Urine drug testing: Approaches to screening and confirmation testing

Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 368-373

  Lum, Gifford ^a   Mushlin, Barry ^a  

^a VA BOSTON HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; AMPHETAMINE; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE; CANNABINOID; COCAINE; DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE; METHADONE; METHAMPHETAMINE; OPIATE AGONIST;

ANALYTIC METHOD; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG URINE LEVEL; IMMUNOASSAY; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; URINALYSIS;

EID: 2542442337     PISSN: 00075027     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1309/QHJC-KA42-35EG-PEGF     Document Type: Review

References (26)

1. Under the influence? Drugs and the American work force. Bethesda, MD: National Academies Press. 1994.
2. Urine drug testing in the clinical laboratory: Approved guideline. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (Document T/DM8-A, Vol. 19, No. 6), 1999.
3. Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds. Goodman and Gilman's pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 10th ed. New York: McGraw Hill. 2001:621.
4. Medical review officer manual for federal workplace drug testing programs. CSAP technical report-15. Department of Health and Human Resources, 1997.
5. Nilsson MI, Widerlov E, Meresaar U, et al. Effect of urinary pH on the disposition of methadone in man. Eur J Clin Pharm. 1982;22:337-342.
6. Schwarzhoff R, Cody JT. The effects of adulterating agents on FPIA analysis of urine for drugs of abuse. J Anal Toxicol. 1993;17:14-17.
7. Warner A. Interference of common household chemicals in immunoassay methods for drugs of abuse. Clin Chem. 1989;35:648-651.
8. Mikkelsen SL, Ash KO. Adulterants causing false negatives in illicit drug testing. Clin Chem. 1988;34:2333-2336.
9. Pearson SD, Ash KO, Urry FM. Mechanism of false-negative urine cannabinoid immunoassay screens by Visine eyedrops. Clin Chem. 1989;35:636-638.
10. UDC-C, AACC/CAP urine drug testing (screening), surveys. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists, 2003.
11. EMIT II. Monoclonal amphetamine/methamphetamine assay (manufacturer's package insert), Syva Company, San Jose, CA 49013, Revised May, 1992.
12. Poklis A, Hall KV, Still J, et al. Ranitidine interference with the monoclonal EMIT dau amphetamine/methamphetamine immunoassay. J Anal Toxicol. 1991;5:101-103.
13. Braithwaite RA, Jarvie DR, Minty PS, et al. Screening for drugs of abuse. Opiates, amphetamines and cocaine. Ann Clin Biochem. 1995;32:123-153.
14. Baden LR, Horowitz G, Jacoby H, et al. Quinolones and false-positive urine screening for opiates by immunoassay technology. JAMA. 2001;286:3115-3119.
15. Hayes LW, Krasselt WG, Mueggler PA. Concentrations of morphine and codeine in serum and urine after ingestion of poppy seeds. Clin Chem. 1987;33:806-808.
16. Simpson D, Greenwood J, Jarvie DR, et al. Experience of a laboratory service for drug screening in urine. Scott Med J. 1993;38:20-26.
17. Schiller MJ, Shumway M, Batki SL. Patterns of substance abuse use in an urban psychiatric emergency service. Psych Services. 2000;51:113-115.
18. National drug control strategy. 2001 Annual report. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy.
19. Lum G. Utilization and cost effectiveness of standardized testing for screening and confirmation of drugs of abuse in urine. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2002;32:387-392.
20. Urine testing for drugs of abuse. Research monograph series. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1973.
21. Mandatory guidelines for federal workplace drug testing programs. Federal register, Vol. 53, No. 69, April 11, 1988.
22. UDC-C, AACC/CAP forensic urine drug testing (confirmatory), surveys. Northfield, IL: College of American Pathologists, 2003.
23. Comprehensive procedures for drug testing in the workplace. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), US Department of Health and Human Resources, 1991.
24. Tests on trial: Jobs and reputations ride on unproven drug screens. US News and World Report, August 12, 2002.
25. Zwerling C. Drug testing: Under the influence? Drugs and the American work force. JAMA. 1994:272:1467-1468.
26. American probation and parole association's drug testing guidelines and practices for adult probation and parole agencies. Monograph. Bureau of Justice Assistance, US Department of Justice, Washington, DC, July, 1991.