Food safety and inspection service policy for control of poultry contaminated by digestive tract contents: A review

Journal of Applied Poultry Research

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 603-611

  Rasekh, J ^a   Thaler, A M ^a   Engeljohn, D L ^a   Pihkala, N H ^a  

^a U S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE   (United States)

Author keywords

Contamination; Poultry contamination; Regulatory policy; Reprocessing

Indexed keywords

EID: 25144483431     PISSN: 10566171     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/japr/14.3.603     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. Lillard, H. S. 1989. Factors affecting the persistence of Salmonella during the processing of poultry. J. Food Prot. 52:829-832.
2. Mallinson, E. T., C. R. Tate, R. G. Miller, B. Bennett, and E. Russek-Cohen. 1989. Monitoring poultry farms for Salmonella by drag-swab sampling and antigen-capture immunoassay. Avian Dis. 33:684-690.
3. Stern, N. J., M. R. S. Clavero, J. S. Bailey, N. A. Cox, and M. C. Robach. 1995. Campylobacter spp. in broilers on the farm and after transport. Poult. Sci. 74:937-941.
4. Food and Drug Administration, Poultry Products Inspection Act. 1957. 21 US Code 451 et seq.
5. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. 1994. Poultry and poultry products, final rule. 9CFR part 381. Fed. Regist. 59:35639-35657.
6. Jones, F. T., 1999. Zero-tolerance for fecal spots. Poultry 6 (Oct./Nov.):38-41.
7. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. 1978. Poultry and poultry products, final rule. 9CFR part 381. Fed. Regist. 43:12846-12848.
8. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. 1997. Poultry and poultry poducts, final rule. 9CFR part 381. Fed. Regist. 42:41873-41874.
9. Waldroup, A. L., B. M. Rathgeber, R. E. Hierholzer, Les Smoot, L. M. Martin, S. F. Bilgili, D. L. Fletcher, T. C. Chen, and C. J. Wabeck. 1993. Effects of reprocessing on microbiological quality of commercial prechill broiler carcasses. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2:111-116.
10. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. 1995. Poultry and poultry products, final rule. 9CFR part 381. Fed. Regist. 60:6774-6889.
11. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. February 1997. Poultry and poultry products, final rule. 9CFR part 381. Fed. Regist. 62:5139-5143.
12. FSIS. 2002. Progress report on Salmonella testing of raw meat and poultry products, 1998-2001. Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC.
13. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. 1996. Poultry and poultry products, final rule. Contamination with microorganisms; process control verification criteria and testing; pathogen reduction standards, final rule, 9CFR part 381(94). Fed. Regist. 61:15024-15027.
14. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. July 1996. Poultry and Poultry Products, final rule. 9CFR part 381.94(b)(1). Fed. Regist. 61:15024-15027.
15. Thaler, A. 2000.Update on FSIS. Pages 559-561 in Proc. 104th Annu. Mtg. USAHA, Birmingham, AL.
16. Hargis, B. M., D. J. Caldwell, R. L. Brewer, D. E. Corrier, and J. R. De Loach. 1995. Evaluation of the chicken crop as a source of Salmonella contamination for broiler carcasses. Poult. Sci. 74:1548-1552.
17. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. 1997. Revision of finished product standards with respect to fecal contamination. 9CFR part 381. Final rule. Fed. Regist. 62:5139-5143.
18. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. 1997. Livestock carcasses and poultry carcasses contaminated with visible fecal material. Notice. Fed. Regist. 62:63254-63255.
19. Blankenship, L. C., N. A. Cox, S. E. Craven, A. J. Mercuri, and R. L. Wilson. 1975. Comparison of the microbiological quality of inspection-passed and fecal contamination-condemned broiler carcasses. J. Food Sci. 40:1236-1238.
20. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Animals and Animal Products. 2001. 9 CFR. Part 381.76. Fed. Regist. 66:22906.
21. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. 2001. Food ingredients and sources of radiation listed or approved for use in the production of meat and poultry products. Final rule. 9CFR 424. 21CFR182.1778 Fed. Regist. 64:72167-72194.
22. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. 2004. Safe and suitable ingredients used in the production of meat and poultry products. Directive 7120.1. Amend. 2. Available: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/rdad/ FSISDirectives/7120.1Amend2.pdf. Accessed July 2005.
23. Hollingsworth, J., and B. Kaplan. 1997. Zero tolerance for visible feces helps FSIS fight foodborne pathogens. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 211:534-535.
24. Blankenship, L. C., J. S. Bailey, N. A. Cox, M. T. Musgrove, M. E. Berrang, R. L. Wilson, M. J. Rose, and S. K. Dua. 1993. Broiler carcass reprocessing, a further evaluation. J. Food Prot. 56:983-985.
25. Fletcher, D. L., E. W. Craig and J. W. Arnold. 1997. An evaluation of on-line "reprocessing" on visual contamination and microbiological quality of broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 6:436-442.
26. Stern, N. J. 2002. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Athens, GA. Personal communication.
27. Rathgeber, B. M., R. E. Hierholzer, and A. Waldroup. 1993. Effects of reprocessing on microbiological quality of commercial prechill broiler carcasses. Poult. Sci. 72(Suppl.):99. (Abstr.)
28. Bilgili, S. F., A. L. Waldroup, D. Zelenka, and J. E. Marion. 2002. Visible ingesta on prechill carcasses does not affect the microbiological quality of broiler carcasses after immersion chilling. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 11:233-238.
29. Duke, G. E., M. Basha, and S. Noll. 1997. Optimum duration of feed and water removal prior to processing in order to reduce the potential for fecal contamination in turkeys. Poult. Sci. 76:516-522.
30. Papa, C. M. 1991. Lower gut contents of broiler chickens withdrawn from feed and held in cages. Poult. Sci. 70:375-380.
31. Thayer, S. G., and J. L. Walsh. 1993. Evaluation of cross contamination on automatic viscera removal equipment. Poult. Sci. 72:741-746.
32. Wabeck, C. J. 1972. Feed and water withdrawal time relationship to processing yield and potential fecal contamination of broilers. Poult. Sci. 51:1119-1121.
33. Russell, S. M., and J. M. Walker. 1997. The effect of evisceration on visible contamination and the microbiological profile of fresh broiler chicken carcasses using the Nu-Tech evisceration system or the conventional streamlined inspection system. Poult. Sci. 76:780-784.
34. Humphrey, T. J., A. Baskerville, A. Whitehead, B. Rowe, and A. Henley. 1993. Influence of feeding patterns on the artificial infection of laying hens with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. Vet. Rec. 132:407-409.
35. Corrier, D. E., J. A. Byrd, B. M. Hargis, M. E. Hume, R. H. Bailey, and L. H. Stanker. 1999. Presence of Salmonella in the crop and ceca of broiler chickens before and after preslaughter feed withdrawal. Poult. Sci. 78:45-49.
36. Ramirez, G. A., L. L. Sarlin, D. J. Caldwell, C. R. Yezak, Jr., M. E. Hume, D. E. Corrier, J. R. DeLoach, and B. M. Hargis. 1997. Effect of feed withdrawal on the incidence of Salmonella in the crops and ceca of market-age broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 76:654-656.
37. Byrd, J. A., D. E. Corrier, M. E. Hume, R. H. Bailey, L. H. Stanker, and B. M. Hargis. 1998. Incidence of Campylobacter in crops of preharvest market-age broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 77:1303-1305.
38. Byrd, J. A., D. E. Corrier, M. E. Hume, R. H. Bailey, L. H. Stanker, and B. M. Hargis. 1998. Effect of feed withdrawal on Campylobacter in the crops of market-age broiler chickens. Avian Dis. 42:802-806.
39. Bailey, J. S., N. J. Stern, P. Fedorka-Cray, S. E. Craven, N. A. Cox, D. E. Cosby, S. Ladely, and M. T. Musgrove. 2001. Sources and movement of Salmonella through integrated poultry operations: A multistate epidemiological investigation. J. Food Prot. 64:1690-1697.
40. Fanelli, M. J., W. W. Sadler, C. E. Franti, and J. R. Brownell. 1970. Localization of Salmonellae within the intestinal tract of chickens. Avian Dis. 200:366-375.
41. James, W. O., W. O. Williams, Jr., J. C. Prucha, R. Johnston, and W. A. Christensen. 1992. Profile of selected bacterial counts and Salmonella prevalence on raw poultry in a poultry slaughter establishment. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 200:57-59.
42. James, W. O., R. L. Brewer, J. C. Prucha, W. O. Williams, Jr., and D. R. Parham. 1992. Effects of chlorination of chill water on the bacteriologic profile of raw carcasses and giblets. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 200:60-63.
43. James, W. O., J. C. Prucha, R. L. Brewer, W. O. Williams, Jr., W. A. Christensen, A. M. Thaler, and A. T. Hogue. 1992. Effects of countercurrent scalding and postscald spray on the bacteriologic profile of raw chicken carcasses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 201:705-708.
44. Stolfa, P. 1993. United States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. Washington, DC. Personal communication.