Current status and expected future trends in dust explosion research

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

Volumn 18, Issue 4-6, 2005, Pages 225-237

  Eckhoff, R K ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^b Øresund Safety Advisers AB   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Dust explosion mitigation; Dust explosion prevention; Dust explosion research; Dust explosions

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; EXPLOSIONS; FLAMMABILITY; POWDERS; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT;

DUST EXPLOSION MITIGATION; DUST EXPLOSION PREVENTION; DUST EXPLOSION RESEARCH; DUST EXPLOSIONS;

DUST;

EXPLOSION;

EID: 25444461181     PISSN: 09504230     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2005.06.012     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (100)

1. F. Alfert Cost comparison of dust explosion protection techniques available on the market Proceedings of the second world seminar on the explosion phenomenon and on the application of explosion protection techniques in practice, 4-8 March 1996 EuropEx Kontich, Belgium
2. P.R. Amyotte, and F.I. Khan An inherent safety framework for dust explosion prevention and mitigation I. Sochet Paper presented at fourth international symposium on hazards, prevention and mitigation of industrial explosions, Bourges, France, Oct. 21-25, 2002 J. Phys. IV France - Proceedings Vol. 12 2002 189 196
3. B.J. Arntzen, H.C. Salvesen, H.F. Nordhaug, I.E. Storvik, and O.R. Hansen CFD-modelling of oil mist and dust explosion experiments Proceedings of the fourth international seminar on fire and explosion hazards 2003 Londonderry North Ireland
4. Austin, P.J., Girodroux, F., Li, Y.C., Alexander, C.G., Kauffman, C.W., & Sichel, M. (1993): Recent progress in the study of dust combustion phenomena at The University of Michigan. Proceedings of the fifth Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions (April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 211-214.
5. J.R. Bakke, and K. Wingerden van Guidance for designing offshore modules evolving from gas explosion research 1992 Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc Richardson, TX (SPE 24617, pp. 763-770)
6. U. Barth Explosionsverfahren managen - systematisch oder mit System? VDI-Berichte 2001 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 207-223)
7. U. Bielert, and M. Sichel Numerische simulation von staubexplosionen in pneumatischen saug-flug-förderanlagen VDI-Berichte 2001 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 449-472)
8. V.M. Boiko, and S.V. Poplavski On the effect of particle concentration on acceleration of a dusty cloud behind a shock waveOn the effect of particle concentration on acceleration of a dusty cloud behind a shock wave Proceedings of the seventh international collission dust explosions (June 23-26), Bergen, Norway 1996 GexCon AS (previously CMR) Bergen, Norway
9. K. Brehm Explosionsunterdrückung bei erhöhter temperatur VDI-Berichte 1996 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 261-272)
10. N.O. Breum The rotating drum dustiness tester. Variability in dustiness in relation to sample mass, testing time, and surface adhesion The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 43 1999 557 566
11. CEN (2001): Explosion suppression systems, European Union draft standard prEN 14373 (CEN/TC 305 WI 00305032, August 2001) prepared by CEN/TC 305 'Potentially explosive atmospheres. Explosion prevention and protection.'
12. CEN (2002) Dust explosion venting protective systems, European Union draft standard prEN 14491 (CEN/TC 305/WG 3/SG 5N, 27 February 2002) prepared by CEN/TC 305 'Potentially explosive atmospheres. Explosion prevention and protection.'
13. Chatrathi, K. & Going, J. (1998). Effectiveness of dust explosion suppressants, Proceedings of the ninth international symposium Loss prevention & safety promotion process industry, Barcelona, Spain 4-7 May, pp. 1008-1017
14. K. Chatrathi, and J. Going Dust deflagration extinction Process Safety Progress 9 2000 146 153
15. C. Conde-Lazaro, and J. Garcia-Torrent Experimental research on explosibility at high initial pressures of combustible dusts P.R. Amyotte K.L. Cashdollar J. Loss Prev. Process Ind Special issue on dust explosions 2000 (pp.221-228)
16. Crowhurst, D. (1993): Explosion Protection of Industrial Buildings. Paper given at the European Summer School on Dust Explosion Hazards: Their Assessment and Control, Cambridge, UK, organized by IBC Techn. Services Ltd. in association with BMHB and IELG
17. Cybulski, K., Dyduch, Z., Lebecki, K., & Sliz, J. (1993). Suppression of grain dust explosions with triggered barriers. Proceedings of the fifth internat. Coll. Dust Explosions, April 19-22, 1993, Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 437-447.
18. D. Dahmann, and K. Möcklinghoff Das staubungsverhalten quarzfeinstaubhaltige produkte Gefahrstoffe - Reinhaltung der Luft 60 2000 213 221
19. A.E. Dahoe, K. Hanjalic, and B. Scarlett Determination of the laminar burning velocity and the Markstein length of powder/air flames Powder Technology 122 2002 222 238
20. Dansk Fire Eater A/S (1992). INERGEN. Anlœgsbeskrivelse & Design. Report obtained from Dansk Fire Eater A/S, Skovlytoften 14, DK-2840 Holte, Denmark.
21. O. Devlikanov, D.K. Kuzmenko, and N.L. Poletaev Nitrogen dilution for explosion of nutrient yeast dust/air mixture Fire Safety Journal 25 1995 373
22. Eckhoff, R.K. (1991). Generation, ignition, combustion and explosion of sprays and mists of flammable liquids in air. A Literature Survey. Report No. CMI-91-A25014 from Christian Michelsen Research (Chr. Michelsen Institute), N-5036 Fantoft, Norway.
23. R.K. Eckhoff Dust explosion hazards in the ferro-alloys industry Proceedings of the 52nd electric furnace conference (November 13-16 1994), Nashville, TN, USA 1995 Iron and Steel Society, Inc Warrendale, PA (pp. 283-302)
24. R.K. Eckhoff Understanding dust explosions. The role of powder science and technology KONA 15 1997 54 67
25. R.K. Eckhoff Dust explosions in the process industries 3rd ed. 2003 Gulf Professional Publishing/Elsevier Boston (ISBN: 0-7506-7602-7)
26. R.K. Eckhoff A critical view on the treatment of combustible powders/dusts in the European 'Atex 100a' and 'Atex 118a' Directives Proceedings of International ESMG Symposium 16-18 2004 2004
27. R.K. Eckhoff Partial inerting - an additional degree of freedom in dust explosion protection Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 7 2004 187 193
28. A. Emde, and B. Penno Einbindung der Sauerstoffverdrängung und des Kontraktionseffektes mit angepasstem wiederstandsbeiwert zeta bei der entwicklung neuartigEinbindung der Sauerstoffverdrängung und des Kontraktionseffektes mit angepasstem wiederstandsbeiwert zeta bei der entwicklung neuartiger quenchvorrichtungen zur explosionsdruckentlastung innerhalb von Räumen VDI-Berichte Vol. 1272 1996 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany pp. 645-651
29. A.V. Fedorov, and Yu.A. Gosteev Quantitative description of lifting and ignition of organic fuel dusts in shock waves I. Sochet Paper presented at fourth international symposium on hazards, prevention and mitigation of industrial explosions, Bourges, France, Oct. 21-25, 2002 J. Phys. IV France -Proceedings Vol. 12 2002 Pr7 89-95
30. A.V. Fedorov, and N.N. Fedorova Numerical simulations of dust lifting under the action of shock wave propagation along the near-wall layer Paper presented at 4. int. symp. on hazards, prevention and mitigation of industrial explosions, Bourges, France, Oct. 21-25, 2002 I. Sochet J. Phys. IV France - Proceedings Vol. 12 2002 Pr7 97-104
31. T. Forcier, and R. Zalosh External pressures generated by vented gas and dust explosions P.R. Amyotte K.L. Cashdollar Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries Special issue on dust and gas explosions Vol.13 2001 411 417
32. Glor, M. & Schwenzfeuer, K. (1999). Einfluss der Sauerstoffkonzentration auf die Mindestzündenergie von Staüben. Paper presented at the Dechema Jahrestagung 1999, in Wiesbaden, Germany.
33. L. Gummer, and G.A. Lunn Ignitions of explosive dust clouds by smouldering and flaming agglomerates Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 6 2003 27 32
34. Hansen, O.R., Skjold, T. & Arntzen, B.J. (2004). DESC - a CFD tool for dust explosions, Proceedings of the international ESGM symposium 2004, Nürnberg 16-18 March 2004.
35. A. Harmanny Duration of vented dust explosions EuropEx Newsletter 23 1993 5 9
36. A. Harmanny Structural aspects related to explosion protection techniques Proceedings of the second world seminar on the explosion phenomenon and on the application of explosion protection techniques in practice, 4-8 March, Gent, Belgium 1996 EuropEx Kontich, Belgium
37. A. Harmanny Structural aspects related to explosion resistance of process buildings, structures and silos Proceedints of third world seminar on the explosion phenomenon and on the application of explosion protection techniques in practice, 8-12 February, 1999, Gent, Belgium 1999 Flanders Expo Gent, Belgium
38. A. Harmanny Pressure effects from vented dust explosions VDI-Berichte 2001 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 539-550)
39. F. Hauert, A. Vogl, and S. Radandt Measurement of turbulence and dust concentration in silos and vessels D. Xufan P. Wolanski Proceedings of the sixth international coll. dust explosions, August 29-September 2, Shenyang, P.R. China 1994 71 80
40. Hesby, I. (2000). Ignition of dust layers by metal particle sparks, MSc thesis, Department of physics, University of Bergen, Norway. Part of the DESPRO programme conducted by CMR (GexCon), Bergen, Norway.
41. U. Hesener, U. Barth, and B. Dyrba Erstellung von Explosionsschutzdokumenten anhand von anlagenbeispielen der pharmazeutischen industrie VDI-Berichte 2001 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 225-237)
42. B.H. Hjertager, K. Fuhre, and M. Bjoerkhaug Gas explosion experiments in 1:33 and 1:5 scale offshore separator and compressor modules using stoichiometric homogeneous fuel/air mixtures Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 1 1988 197 220
43. P. Holbrow, S. Andrews, and G.A. Andrews Dust explosions in interconnected vented vessels P.R. Amyotte J. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind. Special issue on dust explosions Vol. 9 1996 91 103
44. P. Holbrow, G.A. Lunn, and A. Tyldesley Dust explosion protection in linked vessels: Guidance for containment and venting Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 12 1999 227 234
45. P. Holbrow, S.J. Hawksworth, and A. Hawksworth Thermal radiation from vented dust explosions Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 13 2000 467 476
46. K. Höppner Explosionsdruckentlastung von Gebäuden VDI-Berichte 1996 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 327-346)
47. H. Janssens Sicherheit zu einem erschwinglichen preis VDI-Berichte 2001 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 271-279)
48. J.A.H. Jong, A.C. Hoffmann, and H.J. Finkers Properly determined powder flowability to maximize plant output Chemical Engineering Progress 1999
49. C.W. Kauffman, M. Sichel, and P. Wolanski Research on dust explosions at the university of michigan Powder Technology 71 1992 188
50. L. Kjäldman Numerical flow simulation of dust deflagrations Powder Technology 71 1992 163 169
51. R. Klemens, P. Kosinski, and P. Oleszczak Mathematical modelling of dust layer dispersion by rarefaction waves Archivum Combustionis 22 1/2 2002 3 12
52. R. Klemens, P. Kosinski, and P. Oleszczak Mathematical modelling of dust layer dispersion by rarefaction waves Archivum Combustionis 22 2002 3 12
53. R. Klemens, P. Wolanski, and J. Klammer On unsteady flows of combustible dusty gases caused by a shock wave propagation Proceedings of the eighth international coll. dust explosions, September 21-25 Schaumburg, IL, USA 1998 Safety Consulting Engineers, Inc Schaumburg, IL (pp. 355-363)
54. T. Kletz Inherently safer design: Avoidance better than control Proceedings of the third world seminar on the explosion phenomenon and on the application of explosion protection techniques in practice, 8-12 February, 1999, Gent, Belgium 1999 Flanders Expo Gent, Belgium
55. V.P. Korobeinikov, I.V. Semenov, R. Klemens, P. Wolanski, and P. Kosinski Modelling of flow and combustion behind shock waves propagating along dust layers in long ducts I. Sochet Paper presented at fourth international symposium on hazards, prevention and mitigation of industrial explosions, Bourges, France, Oct. 21-25, 2002 J. Phys. IV France - Proceedings 2002 113 119
56. Kosinski, P., Klemens, R. Wolanski, P., Korobeinikov, V.P., Markov, V.V. & Men'shov, I.S. (2001): Dust-air mixtures spreading in branched ducts, Proceedings 18th Int. Coll. Dynam. Expl. & React. Syst, Seattle, Washington, USA.
57. P. Kosinski, R. Klemens, and P. Wolanski Potential of mathematical modelling in large-scale dust explosions I. Sochet Paper presented at 4. int. symp. on hazards, prevention and mitigation of industrial explosions, Bourges, France, Oct. 21-25, 2002 J. Phys. IV France - Proceedings 2002 125 132
58. U. Krause, and W. Hensel Zündgefahren lagernder staubschü ttungen - neue hilfs-mittel für ihre bewertung VDI-Berichte Vol. 1272 1996 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 183-201)
59. U. Krause, and M. Schmidt Untersuchungen zur zündung und ausbreitung von schwelbränden in stäuben und schüttgütern VDI-Berichte vol. 1601 2001 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 397-410)
60. Ø. Larsen, J.H. Hagen, K.van Wingerden, and R.K. Eckhoff Ignition of dust clouds by brush discharges in oxygen enriched atmospheres Gefahrstoffe - Reinhaltung der Luft 61 2001 85 90
61. K. Lebecki, J. Sliz, Z. Dyduch, and P. Wolanski Critical dust layer thickness for combustion of grain dust Publication by american institute of aeronautics and astronautics 1990 (pp. 51-58)
62. J.H.S. Lee, F. Zhang, and R. Knystautas Propagation mechanisms of combustion waves in dust-air mixtures Powder Technology 71 1992 153 162
63. G. Li, X. Deng, and W. Liu Development of a quenching venting door (QVD) D. Xufan P. Wolanski Proceedings of the sixth internat. coll. dust explosions (August 29-September 2) 1994 Shenyang P.R. China 530 534
64. G. Li, B.-Z. Chen, X.-F. Deng, and R.K. Eckhoff Explosion resistance of a square plate with a square hole I. Sochet Paper presented at fourth international symposium on hazards, prevention and mitigation of industrial explosions, Bourges, France, Oct. 21-25, 2002 J. Phys. IV France - Proceedings Vol.12 2002 121 124 (Pr7 121-124)
65. D. Lorenz, and H. Schiebler Optische Temperaturmessung an Entladungsfunken im Hinblick auf deren zündwirksamkeit bei staubexplosionen VDI-Berichte Vol. 1601 2001 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 653-667)
66. G.A. Lunn Institution of chemical engineers vent duct method applied to the VDI vent sizing technique VDI-Berichte Vol. 1601 2001 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 513-526)
67. P. Mitgau Einfluss der turbulenzlänge und der schwankungsgeschwindichkeit auf die verbrennungs-geschwindigkeit von aerosolen bericht 14/1996 1996 Max-Planck-Institut Für Strömungsforschung Göttingen, Germany (ISSN 0436-1199)
68. Mitgau, P., Wagner, H.Gg. & Klemens, R. (1997). Einfluss der Turbulenzlänge und der Schwankungsgeschwindichkeit auf die Flammengeschwindigkeit von Stäuben, Feuerungs-technik, Kaleidoskop aus aktueller Forschung und Entwicklung. Festschrift an Prof. Wolfgang Leuckel zu seinem 65. Geburtstag, pp. 17-45, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Bereich Feuerungs-technik, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany (ISBN 3-00-001593-0)
69. Mittal, M. (1993). Mathematical models for minimum explosible concentration of dusts. Proceedings of the fifth Internat. Coll. Dust Explosions (April 19-22), Pultusk near Warsaw, pp. 247-256.
70. I.O. Moen, J.H.S. Lee, B.H. Hjertager, K. Fuhre, and R.K. Eckhoff Pressure development due to turbulent flame propagation in large-scale methane/air explosions Combustion and Flame 47 1982 31 52
71. P.E. Moore Suppressants for the control of industrial explosions P.R. Amyotte J. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind. Special issue on dust explosions Vol.9 1996 119 123
72. Moore, P.E. & Siwek, R. (1998). Explosion suppression overview, Proceedings of the ninth International Symposium on Loss Prevention & Safety Promotion Process Industries, Barcelona, Spain 4-7 May, pp. 745-758.
73. Morgan, A.J. (2000). The arresting of explosions to minimize environmental damage, PhD thesis, Brunel University, Dept. mechanical engng., Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
74. Ch. Proust Laser ignition of dust clouds I. Sochet Paper presented at fourth international symposium on hazards, prevention and mitigation of industrial explosions, Bourges, France, Oct. 21-25, 2002 J. Phys. IV France -Proceedings 2002 (Pr7 79-
75. Randeberg, E. & Eckhoff, R.K. (2004). Initiation of dust explosions by electric spark discharges triggered by the explosive dust cloud itself, Proceedings fifth international symposium on hazards, prevention and mitigation of industrial explosions, Krakow, Poland, 10-14 October, 2004.
76. Randeberg, E., Olsen, W. & Eckhoff, R.K. (2005). A new method for generation of synchronized capacitive sparks of low energy. Journal of Electrostatics (submitted for publication).
77. M. Rose, P. Roth, and S.M. Frolov Neuhaus Modelling of turbulent gas/particle combustion by a Lagrangian PDF method Comb. Sci. Tech. 149 1999 95 113
78. Rzal-Rebière, and Veyssière Propagation mechanisms of starch particles-air flames D. Xufan P. Wolanski Proceedings of the sixth international Coll. Dust Explosions, August 29-September 2, Shenyang, P.R. China 1994 pp. 186-200
79. K. Schwenzfeuer, M. Glor, and A. Gitzi Relation between ignition energy and limiting oxygen concentrations for powders, H.J. Pasman O. Fredholm A Jacobsson Proceedings of the 10th Internationa symposium Loss Preventions & Safety Promotion in the Processing Industry, Stocholm, Sweden, 19-21 June 2001 Elsevier Amsterdam 909 916 (ISBN-0-444-50699-3)
80. Siwek, R., Glor, M. & Torreggiani, T. (1992). Dust explosion venting at elevated initial pressure. Proceedings of the seventh international symposium on loss&prevention and safety promotion in processing industry. (May 4-8), Italy. Roma: SRP-Partners (pp. 57-1 to 57-15).
81. Siwek, R., Wingerden, K. van, Hansen, O.R., Sutter, R., Kubainsky, Chr., Schwartzbach, Chr., Giger, G. & Meili, R. (2004): Dust explosion venting and suppression of conventional spray dryers, Proceedings of Proc. 11th international symposium on loss, prevention & safety promotion process industry, Praha 31 May-3 June, 2004.
82. Skjold, T., Arntzen, B.J., Hansen, O.R., Storvik, I. & Eckhoff, R.K. (2004). Simulation of dust explosions in complex geometries with experimental input from standardized tests, Proceedings of the fifth international symposium on hazards, prevention and mitigation of industrial explosions, Krakow, Poland, 10-14 October (2004).
83. Skjold, T., Arntzen, B.J., Hansen, O.R., Taraldset, O.J., Storvik, I. & Eckhoff, R.K. (2004). Simulating dust explosions with the first version of DESC. Proceedings of the symposium 'Hazards XVIII-Process safety - shearing best practice', IChemE NW branch symposium, UMIST, Manchester, UK, 21-25 Nov. (2004).
84. N.N. Smirnov, V.F. Nikitin, and J.C. Legros Ignition and combustion of turbulized dust/air mixtures Combustion and Flame 123 2000 46 67
85. F. Tamanini, and E.A. Ural FMRC studies of parameters affecting the propagation of dust explosions Powder Technology 71 1992 135 151
86. F. Tamanini, and J.V. Valiulis Improved guidelines for the sizing of vents in dust explosions P.R. Amyotte J. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind. Special issue on dust explosions Vol. 9 1996 105 118
87. F. Tamanini, and J.V. Valiulis A correlation for the impulse produced by vented explosionsJ. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind., P.R. Amyotte K.L. Cashdollar J. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind. Special issue on dust explosions Vol.13 2000 277 289
88. F. Tamanini Dust explosion vent sizing. Current methods and future developments I. Sochet Invited survey paper presented at 4. int. symp. on hazards, prevention and mitigation of industrial explosions, Bourges, France, Oct. 21-02 J. Phys. IV France -Proceedings Vol. 12 2002 (Pr7 31-44)
89. Tyldesley, A. (1993). Private letter to R.K. Eckhoff, November 16, 1993.
90. E.A. Ural A simplified method for predicting the effect of ducts connected to explosion vents Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 6 1993 3 10
91. Ural, E.A. (2001). A simplified development of a unified dust explosion vent sizing formula. Paper 1F presented at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers 35th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium, Houston, TX April 2001.
92. A. Vogl, and S. Radandt Explosionsübertragung durch dünne rohrleitungen VDI-Berichte Vol. 1601 2001 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 575-594)
93. A. Vogl, and S. Radandt Explosionsübertragung durch dünne rohrleitungen Rep. F-05-9903 Forsch.gesellsch. angew 2002 Systemsicherheit und Arbeitsmedizin Mannheim, Germany
94. R. Weber Preisgekrönte Abhandlung über die Ursachen von Explosionen und Bränden in Mühlen, sowie über die Sicherheitsmassregein zur Verhütung derselben Verh. Ver. Gew. Fliess., Berl 1878 83 103
95. C. Wilen Safe handling of renewable fuels and fuel mixtures Publishable final report of the European Commission Joule III project JOR3-CT95-0032, Jan. 1996-Feb. 1998 1998
96. Wingerden, K. van, Pedersen, G.H., Teigland, R., & Eckhoff, R.K. (1994). Violence of dust explosions in integrated systems. Proceedings of the 28th AIChE annual loss prevention symposium session no. 13 on dust explosions (April 17-21) Atlanta, USA. 345 E. 47, Street, New York: American Institution of Chemical Engineers.
97. K. Wingerden, B.J. van, Arntzen, and P. Kosinski Modelling of dust explosions VDI Berichte 2001 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 411-421)
98. P. Wolanski Deflagration, detonation and combustion of dust mixtures 1990 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (pp. 3-31)
99. K. Wörsdörfer, M. Sippel, J. Fuisting, and A. Kneer Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes numerischer Methoden im Explosionsschutz, VDI-Berichte 2001 VDI-Verlag GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany (pp. 437-447)
100. S. Zhong, A. Teodorczyk, X. Deng, and J. Dang Modelling and simulation of coal dust explosions I. Sochet Paper presented at fourth international symposium on hazards, prevention and mitigation of industrial explosions, Bourges, France, Oct. 21-25, 2002 J. Phys. IV France - Proceedings Vol.12 2002 (Pr7 141-147)