F., and H. Stommel, 1978: Beta spirals and absolute velocities in different oceans. Deep-Sea Res., 25A, 961-1010.
53. Siedler, G., A. Kuhl, and W. Zenk, 1987: The Madeira Mode Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1561-1570.
54. Spall, M. A., P. L. Richardson, and J. Price, 1993: Advection and eddy-mixing in the Mediterranean Salt Tongue. J. Mar. Res., 51, 797-818.
55. St. Laurent, L., and R. W. Schmitt, 1999: The contribution of salt fingers to vertical mixing in the North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1404-1424.
56. Stommel, H., 1979: Determination of water mass properties pumped down from the Ekman layer to the geostrophic flow below. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A., 76, 3051-3055.
57. Stone, P. H., 1972: A simplified radiative-dynamical model for the static stability of rotating atmospheres. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 405-418.
58. Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming, 1942: The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology. Prentice-Hall, 1087 pp.
59. Toole, J. M., K. L. Polzin, and R. W. Schmitt, 1994: New estimates of diapyncal mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science, 264, 1120-1123.
60. Visbeck, M., J. Marshall, T. Haines, and M. Spall, 1997: On the specification of eddy transfer coefficients in coarse-resolution ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 381-402.
61. Wunsch, C., 1997: The vertical partition of oceanic horizontal kinetic energy. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1770-1794.
62. Wunsch, C., 1999: Where do ocean heat fluxes matter? J. Geophys. Res., 104, 13 235-13 249.
63. Wüst, G., 1935: Schichtung und Zirkulation des Atlantischen] Ozeans-II Lieferung. DieStratosphare. Wiss. Ergebn. dt. atlant. Exped. Meteor., 6, 109-288.
64. Young, W. R., P. B. Rhines, and C. J. R. Garrett, 1982: Shear-flow dispersion, internal waves and horizontal mixing in the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 515-527.
65. Zang X., and C. Wunsch, 2001: Spectral description of low-frequency oceanic variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 3073-3095.