Reversible work by electrochemical intercalation of graphitic materials

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

Volumn 5759, Issue , 2005, Pages 322-330

  Massey, Cameron G ^a   McKnight, Geoffrey ^a   Barvosa Carter, William ^a   Liu, Ping ^a  

^a Hughes Aircraft Co   (United States)

Author keywords

Electrochemical Actuation; Graphite Intercalation Compounds

Indexed keywords

DIFFUSION LENGTH; ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTUATION; EXPONENTIAL EFFECT; VOLUME EXPANSION;

CORRELATION METHODS; DIFFUSION; IONS; LOADING; STRAIN RATE; THERMAL EFFECTS;

INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS;

EID: 25144476230     PISSN: 0277786X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1117/12.601491     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (21)

1. Y. Bar-Cohen, "Electro-active polymers: current capabilities and challenges". Proc. SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Symposium, San Diego, CA, 2002.
2. M. Fuchiwaki, W. Takashima, and K. Kaneto, 2001, "Comparative Study of Electrochemomechanical Deformation of Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s, Polyanilines and Polypyrrole Films". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 40, pp. 7110-7116, 2001.
3. G. M. Spinks, D. Zhou, L. Liu, G. G. Wallace, "The amounts per cycle of polypyrrole electromechanical actuators". Smart Materials and Structures, 12, pp. 468-472, 2003.
4. R. Pelrine, R. Kornbluh, Q. Pei, J. Joseph, "High-Speed Electrically Actuated Elastomers with Strain Greater Than 100%". Science, 287, pp. 836-839, 2000.
5. R. H. Baughman, C. Cui, A. A. Kakhidov, Z. Iqbal, J. N. Barisci, T. Stockli, N. A. Burnham, and L. Forro, "Carbon nanotube actuators," Science, 284, pp. 1340-1344, 1999.
6. M. S. Dresselhaus and G. Dresselhaus, "Intercalation compounds of graphite". Advances in Physics, 30, pp. 139-326, 1991.
7. D. D. L. Chung, "Intercalated graphite as a smart material for high-stress, high-strain, low-electric-field electromechanical switching". Smart Materials and Structures, 1, pp. 233-236, 1992.
8. A. Wenzel, and A. Reinheimer, "Phyllosilicate-intercalation compounds with increased expansion volume, method for their synthesis and their use". US Patent Application 2004/0186041. 2004.
9. M. Shahinpoor, and K. J. Kim, "Metal Hydride Artificial Muscles". US Patent 6,405,532. 2002.
10. W. N. Reynolds, Physical Properties of Graphite. Elsevier Publishing Company, Great Britain. 1968.
11. W. R. McKinnon, and R. R. Haering, "Physical Mechanisms of Intercalation". Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry No. 15, ed. by White, Bockris and Conway, Plenum Press, NY, pp. 235-304, 1983.
12. D. P. DiVincenzo, and E.J. Mele, "Physical Mechanisms of Intercalation". Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry No. 15, ed. by White, Bockris and Conway, Plenum Press, NY, pp. 235-304, 1983.
13. L. B. Ebert, "Intercalation Compounds of Graphite". Annual Review of Materials Science, 6, pp. 181-211. 1976.
14. J. O. Besenhard, E. Wudy, H. Mohwalk, J. J. Nickl, W. Birberacher and W. Foag, "Anodic oxidation of Graphite in H2SO4 Dilatometry - In situ diffraction - Impedance spectroscopy", Synthetic Metals, 7, pp.185-192, 1983.
15. H. Ohtsuka, J. Yamaki, "Electrical characteristics of Li2O-V2O5-SiO2 thin-films". Solid State Ionics, 35, pp. 201, 1989.
16. B. Jungblut, E. Hoinkis, "Diffusion of lithium in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite at low concentration and high temperatures". Physical Review B, 40, pp. 181-211, 1989.
17. C. Massey, P. Liu, G. McKnight, and W. Barvosa-Carter, "Graphite intercalation compounds as actuation materials". Proc. of ASME International Engineering Conference, November 13-19, 2004.
18. K. N. Melton, "Ni-Ti Based Shape Memory Alloys". Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, ed. by Duerig, Butterworth-Heinemann, London. 1990.
19. D. A. Porter, and K.E. Easterling, Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, Ltd. London. 1981. See chapter 2.
20. M. Kishio, K. Shimizu, and H. Fukui, "Electrode substrate for fuel cell and process for producing the same". US Patent 4,851,304. 1989.
21. W. Trebold, Product Engineering, Toray Composites (America), Incorporated. Telephone conversation, 1/12/2005.