Understanding observer variation when recording stone artifacts

American Antiquity

Volumn 65, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 739-747

  Gnaden, Denis ^a   Holdaway, Simon ^b  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2542494336     PISSN: 00027316     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2694425     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Adams, W., and E. Adams 1991 Archaeological Typology and Practical Reality. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
2. Beck, C., and G. T. Jones 1989 Bias and Archaeological Classification. American Antiquity 54:244-261.
3. 1994 On-Site Artifact Analysis as an Alternative to Collection. American Antiquity 59:304-315.
4. Beers, Y. 1957 Introduction to the Theory of Error. Addison-Wesley, Reading, England.
5. Bishop, Y. M. M., S. E. Fienburg, and P. W. Holland 1975 Discrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice. MIT Press, Cambridge.
6. Bland, J. M., and D. Altman 1986 Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement. The Lancet 1(8476):307-310.
7. Brennan, P., and A. Silman 1992 Statistical Methods for Assessing Observer Variability in Clinical Measures. British Medical Journal 304:1491-1494.
8. Carlin, J. 1993 Repeatability and Method Comparison: Introduction to Reliability and Agreement. Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the Melbourne University Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne.
9. Cohen, J. 1960 A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 20:37-46.
10. 1968 Weighted Kappa: Nominal Scale Agreement with Provision for Scaled Disagreement or Partial Credit. Psychological Bulletin 70:213-220.
11. Daniels, S. G. H. 1972 Research design models. In Models in Archaeology, edited by D. L. Clark, pp. 201-229. Methuen, London.
12. Dibble, H. 1995 Middle Paleolithic Scraper Reduction: Background, Clarification, and Review of Evidence to Date. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2:299-368.
13. Dibble, H., and S. Holdaway 1990 Le Paléolithique Moyen de L'Abri Sous Roche de Warwasi et ses Relations avec le Moustérien du Zagros et du Levant. L'Anthropologie 94:619-624.
14. 1993 The Middle Paleolithic of Warwasi Rockshelter. In Prehistory of the Zagros, edited by H. Dibble and D. Olszewski, pp. 75-99. The University Museum Press, Philadelphia.
15. Dibble, H., and A. Pelcin 1995 The Effect of Hammer Mass and Velocity on Flake Mass. Journal of Archaeological Science 22:429-439.
16. Dibble, H., and J. Whittaker 1981 New Experimental Evidence on the Relation between Flaking and Flake Variation. Journal of Archaeological Science 8:283-296.
17. Drennan, R. D. 1996 Statistics for the Archaeologist: A Commonsense Approach. Plenum Press, New York.
18. Ebert, J. 1992 Distributional Archaeology. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
19. Fish, P. 1978 Consistency in Archaeological Measurement and Classification: A Pilot Study. American Antiquity 43:86-89.
20. 1979 The Interpretive Potential of Mousterian Debitage. Anthropological Research papers No. 16, Arizona State University, Tempe.
21. Fletcher, M., and G. R. Lock 1994 Digging Numbers: Elementary Statistics for Archaeologists. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 33, Oxford.
22. Haas, M. 1991 Statistical Methodology for Reliability Studies. Journal of Manipulative Therapeutics 14:119-132.
23. Holdaway, S., D. Witter, and P. C. Fanning 1997 Analysis of Artefact Distributions on an Eroding Landscape: The Western New South Wales Archaeological Project. In Archaeological Applications of GIS: Proceeding of Colloquium II, UISPP XIIth Congress, Forli, Italy, edited by I. Johnson and M. North. Sydney University Archaeological Methods Series No. 5 (CD-ROM).
24. Holdaway, S., D. Witter, T. Fanning et al. 1998 New Approaches to Open Site Spatial Archaeology in Sturt National Park, New South Wales, Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 33:1-19.
25. McPherron. S., and S. Holdaway 1996 Entrer Trois. In A Multimedia Companion to the Middle Paleolithic Site of Combe-Capelle Bas (France), edited by H. Dibble and S. McPherron, The University Museum, Philadelphia (CD-ROM).
26. Nelson, M. 1991 A Study of Technological Organization. Method and Theory in Archaeology 3:57-100.
27. Newcomer, M., R. Grace, and R. Unger-Hamilton 1986 Investigating Microwear Polishes with Blind Tests. Journal of Archaeological Science 13:203-217.
28. Odell, G. H. 1989 Experiments in Lithic Reduction. In Experiments in Lithic Technology, edited by D. S. Amick and R. P. Mauldin, pp. 163-197. BAR International Series 528.
29. Prentiss, W. C. 1998 The Reliability and Validity of a Lithic Debitage Typology: Implications for Archaeological Interpretation. American Antiquity 63:635-650.
30. Shott, M. J. 1994 Size and Form in the Analysis of Flake Debris: Review and Recent Approaches. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1:69-110.
31. Thomas, D. H. 1976 Figuring Anthropology: First Principles of Probability and Statistics. Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, New York.
32. Torrence, R. 1989 Tools as Optimal Solutions. In Time, Energy and Stone Tools, edited by R. Torrence, pp. 1-6. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
33. Whittaker, J. C., D. Cauklins, and K. A. Kamp 1998 Evaluating Consistency in Typology and Classification. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5:129-164.
34. Wilmsen, E. N., and F. H. H. Roberts 1978 Lindenmeier, 1934-1974: Concluding Report on Investigation. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology No. 24, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.