Prohibition of parallel imports through intellectual property rights

I I C

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 495-511

  Jehoram, Herman Cohen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

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EID: 25444432443     PISSN: 00189855     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Dutch Supreme Court, 14 December 1956, 7 Ars Aequi 25 (1957-1958) - Grundig I, with comment by BEEKHUIS. Also in Ars Aequi, Intellectual Property Decisions, Nijmegen 1998, 253: on trade marks; Dutch Supreme Court, 25 October 1996, 1997 Informatierecht/AMI, No. 2, 29 (1997), 29 IIC 952 (1998) - Pink Fĺoyd: on neighbouring rights.
2. President, Utrecht District Court, 6 August 1996, 1996 KG 294, and many later decisions.
3. Bijl. Hand. II, Annex No. 54 (1996/1997); Bijl. Hand. II, 25 156.1, 3 and 4 (1996/1997).
4. Resolution of 10 December 1996, Bijl. Hand. II, 25 154.1 (1996/1997) and Resolution of 29 April 1997, Bijl. Hand. II, 24 509.8 (1996/1997).
5. ROTHNIE, "Parallel Imports" 597 (London 1993).
6. JOSEPH KOHLER, "Das Autorrecht" 267 (1880);
7. JOSEPH KOHLER, id., "Urheberrecht an Schriftwerken" (1907);
8. and JOSEPH KOHLER, id.,"Lehrbuch des Patentrechts" (1908).
9. 28 February 1902, 50 RGZ 229 - Kölnisch Wasser and 2 May 1902, 51 RGZ 263 - Mariani.
10. 26 March 1902, 51 RGZ 139 - Guajokol-Karbonat.
11. 16 June 1906, 63 RGZ 394 - Koenigs-Kursbuch.
12. Dutch Supreme Court, 20 October 1995, 1997 Ars Aequi 640 - Dior-Evora, with comment by COHEN JEHORAM. Also in Ars Aequi, Intellectual Property Decisions, Nijmegen 1998, 243.
13. German Supreme Court decisions: 7 November 1980, 1982 GRUR 308 - GEMA-Bundespost, with critical comment by NORDEMANN and 1982 GRUR Int. 549; and 4 June 1987, 1988 ZUM 35, 1988 GRUR 163, with critical comment by ULMER, 1981 GRUR Int. 372.
14. Brussels, 10 December 1997, COM (97), 628 final.
15. Opposed to the property theory, amongst others, REIMER, 1972 GRUR Int. 221.
16. ALAI, 1988 Yearbook 106.
17. Amongst others, BEIER, 21 IIC 131 (1990).
18. See supra note 1.
19. Swiss Supreme Court, 4 October 1960, 1961 GRUR Int. 294 - Philips; German Supreme Court, 22 January 1964, 1964 GRUR Int. 202 - Maja.
20. Compare DREXL, 1999 GRUR Int. 1.
21. Compare Dutch Supreme Court decisions: 25 June 1943, 1943 NJ 519 - Phllips-Mebius; 1 March 1974, 1974 NJ 329 - Centrafarm-Sterling Drug.
22. See further COHEN JEHORAM, "International Exhaustion versus Importation Right: A Murky Area of Intellectual Property Law", in "Festschrift Beier", 1996 GRUR Int. 280;
23. and BEIER, "Territoriality of Trademark Law and International Trade", 1 IIC 48 (1970). About the restricted significance of the territoriality principle see also ECJ, Case No. C 9/93, 22 June 1994, 25 IIC 782 (1994) - Ideal Standard, No. 22 of decision, 45 Ars Aequi 62 (1996), with comment by COHEN JEHORAM. Also in Ars Aequi, Intellectual Property Decisions, Nijmegen 1998, 347.
24. ECJ, Case No. 15/47, 31 October 1974, 1974 ECR 1147, 6 IIC 102 (1975), 24 Ars Aequi 352 (1975), with comment by COHEN JEHORAM. Also in Ars Aequi, Intellectual Property Decisions, Nijmegen 1998, 257.
25. ECJ, Case Nos. 51, 86 and 96/75, 15 June 1976, 1976 ECR 811, 871, 913, 7 IIC 275 (1976).
26. See LOEWENHEIM, "Nationale und internationale Erschöpfung von Schutzrechten im Wandel der Zeiten", 1996 GRUR Int. 307.
27. Resolution of 12 October 1983, Doc. E.P. 74/754/def.
28. 1984 OJ EC C 230/1 and 1985 OJ EC C 351/4.
29. COM (84) 470 final, quoted by ALEXANDER, "Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights, Worldwide or Community-(EEA)-Wide?", in: KABEL & MOM (eds.), "Intellectual Property and Information Law, Essays in honour of Herman Cohen Jehoram" 3 (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, London, Boston 1998).
30. First Council Directive 89/104 EEC of 21 December 1988, to Approximate the Laws of the Member States Relating to Trade Marks, OJ EC, 440/1, 1 February 1989.
31. Regulation 40/94 of 20 December 1993, OJ EC, L 11/1, Art. 13, 1 January 1994, 25 IIC 735 (1994).
32. Regulation 2100/94 of 27 July 1994, OJ EC L 227/1, 1 September 1994, Art. 15.
33. Directive 89/104, supra note 27, Art. 7.
34. Directive 98/71 of 13 October 1998, OJ EC, 28 October 1998, Art. 15.
35. Directive 87/54 of 16 December 1986, OJ EC L 24/36, Art. 5.
36. Directive 91/250 of 14 May 1991, OJ EC L 122/42, Art. 4.
37. Directive 92/100 of November 1992, OJ EC L 346/61, 25 IIC 553 (1984) Art. 9.
38. Directive 96/9 of 11 March 1996, OJ EC L 77/20, 25 IIC 821 (1996), Arts. 5 and 7.
39. COM (97) 628 def., Arts. 3 and 4.
40. Follow-up to the Green Paper on Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society, COM (96) 568 final, p. 19.
41. See supra notes 1 and 17.
42. BEIER, "Industrial Property and the Free Movement of Goods in the Internal European Market", 21 IIC 131 (1990); and, e.g. in the UK, CORNISH, 1998 EIPR 172; and in the US and the Netherlands, ABBOTT & VERKADE, 1998 BIE 111.
43. See supra note 20; and COHEN JEHORAM & SMULDERS, "The Law of the European Community and Copyright", § 2[1][d], in GELLER, "International Copyright Law and Practice" (Matthew Bender, New York, looseleaf).
44. 1994 OJ EC C 340/37 36; and 1994 Informatierecht/AMI, No. 7, 143.
45. See supra text to note 37.
46. President of the Hague District Court, 7 July 1995, 1995 IER 172 - Novell.
47. 14 December 1995, 28 IIC 131 (1997).
48. 2 December 1997, 30 IIC 325 (1999) - Océan Pacific, 30 IIC 325 (1999).
49. EFTA Court, Advisory Opinion, Case No. E-2/97, 3 December 1997, Mag Instrument v. California Trading Company Norway, 29 IIC 316 (1998), 1998 GRUR Int. 309, with comment by JOLLER.
50. ECJ, Case No. 355/96, 16 July 1998, 29 IIC 920 (1998), 1999 Ars Aequi 61, with comment by COHEN JEHORAM. See also PAGENBERG, "The Exhaustion Principle and 'Silhouette' Case", 30 IIC 19 (1999).
51. Case C-173/98.
52. There are also pending before the ECJ a few more questions on the matter: Case No. C 278/97 - Wrangler, Germany; Case No. 370/97 - Polo Lauren, Austria and Calvin Klein, Denmark, 3 December 1997, 1998 GRUR Int. 533. Finally, there is the English Davidoff case, see this issue at 567.
53. With apparent approval quoted by VERKADE, 1999 BIE 197.
54. HEATH, "Parallel Imports and International Trade", 28 IIC 623 (1997).
55. ABBOTT, First Report (Final) to the Committee on International Trade Law of the International Law Association on the Subject of Parallel Importation, April 1997, quoting MALUEG & SCHWARTZ, "Parallel Imports, demand dispersion and international price discrimination", 37 J. Int'l. Econ. 167 (1994).
56. BRONCKERS, "De twist rond TRIPS: Intellectuele eigendomsbescherming in ontwikkelingslanden", 10 SEW 10 623 (1995).
57. The economic consequences of the choice of a regime of exhaustion in the area of trade marks. Final Report for DG XV of the European Commission. Prepared by NERA, SJ Berwin & Co and IIF Research, 8 February 1999, London.
58. ABBOTT, supra note 50; and VERMA, "Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights and Free Trade - Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement", 29 IIC 534 (1998).
59. COTTIER, "The Prospects for Intellectual Property in GATT", 28 CML Rev. 383 (1991).
60. See COHEN JEHORAM, supra note 20.
61. I thank Chris Creswell, the Australian governmental delegate to the WIPO standing committee on copyright and related rights, for the extensive documentation he sent me. Compare also VAN MELLE, "Parallel Importing in New Zealand", 1999 EIPR 63.
62. 1998 EIPR, Nos. 134 and 150.
63. Japanese Supreme Court, 1 July 1997, 29 IIC 331 (1998) - BBS Wheels III. See TESSENSOHN & YAMAMOTO, "The Big Aluminium Wheel Dust Up - International Exhaustion of Rights in Japan", 1998 EIPR, No. 6, 228. Lower Japanese case law had already accepted international exhaustion in trade mark law. See VERMA, supra note 53.
64. See supra text to note 20.
65. See supra text to note 46.
66. ABBOTT, supra note 50.
67. TESSENSOHN & YAMAMOTO, see supra note 58.
68. US Supreme Court, 9 March 1998, Case No. 96-1470, 29 IIC 472 (1998).
69. Cambodia, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Ecuador and Sri Lanka.
70. GOLDBERG & BERNSTEIN, "Limiting the Scope of Importation Rights", New York Law Journal, 20 March 1998.
71. Swiss Supreme Court, 23 October 1996, 1998 GRUR Int. 520.
72. Danish Commercial Court, 3 December 1997, Case No. AsC-98, 1998 GRUR Int. 533 - Calvin Klein.
73. See COHEN JEHORAM, supra note 20.