Rear-arc vs. arc-front volcanoes in the Katmai reach of the Alaska Peninsula: A critical appraisal of across-arc compositional variation

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology

Volumn 147, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 243-275

  Hildreth, Wes ^a   Fierstein, Judy ^a   Siems, David F ^b   Budahn, James R ^b   Ruíz, Joaquin ^c  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

^c University of Arizona   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FRACTIONATION; ISLAND ARC; MAGMA CHEMISTRY; MIOCENE; POTASSIUM-ARGON DATING; VOLCANISM;

ALASKA; KATMAI; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 2542420821     PISSN: 00107999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00410-004-0558-2     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Adam J, Green TH, Sie SH, Ryan CG (1997) Trace element partitioning between aqueous fluids, silicate melts and minerals. Eur J Mineral 9:569-584
2. 2O at 2.0-3.0 GPa and 900-1, 100°C, and application to models of subduction zone processes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 150:381-398
3. Bacon CR, Bruggman PE, Christiansen RL, Clynne MA, Donnelly-Nolan JM, Hildreth W (1997) Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle. Can Mineral 35:397-423
4. Bacon CR, Druitt TH (1988) Compositional evolution of the zoned calcalkaline magma chamber of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon. Contrib Mineral Petrol 98:224-256
5. Baedecker PA (1987) Methods for geochemical analysis: US Geol Surv Bull 1770
6. Blundy J, Wood B (2003) Mineral-melt partitioning of U, Th, and their daughters. Rev Mineral Geochem 52:59-123
7. Bourdon B, Wörner G, Zindler A (2000) U-series evidence for crustal involvement and magma residence times in the petrogenesis of Parinacota volcano, Chile. Contrib Mineral Petrol 139:458-469
8. Brenan JM, Ryerson FJ, Shaw HF (1998) The role of aqueous fluids in the slab-to-mantle transfer of boron, beryllium, and lithium during subduction: experiments and models. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:3337-3347
9. Brenan JM, Shaw HF, Ryerson FJ, Phinney DL (1995) Mineral-aqueous fluid partitioning of trace elements at 900°C and 2.0 GPa: constraints on the trace element chemistry of mantle and deep crustal fluids. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:3331-3350
10. Bureau H, Keppler H (1999) Complete miscibility between silicate melts and hydrous fluids in the upper mantle: experimental evidence and geochemical implications. Earth Planet Sci Lett 165:187-196
11. 2O in subduction zone magmatism: new insights from melt inclusions in high-Mg basalts from central Mexico. Geology 31:235-238
12. 226Ra disequilibria in the Lesser Antilles arc: implications for mantle metasomatism. Chem Geol 153:171-185
13. 230Th radioactive equilibrium? Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:4491-4497
14. Cross TA, Pilger RH Jr. (1982) Controls of subduction geometry, location of magmatic arcs, and tectonics of arc and back-arc regions. Geol Soc Am Bull 93:545-562
15. Davidson JP (1987) Crustal contamination versus subduction zone enrichment: examples from the Lesser Antilles and implications for mantle source compositions of island arc volcanic rocks. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51:2185-2198
16. Davies JH, Stevenson DJ (1992) Physical model of source region of subduction zone volcanics. J Geophys Res 97:2037-2070
17. Delany JM, Helgeson HC (1978) Calculation of thermodynamic consequences of dehydration in subducting oceanic crust to 100 kb and > 800°C. Am J Sci 278:638-686
18. Detterman RL, Case JE, Miller JW, Wilson FH, Yount ME (1996) Stratigraphic framework of the Alaska Peninsula. US Geol Surv Bull 1969-A, 74 pp
19. Detterman RL, Case JE, Wilson FH, Yount ME (1987) Geologic map of the Ugashik, Bristol Bay, and western part of Karluk Quadrangle, Alaska. US Geol Surv Map I-1685, scale 1:250,000
20. Dosseto A, Bourdon B, Joron J-L, Dupré B (2003) U-Th-Pa-Ra study of the Kamchatka arc: new constraints on the genesis of arc lavas. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67:2857-2877
21. Elliot T, Plank T, Zindler A, White W, Bourdon B (1997) Element transport from slab to volcanic front at the Mariana arc. J Geophys Res 102:14991-15019
22. Ewart A, Hawkesworth CJ (1987) Pleistocene-Recent Tonga-Kermadec arc lavas: interpretation of new isotopic and rare-earth data in terms of a depleted mantle source model. J Petrol 28:495-530
23. 230Th disequilibrium in mantle minerals: implications for melt transport rates in island arcs. Earth Planet Sci Lett 215:339-355
24. Fierstein J, Hildreth W (1992) The plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Katmai National Park, Alaska. Bull Volcanol 54:646-684
25. Fliedner MM, Klemperer SL (2000) Crustal structure transition from oceanic arc to continental arc, eastern Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula. Earth Planet Sci Lett 179:567-579
26. 2O Release from the slab. Earth Planet Sci Lett 214:187-201
27. Furukawa Y (1993) Magmatic processes under arcs and formation of the volcanic front. J Geophys Res 98:8309-8319
28. George R, Turner S, Hawkesworth C, Morris J, Nye C, Ryan J, Zheng S-H (2003) Melting processes and fluid and sediment transport rates along the Alaska-Aleutian arc from an integrated U-Th-Ra-Be isotope study. J Geophys Res 108 (B5) 2252: ECV 6:1-25
29. Gill JB (1981) Orogenic andesites and plate tectonics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 390 pp
30. Gill JB, Williams RW (1990) Th isotope and U-series studies of subduction-related volcanic rocks. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54:1427-1442
31. Green TH, Pearson NJ (1986) Ti-rich accessory phase saturation in hydrous mafic-felsic compositions at high P, T. Chem Geol 54:185-201
32. 2O-rich fluid in the generation of primitive basaltic andesites and andesites from the Mt. Shasta region, N California. Contrib Mineral Petrol 142:375-396
33. 2O contents. J Geophys Res 108 (B1) 2029: ESE 10:1-26
34. Hasegawa A, Zhao D (1994) Deep structure of island arc magmatic regions as inferred from seismic observations. In: Ryan MP (ed) Magmatic systems. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 179-195
35. Hawkesworth CJ, Gallagher K, Hergt JM, McDermott F (1993) Mantle and slab contributions in arc magmas. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 21:175-204
36. Hawkesworth CJ, Turner SP, McDermott F, Peate DW, van Calsteren P (1997) U-Th isotopes in arc magmas: implications for transfer from the subducted crust. Science 276:551-555
37. Hickey RL, Frey FA, Gerlach DC (1986) Multiple sources for basaltic arc rocks from the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes (34°-41°S): trace-element and isotopic evidence for contributions from subducted oceanic crust, mantle, and continental crust. J Geophys Res 91:5963-5983
38. Hildreth W (1983) The compositionally zoned eruption of 1912 in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 18:1-56
39. Hildreth W (1987) New perspectives on the eruption of 1912 in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska. Bull Volcanol 49:680-693
40. Hildreth W (1991) The timing of caldera collapse at Mount Katmai in response to magma withdrawal toward Novarupta. Geophys Res Lett 18:1541-1544
41. Hildreth W, Fierstein J (2000) Katmai volcanic cluster and the great eruption of 1912. Geol Soc Am Bull 112:1595-1620
42. Hildreth W, Fierstein J (2003) Geologic map of the Katmai volcanic cluster, Katmai National Park, Alaska. US Geol Surv Map I-2778, scale 1:63,360
43. Hildreth W, Fierstein J, Lanphere MA, Siems DF (1999) Alagogshak volcano: a Pleistocene andesite-dacite stratovolcano in Katmai National Park. In: Kelley KD (ed) Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey 1997. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1614:105-113
44. Hildreth W, Fierstein J, Lanphere MA, Siems DF (2000) Mount Mageik: a compound stratovolcano in Katmai National Park. In: Kelley KD, Gough LP (eds) Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey 1998. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1615:23-41
45. Hildreth W, Fierstein J, Lanphere MA, Siems DF (2001) Snowy Mountain: a pair of small andesite-dacite stratovolcanoes in Katmai National Park. In: Gough LP, Wilson FH (eds) Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey 1999. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1633:13-34
46. Hildreth W, Fierstein J, Lanphere MA, Siems DF (2002) Mount Griggs: a compositionally distinctive Quaternary stratovolcano behind the main volcanic line in Katmai National Park. In Wilson FH, Galloway JP (eds) Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2000. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1662:87-112
47. Hildreth W, Fierstein J, Lanphere MA, Siems DF (2003a) Trident Volcano: four contiguous stratocones adjacent to Katmai Pass, Alaska Peninsula. In: Galloway JP (ed) Studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey 2001. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1678:153-180
48. Hildreth W, Lanphere MA (1994) Potassium-argon geochronology of a basalt-andesite-dacite arc system: the Mount Adams volcanic field, Cascade Range of southern Washington. Geol Soc Am Bull 106:1413-1429
49. Hildreth W, Lanphere MA, Fierstein J (2003b) Geochronology and eruptive history of the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska Peninsula. Earth Planet Sci Lett 214:93-114
50. Hildreth W, Moorbath S (1988) Crustal contributions to arc magmatism in the Andes of central Chile. Contrib Mineral Petrol 98:455-489
51. Hyndman RD, Peacock SM (2003) Serpentinization of the forearc mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 212:417-432
52. Johnson MC, Plank T (1999) Dehydration and melting experiments constrain the fate of subducted sediments. Geochem Geophys Geosyst I: paper 1999GC000014
53. Kay SM, Kay RW (1985) Aleutian tholeiitic and calcalkaline magma series, 1: the mafic phenocrysts. Contrib Mineral Petrol 90:276-290
54. Kay SM, Kay RW (1994) Aleutian magmas in space and time. In: Plafker G, Berg HC (eds) The geology of Alaska: Chapter 22 of the Geology of North America, vol G-1, Geol Soc Am, pp 389-449
55. Kienle J, Kyle PR, Self S, Motyka RJ, Lorenz V (1980) Ukinrek Maars, Alaska, 1. April 1977 eruption sequence, petrology and tectonic setting. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 7:11-37
56. Kienle J, Swanson SE, Pulpan H (1983) Magmatism and subduction in the eastern Aleutian arc. In Shimozuru D, Yokoyama I (eds) Arc volcanism: physics and tectonics. Terra Sci Publ Co, Tokyo, pp 191-224
57. Kincaid C, Sacks IS (1997) Thermal and dynamical evolution of the upper mantle in subduction zones. J Geophys Res 102:12295-12315
58. Kirby S, Engdahl ER, Denlinger R (1996) Intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes and arc volcanism as physical expressions of crustal and uppermost mantle metamorphism in subducting slabs. In: Bebout GE, Scholl DW, Kirby SH, Platt JP (eds) Subduction: top to bottom. Geophys Mon 96:195-214
59. Kogiso T, Tatsumi Y, Nakano S (1997) Trace element transport during dehydration processes in the subducted oceanic crust: 1. Experiments and implications for the origin of ocean island basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 148:193-205
60. Kosco DG (1981) Characteristics of andesitic to dacitic volcanism at Katmai National Park, Alaska. Berkeley, Univ California. PhD Thesis, 249 pp
61. Kuhn TS (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. U Chicago Press, 172 pp
62. Kushiro I (1987) A petrological model of the mantle wedge and lower crust in the Japanese island arcs. In: Mysen BO (ed) Magmatic processes: physicochemical principles. Geochem Soc Spec Publ 1:165-181
63. 39Ar dating of young mafic volcanic rocks. Quat Res 53:294-301
64. LeBas MJ, LeMaitre RW, Streckeisen A, Zanettin B (1986) A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram. J Petrol 27:745-750
65. Leeman WP, Smith DR, Hildreth W, Palacz Z, Rogers N (1990) Compositional diversity of late Cenozoic basalts in a transect across the southern Washington Cascades: implications for subduction zone magmatism. J Geophys Res 95:19561-19582
66. Lowenstern JB, Wallmann PC, Pollard DD (1991) The West Mageik Lake sill complex as an analogue for magma transport during the 1912 eruption at the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska. Geophys Res Lett 18:1569-1572
67. Luhr JF (1992) Slab-derived fluids and partial melting in subduction zones: Insights from two contrasting Mexican volcanoes (Colima and Ceboruco). J Volcanol Geotherm Res 54:1-18
68. Luhr JF (1997) Extensional tectonics and the diverse primitive volcanic rocks in the western Mexican Volcanic Belt. Can Mineral 35:473-500
69. McCulloch MT, Gamble JA (1991) Geochemical and geodynamical constraints on subduction zone magmatism. Earth Planet Sci Lett 102:358-374
70. Mibe K, Fujii T, Yasuda A (1999) Control of the location of the volcanic front in island arcs by aqueous fluid connectivity in the mantle wedge. Nature 401:259-262
71. Moll-Stalcup EJ (1994) Latest Cretaceous and Cenozoic magmatism in mainland Alaska. In: Plafker G, Berg HC (eds) The geology of Alaska: Chapter 18 of the Geology of North America, vol G-1, Geol Soc Am, pp 589-619
72. Moore JC, et al. (1991) EDGE deep seismic reflection transect of the eastern Aleutian arc-trench layered lower crust reveals underplating and continental growth. Geology 19:420-424
73. Moran S (2003) Multiple seismogenic processes for high-frequency earthquakes at Katmai National Park. Alaska: evidence from stress tensor inversions of fault-plane solutions. Bull Seismol Soc Am 93:94-108
74. Nakamura K, Jacob KH, Davies JN (1977) Volcanoes as possible indicators of tectonic stress orientation-Aleutians and Alaska. Pageoph 115:87-112
75. Nakamura K, Plafker G, Jacob KH, Davies JN (1980) A tectonic stress trajectory map of Alaska using information from volcanoes and faults. Bull Earthquake Res Inst 55:89-100
76. 238U disequilibrium at Mount Shasta, California, and in the Cascades. Contrib Mineral Petrol 93:195-206
77. 238U disequilibrium in island arc lavas: evidence from the Aleutians and the Marianas. Nature 308:268-270
78. Nichols GT, Wyllie PJ, Stern CR (1996) Experimental melting of pelagic sediment: constraints relevant to subduction. In: Bebout GE, Scholl DW, Kirby SH, Platt JP (eds) Subduction: top to bottom. Geophys Mon 96:293-298
79. Oleskevich DA, Hyndman RD, Wang K (1999) The updip and downdip limits to great subduction earthquakes: thermal and structural models of Cascadia, south Alaska, SW Japan, and Chile. J Geophys Res 104:14965-14991
80. Ono S (1998) Stability limits of hydrous minerals in sediment and mid-ocean ridge basalt compositions: implications for water transport in subduction zones. J Geophys Res 103:18253-18267
81. Page RA, Biswas NN, Lahr JC, Pulpan H (1991) Seismicity of continental Alaska. In: Slemmons DB, Engdahl ER, Zoback MD, Blackwell DD (eds) Neotectonics of North America. Boulder (Colorado), Geol Soc Am, Decade Map vol 1
82. Peacock SM (1993) Large-scale hydration of the lithosphere above subducting slabs. Chem Geol 108:49-59
83. Peacock SM (1996) Thermal and petrologic structure of subduction zones. In: Bebout GE, Scholl DW, Kirby SH, Platt JP (eds) Subduction: top to bottom. Geophys Mon 96:119-133
84. Peacock SM (2001) Are the lower planes of double seismic zones caused by serpentine dehydration in subducting oceanic mantle? Geology 29:299-302
85. Pearce JA (1982) Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In: Thorpe RS (ed) Orogenic andesites and related rocks. Wiley, Chichester (UK), pp 525-548
86. Pearce JA, Baker PE, Harvey PK, Luff IW (1995) Geochemical evidence for subduction fluxes, mantle melting and fractional crystallization beneath the South Sandwich island arc. J Petrol 36:1073-1109
87. Pearce JA, Parkinson IJ (1993) Trace element models for mantle melting: application to volcanic arc petrogenesis. In: Prichard HM, Alabaster T, Harris NBW, Neary CR (eds) Magmatic processes and plate tectonics. Geol Soc Spec Publ 76:373-403
88. Plafker G, Moore JC, Winkler GR (1994) Geology of the southern Alaska margin. In: Plafker G, Berg HC (eds) The geology of Alaska: Chapter 12 of the Geology of North America, vol G-1, Geol Soc Am, pp 389-449
89. Plank T, Langmuir CH (1988) An evaluation of the global variations in the major element chemistry of arc basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 90:349-370
90. Plank T, Langmuir CH (1998) The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle. Chem Geol 145:325-394
91. Ponko SC, Peacock SM (1995) Thermal modeling of the southern Alaska subduction zone: insight into the petrology of the subducting slab and overlying mantle wedge. J Geophys Res 100:22117-22128
92. Reagan MK, Morris JD, Herrstrom EA, Murrell MT (1994) Uranium series and beryllium isotope evidence for an extended history of subduction modification of the mantle below Nicaragua. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58:4199-4212
93. Reagan MK, Sims KWW, Erich J, Thomas RB, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Layne G, Ball L (2003) Time-scales of differentiation from mafic parents to rhyolite in North American continental arcs. J Petrol 44:1703-1726
94. Regelous M, Collerson KD, Ewart A, Wendt JI (1997) Trace element transport rates in subduction zones: evidence from Th, Sr and Pb isotope data for Tonga-Kermadec arc lavas. Earth Planet Sci Lett 150:291-302
95. Riehle JR, Detterman RL, Yount ME, Miller JW (1993) Geologic map of the Mount Katmai quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska. US Geol Surv Map I-2204, scale 1:250.000
96. Rothman T (1989) Science à la mode: physical fashions and fictions. Princeton Univ Press, 207 pp
97. Rubenstone JL, Langmuir CH, Hildreth W (1985) Isotope and trace element data bearing on the sources and evolution of magmas in the Katmai region, Alaska. Geol Soc Am Abst Prog 17:704
98. Ryerson FJ, Watson EB (1987) Rutile saturation in magmas: implications for Ti-Nb-Ta depletion in island-arc basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 86:225-239
99. Sakuyama M (1983) Petrology of arc volcanic rocks and their origin by mantle diapirs. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 18:297-320
100. Sakuyama M, Nesbitt RW (1986) Geochemistry of the Quaternary volcanic rocks of the northeast Japan arc. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 29:413-450
101. Schiano P, Clocchiatti R, Shimizu N, Maury RC, Jochum KP, Hofmann AW (1995) Hydrous, silica-rich melts in the sub-arc mantle and their relationship with erupted arc lavas. Nature 377:595-600
102. Schmidt MW, Poli S (1998) Experimentally based water budgets for dehydrating slabs and consequences for arc magma generation. Earth Planet Sci Lett 163:361-379
103. Self S, Kienle J, Huot J-P (1980) Ukinrek Maars, Alaska, H. Deposits and formation of the 1977 craters. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 7:11-37
104. Shew N, Lanphere MA (1992) Map showing potassium-argon ages from the Mount Katmai and adjacent parts of the Naknek and Afognak quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska. US Geol Surv Misc Field Studies Map MF-2021-E, scale 1:250.000
105. Simkin T, Siebert L (1994) Volcanoes of the world: Geoscience Press, Tucson, 349 pp
106. Singer BS, Dungan MA, Layne GD (1995) Textures and Sr, Ba, Mg, Fe, K, and Ti compositional profiles in volcanic plagioclase: clues to the dynamics of calcalkaline magma chambers. Am Mineral 80:776-798
107. Stacey JS, Sherrill ND, Dalrymple GB, Lanphere MA, Carpenter NV (1981) A five-collector system for the simultaneous measurement of argon isotope ratios in a static mass spectrometer. Int J Mass Spectrometry Ion Phys 39:167-180
108. Stolper E, Newman S (1994) The role of water in the petrogenesis of Mariana Trough magmas. Earth Planet Sci Lett 121:293-325
109. Sugimura A (1960) Zonal arrangement of some geophysical and petrological features in Japan and its environs. J Fac Sci Tokyo Univ, ser 2, 12:133-153
110. Sun S-S, McDonough WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders AD, Norry MJ (eds) Magmatism in the ocean basins. Geol Soc Spec Publ 42:313-345
111. Tatsumi Y (1986) Formation of the volcanic front in subduction zones. Geophys Res Lett 13:717-720
112. Tatsumi Y, Eggins S (1995) Subduction zone magmatism. Blackwell Science, 211 pp
113. 2O at high pressures: Implication for magma genesis in subduction zones. Geophys Res Lett 15:180-183
114. Tatsumi Y, Kogiso T (1997) Trace element transport during dehydration processes in the subducted oceanic crust: 2. Origin of chemical and physical characteristics in arc magmatism. Earth Planet Sci Lett 148:207-221
115. Tatsumi Y, Sakuyama M, Fukuyama H, Kushiro I (1983) Generation of arc basalt magmas and thermal structure of the mantle wedge in subduction zones. J Geophys Res 88:5815-5825
116. 238U) of young mafic volcanic rocks from Nicaragua and Costa Rica and the influence of flux melting on U-series systematics of arc lavas. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66:4287-4309
117. Turner S, Bourdon B, Gill J (2003) Insights into magma genesis at convergent margins from U-series isotopes. Rev Mineral & Geochem 52:255-315
118. 230Th disequilibria, magma petrogenesis, and flux rates beneath the depleted Tonga-Kermadec island arc. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:4855-4884
119. Turner S, McDermott F, Hawkesworth C, Kepezhinskas P (1998) A U-series study of lavas from Kamchatka and the Aleutians: constraints on source composition and melting processes. Contrib Mineral Petrol 133:217-234
120. 2O in the genesis of mantle-derived 'arc-related' magmas. Phys Earth Planet Int 127:215-232
121. Ulmer P, Trommsdorff V (1995) Serpentine stability to mantle depths and subduction-related magmatism. Science 268:858-861
122. von Drach V, Marsh BD, Wasserburg GJ (1986) Nd and Sr isotopes in the Aleutians: multicomponent parenthood of island-arc magmas. Contrib Mineral Petrol 92:13-34
123. von Huene R (1989) Continental margins around the Gulf of Alaska. In: Winterer EL, Hussong DM, Decker RW (eds) The eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii: Geol Soc Am, the Geology of North America, vol N, pp 383-401
124. Walker JA, Patino LC, Cameron BI, Carr MJ (2000) Petrogenetic insights provided by compositional transects across the Central American arc: southeastern Guatemala and Honduras. J Geophys Res 105 18949-18963
125. Wood BJ, Blundy JD, Robinson JAC (1999) The role of clinopyroxene in generating U-series disequilibrium during mantle melting. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63:1613-1620
126. Wood CA, Kienle J (eds) (1990) Volcanoes of North America. Cambridge Univ Press, 354 pp
127. Woodhead JD, Eggins S, Gamble J (1993) High field strength and transition element systematics in island arc and back-arc basin basalts: evidence for multi-phase melt extraction and a depleted mantle wedge. Earth Planet Sci Lett 114:491-504
128. Woodhead JD, Eggins SM, Johnson RW (1998) Magma genesis in the New Britain island arc: further insights into melting and mass transfer processes. J Petrol 39:1641-1668
129. 226Ra disequilibria of Miyakejima volcano, Izu arc. Japan. J Geophys Res 108