Bashar al-Assad's Lebanon gamble

Middle East Quarterly

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2005, Pages

  Harris, William ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 25144475528     PISSN: 10739467     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. William Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions (Princeton: Markus Wiener, 1997), pp. 261-2.
2. BBC News, Apr. 17, 2004.
3. Christopher Hemmer, "Syria under Bashar al-Asad: Clinging to His Roots?" in Barry Schneider and Jerrold Post, eds., Know Thy Enemy: Profiles of Adversary Leaders and Their Strategic Cultures (Maxwell Air Force Base: U.S. Air Force Counterproliferation Center, 2003), p. 221.
4. The World Bank, World Development Report 2004 (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2003), pp. 252-3.
5. Al-Hayat (London), May 6, 2001.
6. Ibid., Mar. 28, 2002.
7. Ibid., July 18, 2000.
8. Daniel Pipes, Greater Syria (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
9. Farid Ghadry, "Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath," Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2005, pp. 61-70.
10. An-Nahar (Beirut), Mar. 20, 2001.
11. Al-Hayat, Sept. 21, 2000.
12. Ibid., Aug. 26, 2000.
13. Ibid., Aug. 20, 2001.
14. Ibid., Aug. 9, 2001.
15. Gary Gambill, "The Myth of Syria's Old Guard," Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, Feb.-Mar. 2004.
16. The Daily Star (Beirut), June 2, 2001;
17. BBC News, May 25, 2000.
18. As recounted by Hariri to Walid Jumblatt, Ar-Ra'y al-'Aam (Kuwait), Feb. 18, 2005.
19. Peter Fitzgerald, Report of the U.N. Fact-Finding Mission to Lebanon (New York: United Nations, Feb. 25- Mar. 24, 2005), p. 5.
20. An-Nahar, Aug. 29, 2004
21. Ibid., Aug. 31, Sept. 1, 2004.
22. John Abizaid, Central Command chief general, Los Angeles Times, Jan. 11, 2005.
23. Richard Myers, U.S. joint chiefs of staff chairman, Late Edition, CNN, Apr. 18, 2004;
24. The Daily Star, Sept. 29, 2004.
25. The New York Times, June 25, 2003.
26. Al-Hayat, Sept. 18, 2003.
27. Ad-Dustur (Amman), Sept. 9, 2004.
28. U.N. Security Council Resolution 1559.
29. Al-Hayat, Sept. 9, 2004.
30. Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolution 1559 (New York: United Nations, Oct. 1, 2004), p. 8.
31. An-Nahar, Sept. 18, Oct. 21, 2004.
32. Le Monde (Paris), Oct. 20, 2004.
33. Comments to Irish Times (Dublin), Jan. 2005
34. quoted in An-Nahar, Feb. 26, 2005.
35. The Times (London), Mar. 18, 2005;
36. The New York Times, Mar. 20, 2005.
37. Al-Hayat, Feb. 21, 2005.
38. Randa Taki al-Din, in Al-Hayat, Feb. 18, 2005.
39. Al-Hayat, Feb. 21, 2005.
40. As-Safir (Beirut), Nov. 27, 2004.
41. Ibid., Dec. 13, 2004.
42. An-Nahar, Dec. 14, 2004.
43. Al-Mustaqbal (Beirut), Dec. 14, 2004.
44. For detailed discussion of the Syrian-Lebanese dimension of the 1989 Ta'if agreement, see Joseph Maila, The Document of National Understanding: A Commentary (Oxford: Centre for Lebanese Studies, 1992), pp. 80-8.
45. Al-Quds al-Arabi (London), Jan. 6, 2005;
46. An-Nahar, Jan. 11, 2005;
47. Al-Mustaqbal, Jan. 16, 2005.
48. An-Nahar, Jan. 27, 2005.
49. Ibid., Feb. 3, 2005.
50. The Times, Mar. 18, 2005.
51. The New York Times, Feb. 15, 2005;
52. Aljazeera.com, Feb. 14, 2005.
53. Al-Hayat, Mar. 6, 2005.
54. An-Nahar, Feb. 25, 2005.
55. Al-Hayat, Feb. 16, 2005.
56. Ibid., Feb. 15, 2005;
57. An-Nahar, Mar. 3, 2005.
58. Al-Hayat, Feb. 16, 2005;
59. An-Nahar, Feb. 21, 2005.
60. BBC News, Feb. 28, 2005;
61. The Washington Post, Feb. 28, 2005.
62. Le Monde, Mar. 7, 2005.
63. Newsday.com, Mar. 11, 2005;
64. The Washington Post, Mar. 11, 2005.
65. Al-Hayat, Apr. 5, 2005.
66. Joint statement by President Bush and President Chirac, White House news release, Feb. 21, 2005.
67. As-Siyassa (Kuwait), Apr. 2, 2005.
68. Al-Hayat, Feb. 21, 2005.
69. An-Nahar, Mar. 24, 2005;
70. Al-Mustaqbal, Mar. 28, 2005.
71. For example, David Satterfield, U.S. deputy assistant secretary of state on a visit to Beirut, Al-Hayat, Mar.26, 2005.
72. Fitzgerald, Report of the U.N. Fact-Finding Mission to Lebanon, p. 20.
73. U.N. Security Council Resolution 1595. Apr. 7, 2005.
74. Al-Hayat, Apr. 6, 2005.
75. Al-Mustaqbal, Apr. 16, 2005.
76. Ibid., May 1, 2005.
77. As-Siyassa, Apr. 13, 2005.
78. Al-Hayat, Mar. 6, 2005.
79. An-Nahar, Mar. 7, 2005.
80. Randa Taki ad-Din in Al-Hayat, Feb. 18, 2005.
81. Al-Mustaqbal, May 2, 2005.