The epidemiology of female urinary incontinence

European Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 3-11

  van Geelen, J M ^a,b   Hunskaar, S ^c  

^a BERNHOVEN HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^b University of Bergen ^*  (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

Incidence; Prevalence; Risk factors; Severity; Type; Urinary incontinence

Indexed keywords

EID: 25144513559     PISSN: 16133412     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11296-004-0004-z     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Abrams, P. Blaivas JG, Stanton SL, Andersen JT (1988) The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 114:5-19
2. Allen RE, Hosker GL, Smith ARB, Warrell DW (1990) Pelvic floor damage and childbirth: A neurophysiologic study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97:770-779
3. Asmussen, M, Ulmsten U (1976) A new technique for measurement of the urethral pressure profile. Acta Obstet Gynec Scand 55:167-173
4. Bhatia NH, Bergman A, Karran MM (1989) Effects of estrogen on urethral function in women with urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:176-181
5. Brown JS, Grady D, Ouslander JG, et al (1999) Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 94:66-70
6. Bump RC (1993) Racial comparisons and contrasts in urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet. Gynecol 81:421-425
7. Bump RC, Sugerman JH, Fantl JA, McClish DM (1992) Obesity and lower urinary tract function in women: Effects of surgically induced weight loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 167:392-398
8. Burgio KL, Matthews KA, Engel BT (1991) Prevalence, incidence and correlates of urinary incontinence in healthy middle-aged women J Urol 146:1255-1259
9. Chaliha C, Bland JM, Monga Ak, Stanton SL, Sultan AH (2000) Pregnancy and delivery: A urodynamic viewpoint. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107:1354-1359
10. Chiarelli P, Brown W, McElduff P (1999) Leaking urine-prevalence and associated factors in Australian women. Neurourol Urodyn 18:567-577
11. Deitel M, Stone E, Kassan HA (1988) Gynecologic-obstetric changes after loss of massive excessive weight following bariatric surgery. J Am Coll Nutr 7:147-153
12. Dimpfl T, Hesse U, Schüssler B (1992) Incidence and cause of post partum urinary stress incontinence. Eur J Obstet Gynec Reprod Biol 43:29-33
13. Diokno AC, Brock BM, Brown MB, Herzog AR (1986) Prevalence of urinary incontinence and urological symptoms in the noninstitutionalized elderly. J Urol 136:1022-1025
14. Diokno AC, Brock BM, Herzog AR, Bromberg J (1990) Medical correlates of urinary incontinence in the elderly. Urology 36:129-138
15. Dwyer PL, Lee ETC, Hay DM (1988) Obesity and urinary incontinence in women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95:91-96
16. Elbadawi A, Yalla SV, Resnick NM (1993) Structural basis of geriatric voiding dysfunction. J Urol 150:1650-1686
17. Elving LB, Foldspang A, Lam GW, Mommsen S (1989) Descriptive epidemiology of urinary incontinence in 3,100 women age 30-59. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 125:37-43
18. Enhorning G (1961) Simultaneous recording of intravesical and intra-urethral pressure. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 276:1-68
19. Falconer C, Blomgren B, Johanson O, Ulmsten U, et al (1998) Different organization of collagen fibrils in stress incontinent women of fertile age. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 77:87-94
20. Falconer C, Ekman-Ordeberg G, Blomgren B, Johansson O, et al (1998) Para-urethral connective tissue in stress incontinent women after menopause. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 77:95-100
21. Fantl JA, Cardozo L. McClish DK (1994) Estrogen therapy in the management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis. First report of the hormone and urogenital therapy committee. Obstet Gynecol 83:12-18
22. Fantl JA, Bump RC, Robinson D, McClish DK, Wyman JF (1996) Continence program for women research group. Efficacy of estrogen supplementation in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 88:745-749
23. Foldspang A, Mommsen S (1994) The menopause and urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 5:195-201
24. Foldspang A, Mommsen S, Djurhuus JC (1999) Prevalent urinary incontinence as a correlate of pregnancy, vaginal childbirth, and obstetric techniques. Am J Public Health 89:209-213
25. Francis WJA (1960) The onset of stress incontinence. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Common 67:899-903
26. Grady D, Brown JS, Vittinghof E, Applegate W, Varner E, Snijder T; HERS Research Group (2001) Postmenopausal hormones and incontinence: The heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study. Obstet Gynecol 97:116-120
27. Groutz A, Gordon D, Keidar R, Lessing JB, Wolman I, David MP, Chen B (1999) Stress urinary incontinence: Prevalence amoung nulli parous compared with prim parous and grand multi parous premenopausal women. Neurourol Urodyn 18:419-425
28. Hannestad YS, Rortveit G, Sandvik H, Hunskaar S (2000) A community-based epidemiological survey of female urinary incontinence. The Norwegian EPINCONT study. Clinic Epidemiol 53:1150-1157
29. Hansen BM, Bonnesen T, Avidberg JE, Eliasen B (1985) Changes in symptoms and colpo-cysto-urethrography in 35 patients before and after total abdominal hysterectomy: A prospective study. Urol Int 40:224-226
30. Hansen FR, Theissen KA, Krakaner R (1990) Urinary symptoms in elderly women in nursing homes. Ugesk Laeger 152:3242-3244
31. Harrison GL, Memel DS (1994) Urinary incontinence in women: Its prevalence and its management in a health promotion clinic. Br J Gen Pract 44:149-152
32. Henalla SM, Hutchins CJ, Robinson P, Macivar J (1989) Non-operative methods in the treatment of female genuine stress incontinence of urine. Br J Obstet Gynecol 9:222-225
33. Herzog AR, Fultz NH (1990). prevalence and incidence of urinary incontinence in community dwelling populations J Amer Geriatr Soc 38:273-281
34. Hilton P, Stanton SL (1983) The use of intravaginal oestrogen cream in genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynecol 90:940-944
35. Hojberg KE, Salvig JD, Winslow NA, Lose G, Secher NJ (1999) Urinary incontinence: Prevalence and risk factors at 16 weeks of gestation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 106:842-850
36. Holst K, Wilson PD (1988) The prevalence of female urinary incontinence and reasons for not seeking treatment NZ Med J 101:756-758
37. Hording U, Pederson KH, Sidenius K, Hedegaard L (1986) Urinary incontinence in 45-year old women: An epidemiologie survey. Scand J Urol Nephrol 20:183-186
38. Huisman AB (1983) Aspects of the anatomy of the female urethra with special relation to urinary continence. Contrib Gynecol Obstet 10:1-3
39. Hunskaar S, Arnold EP, Burgio K, Diokno AC, Herzog AR, Mallett VT (1999) Epidemiology and natural history of urinary incontinence (UI). In: Abrams P, Khoury S, Wein A (eds) Incontinence. Health Publications, Plymouth, pp 197-226
40. Hunskaar S, Arnold EP, Burgio K, Diokno AC, Herzog AR, Mallett VT (2000) Epidemiology and natural history of urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 11:301-319
41. Hunskaar S, Østbye T, Borrie MJ (1998) Prevalence of urinary incontinence in elderly Canadians with special emphasis on the association with dementia, ambulatory function, and institutionalization. Norwegian J Epidemiol 8:177-182
42. Iosif S (1981) Stress incontinence during pregnancy and in puerperium. J Gynaecol Obstet 19:13-20
43. Iosif CS, Bekassy Z (1984) prevalence of genito- urinary symptoms in the late menopause Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 63:257-260
44. Jackson S, Shepherd A, Brookes S, Abrams P (1999) The effect of oestrogen supplementation on postmenopausal urinary stress incontinence: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynecol 106:711-718
45. Jarvis GJ (2000) Urogynaecology Audit. In: Stanton SL, Monga AK (eds) Clinical Urogynaecology, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 615-631
46. Jeffcoate N (1974) Principles of gynecology, 4th edn. Butterworth, London pp 643-674
47. Jolleys JV (1988) Reported prevalence of urinary incontinence in women in a general practice. Br Med J 2961:1300-1302
48. Kelly HA (1913) Incontinence of urine in women. Urol Cutan Rev 1:291-293
49. Kilkku P (1985) Supravaginal uterine amputation versus hysterectomy with reference to subjective bladder symptoms and incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 64:375-379
50. King, JK, Freeman RM (1998) Is antenatal bladder neck mobility a risk factor for post partum stress incontinence? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105:1300-1307
51. Kok AL, Burger CW, van de Weijer PHM, Voetberg GA, Peters-Muller ERA, Kenemans P (1999) Micturition complaints in postmenopausal women treated with continuously combined hormone replacement therapy: A prospective study. Maturitas 31:143-149
52. Lalos O, Bjerle P (1986) Bladder wall mechanics and micturition before and after subtotal and total hysterectomy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 21:143-150
53. Landon CR, Crofts CE, Smith ARB, Trowbridge EA (1990) Mechanical properties of fascia during pregnancy: A possible factor in the development of stress incontinence of urine. Contemp Rev Obstet Gynaecol 2:40-46
54. Lose G, Englev E (2000) Oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring versus oestriol vaginal pessaries in the treatment of bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107:1029-1034
55. MacLennan A, Taylor AW, Wilson DH, Wilson D (2000) The prevalence of pelvic floor disorders and their relationship to gender, age, parity and mode of delivery. Br J Obstet Gynecol 107:1460-1470
56. Meyer S, Hohfeld P, Achtari C, Russolo A, De Grandi P (2000) Birth trauma: Short and long term effects of forceps delivery compared with spontaneous delivery on various pelvic floor parameters. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107:1360-1365
57. Mohide EA (1986) The prevalence and scope of urinary incontinence. Clin Geriatr Med 2:639-655
58. Mommsen S, Foldspang A (1994) Body mass index and adult female urinary incontinence. World J Urol 12:319-322
59. Nemir JA, Middleton RP (1954) Stressincontinence in young nulliparous women Am J Obstet Gynaecol 68:1166-1168
60. Ouslander JG, Kane RL, Abrass IB (1984) Urinary incontinence in elderly nursing home patients. J Am Med Assoc 248:1194-1198
61. Pesschers UM, Schaer GN, DeLancey JOL, Schüssler B (1997) Levator ani function before and after childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104:1004-1008
62. Rekers H, Drogendijk AC, Valkenburg HA, Riphagen F (1992) The menopause, urinary incontinence and other symptoms of the genito-urinary tract. Maturitas 15:101-111
63. Resnick NM, Yalla SV, Laurino E (1989) The pathophysiology of urinary incontinence among institutionalized elderly persons. N Engl J Med 320:1-7
64. Rortveit G, Hannesstad YS, Daltveit AK, Hunskaar S (2001) Age- and type-dependent effects of parity on urinary incontinence: The Norwegian EPINCONT-study. Obstet Gynecol 98:1004-1010
65. Samuelsson E, Victor A, Svardsudd K (2000) Determinants of urinary incontinence in a population of young and middle-aged women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 79:208-215
66. Sandvik H (1995) Female urinary incontinence: Studies of epidemiology and management in general practice. Thesis, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Norway
67. Sandvik H, Hunskaar S, Vanvik A, et al (1995) Diagnostic classification of female urinary incontinence: An epidemiologic survey corrected for validity. J Clin Epidemiol 48:338-343
68. Skelly J, Flint AJ (1995) Urinary incontinence associated with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 43:286-294
69. Sommer P, Bauer T, Nielsen KK, et al (1990) Voiding patterns and prevalence of incontinence in women. A Questionnaire survey. Br J Urol 66:12-15
70. Stanton SL, Kerr-Wilson R, Harris GV (1980) The incidence of urological symptoms in normal pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 87:897-900
71. Strasser H, Tiefenthaler M, Steinlechner M, Bartsch G, Konwalinka G (1999) Urinary incontinence in the elderly and age-dependent apoptosis of rhabdosphincter cells. Lancet 354:918-919
72. Sultana CJ, Walters MD (1995) Estrogen and urinary incontinence in women. Maturitas 20:129-138
73. Tetzschner T, Sörensen M, Lose G et al (1997) Pudendal nerve function during pregnancy and after delivery. Int Urogynaecol J 8:66-68
74. Thakar R, Manyonda S, Stanton SL, Clarkson P, Robinson G, Ayers S (2000) A randomised study of total and subtotal hysterectomy: Effect on bladder and bowel function. Int Urogynecol J 11 (Suppl):S21
75. Thom DH, Brown JS (1998) Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for urinary incontinence in later life: A review of the clinical and epidemiologic literature. J Am Geriatr Soc 46:1411-1417
76. Thom DH, van den Eeden SK, Brown JS (1997) Evaluation of parturition and other reproductive variables as risk factors for urinary incontinence in later life. Obstet Gynecol 90:983-988
77. Thomas TM, Plymat KR, Blannin J, Meade TW (1980) Prevalence of urinary incontinence. Br Med J 281:1243-1245
78. van Geelen JM, Lemmens WAJG, Eskes TKAB, Martin Ch B (1982) The urethral pressure profile in pregnancy and after delivery in healthy nulliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 144:636-649
79. van Geelen JM, van de Weijer PHM, Arnolds HT (2000) Urogenital symptoms and resulting discomfort in non-institutionalized Dutch women aged 50-75 years. Int Urogynecol J 11:9-14
80. van Kessel K, Reed S, Newtonk, Meier A, Lentz G (2001) The second stage of labor and stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184:1571-1575
81. Vervest HAM (1993) Changes in the function of the lower urinary tract after hysterectomy. Int Urogynecol J 4:350-355
82. Viktrup L, Lose G (2000) Lower urinary tract symptoms 5 years after the first delivery. Int Urogynaecol J 11:336-341
83. Westby M, Asmussen M (1985) Anatomical and functional changes in the lower urinary tract after radical hysterectomy with lymph node dissection as studied by dynamic urethrocystography and simultaneous urethrocystometry. Gynecol Oncol 21:261-276
84. Wilson PD, Herbison RM, Herbison GB (1996) Obstetric practice and the prevalence of urinary incontinence three months after delivery. Br J Obstet Gynecol 103:154-161
85. Wolin L (1969) Stress incontinence in young, healthy nulliparous female subjects. J Urol 101:545-549
86. Yarnell JW, Voyle GJ, Richards CJ, Stephenson TP (1981) The prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence in women. J Epidemiol Community Health 35:71-74