North American wild mammalian injuries

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 445-473

  Freer, Luanne ^a,b  

^a YELLOWSTONE CENTER FOR RESOURCES   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; BETA LACTAMASE INHIBITOR; CEPHALOSPORIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLAVULANIC ACID; CLINDAMYCIN; DIPHTHERIA ANTIBODY; GARENOXACIN; HMR 3004; KETOLIDE; PENICILLIN G; TELITHROMYCIN; TETANUS ANTIBODY; TROVAFLOXACIN;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BITE; BLUNT TRAUMA; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; FIRST AID; FOLLOW UP; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; INJURY; MEDICAL CARE; MEDICAL PERSONNEL; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NORTH AMERICA; PATHOGENESIS; POPULATION RISK; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOGRAPHY; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; WOUND CARE; WOUND CLOSURE; WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 2542481757     PISSN: 07338627     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2004.01.008     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Sinclair CL, Zhou C. Descriptive epidemiology of animal bites in Indiana, 1990-92: a rationale for intervention. Public Health Rep 1995;110:64.
2. Spence G. A review of animal bites in Delaware: 1989 to 1990. Del Med J 1990;62:1425.
3. Constable PJ, Harrington JM. Risks of zoonoses in a veterinary service. BMJ 1982;284:246.
4. United States Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics: occupational injuries in the United States by industry, 1980-95. Washington, DC: Department of Labor; 1997.
5. Haynes J. Wildlife encounters seldom fatal. San Francisco Examiner, May 24, 1992.
6. Fleisher GR. The management of bite wounds. N Engl J Med 1999;340:138.
7. Goldstein EJ, et al. Trovafloxacin compared with levofloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and clarithromycin against unusual aerobic and anaerobic human and animal bite-wound pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;41:391.
8. Brogan TV, et al. Severe dog bites in children. Pediatrics 1995;96:947.
9. Lockwood R. Dog-bite-related fatalities: United States, 1995-6. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997;46:463.
10. Griego RD, et al. Dog, cat and human bites: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:1019.
11. Geronemus R, Mertz P, Eaglstein W. Wound healing: the effects of topical antimicrobial agents. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:1311.
12. Leyden J, Sulzberger M. Topical antibiotics and minor skin trauma. Am Fam Pract 1981;23:121.
13. Chen E, Hornig S, Shepherd SM, Hollander JE. Primary closure of mammalian bites. JAMA 1999;282(13):1222.
14. Wiggins ME, Akelman E, Weiss AC. The management of dog bites and dog bite infections to the hand. Orthopedics 1994;17:617.
15. Dahl E. Animal bites at the casualty department of the Oslo city council. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1998;118:2614.
16. Aigner N, Konig S, Fritz A. Bite wounds and their characteristic position in trauma surgery management. Unfallchirurg 1996;99:346.
17. Conrad L, Balison J. Bison goring injuries: penetrating and blunt trauma. J Wild Med 1994;5:1.
18. deMelker HE, deMelker RA. Dog bites: publications on risk factors, infections, antibiotics and primary wound closure. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1996;140:709.
19. Wolff KD. Management of animal bite injuries of the face: experience with 94 patients. Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998;56:838.
20. Chadwick J. New England's venomous mammals. N Engl J Med 1969;281:274.
21. Pers C, Kristiansen J, Scheibel J. Fatal septicemia caused by DF-2 in a previously healthy man. Scand J Infect Dis 1986;18:265.
22. Goldstein EJ. New horizons in the bacteriology, antimicrobial susceptibility and therapy of animal bite wounds. J Med Microbiol 1998;47:95.
23. Talan DA, et al. Bacteriologic analysis of infected dog and cat bites. N Engl J Med 1999;340:85.
24. Dire DJ, Hogan DE, Walker JS. Prophylactic oral antibiotics for low-risk dog bite wounds. Pediatr Emerg Care 1992;8:194.
25. Medeiros I, Saconato H. Antibiotic prophylaxis for mammalian bites. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000;916:345-53.
26. Batista-da-Costa M, Bonito RF, Nishioka SA. An outbreak of vampire bat bite in a Brazilian village. Trop Med Parasitol 1993;44:219.
27. Bardenheier B, et al. Tetanus surveillance - United States, 1995-97. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998;47(SS-2):1.
28. Goldstein EJ, et al. Activities of HMR 3004 (RU 64004) and HMR 3647 (RU 66647) compared to those of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and eight other antimicrobial agents against unusual aerobic and anaerobic human and animal bite pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue infections in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:1127.
29. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV, Warren YA, Tyrrell KL, Fernandez HJ. In vitro activities of the des-fluoro(6) quinolone BMS-284756 against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue animal and human bite wound infections. Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2001;37(5):453-60.
30. Plaus W, Hermann G. The surgical management of superficial infections caused by atypical mycobacteria. Surgery 1991;110:99.
31. Alberio L, Lammle B. Capnocytophaga canimorsus sepsis. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1827.
32. Kullberg BJ, et al. Purpura fulminans and symmetrical peripheral gangrene caused by Capnocytophaga canimorsus (formerly DF-2) septicemia: a complication of dog bite. Medicine 1991;70:287.
33. Wong A. Hypersensitivity to rat saliva. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;4:606.
34. Dreesen D. Zoonoses in animal care facilities. In: Proceedings of the 4th National Symposium on Biosafety, April 1996.
35. Newcomer CE. Zoonoses in animal care facilities. In: Proceedings of the 4th National Symposium on Biosafety, April, 1996.
36. Human rabies prevention: United States, 1999. Recommendations of the ACIP. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48(RR-1):1.
37. Noah DL, et al. Epidemiology of human rabies in the United States, 1980-1996. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:922.
38. Van J. Ferret fad dangerous, vets warn. Chicago Tribune, September 6, 1986.
39. Krebs JW, Smith JS, Rupprecht CE, Childs JE. Mammalian reservoirs and epidemiology of rabies diagnosed in human beings in the United States, 1981-1999. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38(11):4193.
40. Fishbein D. Rabies. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1991;5:53.
41. Chomel BB. The modern epidemiological aspects of rabies in the world. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1993;16:11.
42. Smith JS, et al. Unexplained rabies in three immigrants in the United States: a virologic investigation. N Engl Med 1991;324:205.
43. Kamin M, Patten B. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: possible transmission to humans by consumption of wild animal brains. Am J Med 1984;76:142.
44. Denholm CJ. Survival from a wild animal attack: a case study analysis of adolescent coping. Maternal Child Nurs J 1995;23:26.
45. Beier P. Cougar attacks on humans in the United States and Canada. Wildl Soc Bull 1991;19:403.
46. McNay M. Case A. History of wolf-human encounters in Alaska and Canada. Alaska Department of Fish and Game Wildlife Technical Bulletin, 2002.
47. Clarke J. Man is the prey. London: Andre Deutsch; 1969.
48. Fowler M. Restraint and handling of wild and domestic animals. Ames (IA): Iowa State University Press; 1978.
49. Conrad L, Freer (Hallagan) L. Wild animal attacks [WMS educational slide set]. The Wilderness Medical Society, Colorado Springs, CO, 1996.
50. Gunther K, Hoekstra H. Bear-inflicted human injuries in Yellowstone, 1980-1994. Yellowstone Sci 1996;4:2.
51. Rogers L, Scott S. Reactions of black bears to human menstrual odors. J Wildl Manage 1991;55:632.
52. Gordon G. Polar bear attacks sub. Daily Mail Associated New Media, May 29, 2003.
53. Herrero S, Higgins A. Field use of capsaicin sprays as a bear deterrent. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Bear Research and Management 10, 1996.
54. Floyd T, Manville AM, French SP. Normal oral flora in black bears: guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis following bear attacks. J Wilderness Med 1990;1:47.
55. Constable PJ, Harrington JM. Risks of zoonoses in a veterinary service. BMJ 1982;284:246.
56. Cohle SD, Harlan CW, Harlan G. Fatal big cat attacks. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1990;11:208.
57. Rollins CE, Spencer DE. A fatality and the American mountain lion: bite mark analysis and profile of the offending lion. J Forensic Sci 1995;40:486.
58. Wiens MB, Harrison PB. Big cat attack: a case study. J Trauma 1996;40:829.
59. Loe.er IJ. Letter to editor. J Trauma 1997;43:560.
60. Conrad L. Cougar attack: case report of a fatality. J Wilderness Med 1992;3:387.
61. Kizer KW. Pasteurella multocida infection from a cougar bite: a review of cougar attacks. West J Med 1989;150:87.
62. Knox ML. Close encounters of the feline kind: big cats on the prowl. San Francisco Examiner, January 6, 1991.
63. Stevens WK. Survival of the big cats brings conflict with man. New York Times, August 2, 1994.
64. Tonkin MA, Negrine J. Wild platypus attack in the Antipodes. J Hand Surg 1994;19B:162.
65. Cougar attacks girl near Vancouver Island. Bell Globemedia Interactive, Canadian Press [online edition], June 25, 2003.
66. Jaffe AC. Animal bites. Pediatr Clin North Am 1983;30:405.
67. Garcia VF. Animal bites and Pasteurella infections. Pediatr Rev 1997;18:127.
68. Brogan TV, et al. Severe dog bites in children. Pediatrics 1995;96:947.
69. Corey L. Cat-scratch disease. In: Isselbacker K, Adams R, Brauwald E, editors. Harrison's textbook of medicine. 11th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1986.
70. Associated Press. Coyote attacks 3-year old boy on Cape Cod. Boston Globe, July 30, 1998.
71. Carbyn LN. Coyote attacks on children in western North America. Wildl Soc Bull 1989;17:444.
72. Joyce M. Coyote rarely attack humans, experts say. Mt. Democrat, February 24, 1997.
73. Hsu SS, Freer (Hallagan) LCase report of a coyote attack in Yellowstone National Park. J Wilderness Med 1996;7:170.
74. Wild Sentry Newsletter, March 31, 2001. p. 1-6.
75. Greater Yellowstone Coalition website. Available at: www. greateryellowstone.org. Accessed 1999.
76. Morin R. Block Island struggles with deer. Globe Newspaper, October 5, 1997.
77. Koslow B. Woman recalls attack by ra bid fox. News-Journal [Web edition], June 4, 1997.
78. Tabbara KF, Al-Omar O. Eyelid laceration sustained in an attack by a rabid desert fox. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;119:651.
79. Varadarajan T. Fear of US epidemic grows after young girl is bitten by rabid fox. Times Newspapers, February 25, 1998.
80. Reported human injuries or health threats attributed to wild or exotic animals kept as pets (1971-1981). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982;180:382.
81. Zagers JJ, Boersema JH. Infections with Baylisaxcaris procyonis in humans and raccoons. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1998;123:471.
82. Sinclair CL, Zhou C. Descriptive epidemiology of animal bites in Indiana, 1990-1992 - a rationale for intervention. Public Health Rep 1995;110:64.
83. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. What to do about aggressive moose? 1997.
84. NBC, Anchorage affiliate, Channel 2 evening news, January 9, 1995.
85. Farrell TM, et al. Moose-motor vehicle collision: an increasing hazard in northern New England. Arch Surg 1996;131:377.
86. Ordog G, Balasubramanium S, Wasserberger J. Rat bites: fifty cases. Ann Emerg Med 1985;14:126.
87. Childs JE, et al. Epidemiology of rodent bites and prediction of rat infestation in New York City. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:78.
88. Myers CB, Christmann LM. Rat bite: an unusual cause of direct trauma to the globe. Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1991;28:356.
89. Frean JA, et al. Sporotrichosis following a rodent bite: a case report. Mycopathologia 1991;116:5.
90. Moro KW, et al. The epidemiology of rodent and lagomorph rabies in Maryland, 1981 to 1986. J Wildl Dis 1991;27:452.
91. Shackelford P. Rat bite fever. In: Feigin RD, editor. Pediatric infectious disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1981.
92. Washburn RG. Streptobacillus moniliformis (rat-bite fever). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases, vol. 2. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995.
93. Werner SB, et al. Human plague: United States, 1993-1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994;43:242.
94. Quenzer R, Mostow S, Emerson J. Cat-bite tularemia. JAMA 1977;238:1845.
95. Rat-bite fever: New Mexico, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998;47:89.
96. Landercasper J, et al. Trauma and the veterinarian. J Trauma 1988;28:1255.
97. Gubler JG. Septic arthritis of the knee induced by Pasteurella multocida and Bacteroides fragilis following an attack by a wild boar. J Wildnerness Med 1992;3:288.
98. Goldstein EJ, et al. Recovery of an unusual Flavobacterium group IIb-like isolate from a hand infection following pig bite. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:1079.
99. Barnham M. Pig bite injuries and infection: report of seven human cases. Epidemiol Infect 1988;101:641.
100. Van Demark RES, Van Demark REJ. Swine bites of the hand. J Hand Surg 1991;16:136.
101. Bucherl W, Buckley E, Deulofeu V. Venomous animals and their venoms. New York: Academic Press; 1968.
102. Marr J, Beck A, Lugo J. An epidemiologic study of the human bite. Public Health Rep 1979;94:514.
103. Scarcella J. Management of bites. Ohio State Med J 1969;65:25.
104. Kizer K. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of animal bite injuries. JACEP 1979;8:134.