-
1
-
-
24944496116
-
-
note
-
-3]. These are the same units used for a rate constant for heterogenenous electron transfer between a redox couple in solution and a solid electrode.
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
0020168024
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-
P. M. Dhooge, D. E. Stilwell, S.-M. Park, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1982, 129, 1719-1724.
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Dhooge, P.M.1
Stilwell, D.E.2
Park, S.-M.3
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4
-
-
24944572060
-
-
note
-
0.29 and the ash content 33%.
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
0011860060
-
-
(Ed.: G. Hoogers), CRC, Boca Raton, FL
-
See for example: E. Chen in Fuel Cell Technology Handbook (Ed.: G. Hoogers), CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2003, pp. 2.
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(2003)
Fuel Cell Technology Handbook
, pp. 2
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-
Chen, E.1
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6
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-
0003843061
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can be found under
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a) World Energy Council, "Survey of Energy Resources", can be found under http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/ser/ overview.asp, 1998;
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(1998)
Survey of Energy Resources
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7
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2542468340
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can be found under
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b) Energy Information Administration, "International Energy Outlook", can be found under http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/coal.html, 2004.
-
(2004)
International Energy Outlook
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-
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8
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24944583870
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-
note
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2.
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9
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0023590628
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D. G. Vutetakis, D. R. Skidmore, H. J. Byker, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1987, 134, 3027-3035.
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(1987)
J. Electrochem. Soc.
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Vutetakis, D.G.1
Skidmore, D.R.2
Byker, H.J.3
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11
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12744269348
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-
N. J. Cherepy, R. Krueger, K. J. Fiet, A. F. Jankowski, J. F. Cooper, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A80-A87.
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Cherepy, N.J.1
Krueger, R.2
Fiet, K.J.3
Jankowski, A.F.4
Cooper, J.F.5
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12
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3042854905
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S. Zecevic, E. M. Patton, P. Parhami, Carbon 2004, 42, 1983-1993.
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(2004)
Carbon
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Zecevic, S.1
Patton, E.M.2
Parhami, P.3
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13
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0034476026
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W. H. A. Peelen, M. Olivry, S. F. Au, J. D. Fehribach, K. J. Hemmes, J. Appl. Electrochem. 2000, 30, 1389-1395.
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Peelen, W.H.A.1
Olivry, M.2
Au, S.F.3
Fehribach, J.D.4
Hemmes, K.J.5
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14
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0040349658
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A. M. Posner, Fuel 1955, 34, 330-338.
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(1955)
Fuel
, vol.34
, pp. 330-338
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-
Posner, A.M.1
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16
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24944521376
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note
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0.22; the loss upon drying and ash content were both approximately 10%.
-
-
-
-
17
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-
24944569906
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-
(Ed.: D. S. Argyropoulos), American Chemical Society Symposium Series, Washington, DC
-
a) This method of burning coal at low temperature reminds us of prior work on oxidatively removing (namely low-temperature burning) lignin from cellulose using polyoxometalates; see, for example: V. Grigoviev, C. L. Hill, I. A. Weinstock in Fundamentals and Catalysis (Ed.: D. S. Argyropoulos), American Chemical Society Symposium Series, Washington, DC, 2001, pp. 297-312;
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(2001)
Fundamentals and Catalysis
, pp. 297-312
-
-
Grigoviev, V.1
Hill, C.L.2
Weinstock, I.A.3
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18
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24944499517
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note
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2 per unit output of electrical energy.
-
-
-
-
19
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0003561662
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-
Wiley, New York, 2nd ed.
-
3+ couple is 0.77 V versus NHE: A. J. Bard, L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley, New York, 2001, 2nd ed.
-
(2001)
Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications
-
-
Bard, A.J.1
Faulkner, L.R.2
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20
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0003945925
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-
Academic Press, New York
-
4 at 100°C as 0.57 V versus standard Ag/AgCl, or 0.72 V versus NHE using the potential of the Ag/AgCl reference electrode of 0.15 versus NHE at 100°C: D. J. G. Ives, Reference Electrodes, Theory and Practice, Academic Press, New York, 1961, p. 189.
-
(1961)
Reference Electrodes, Theory and Practice
, pp. 189
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-
Ives, D.J.G.1
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21
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24944511020
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-
note
-
Mesh refers to the number of openings per linear inch of a screen. The mesh size of a particle is the mesh screen having the largest openings on which the particle is retained. The mesh size of the American Sieve Series is related to the size of the opening, in cm as: (size in cm) = 2/(mesh size) for mesh sizes above 50, and (size in cm) = (1.5)/(mesh size) for mesh sizes below 40. In kinetic equations, we used the size of the opening in cm as the characteristic size of a particle of coal l because the linear size is not defined for a particle of an arbitrary shape.
-
-
-
-
22
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24944576468
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-
note
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The choice of the parameters m/lρ to represent the accessible surface is discussed in the Supporting Information.
-
-
-
-
24
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-
0001574186
-
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III/II couple and different forms of carbon reported in the literature. See for example, P. Chen, M. A. Frying, R. L. McCreery, Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 3115-3122.
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(1995)
Anal. Chem.
, vol.67
, pp. 3115-3122
-
-
Chen, P.1
Frying, M.A.2
McCreery, R.L.3
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25
-
-
24944482306
-
-
note
-
combustion(T)/n F-1.2 V≈LHV/n F≈-0.25 V, where the low-heat value (LHV) is the enthalpy of the combustion of coal generating steam and n = 4.37.
-
-
-
-
26
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24944432083
-
-
note
-
4 saturated with iron sulfate at 100°C.
-
-
-
-
27
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-
24944434593
-
-
note
-
We cannot compare the sustained current and power output of our cell with similar values reported for high-temperature CFCs. The literature on high-temperature CFCs does not specify the fraction of electrons available from the complete oxidation of fuel in the cell that was consumed while the "sustained" performance of the cell was characterized.
-
-
-
-
28
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-
24944451263
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-
note
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The fraction of oxidizable functional groups that are on the surface of a particle of coal is inversely proportional to the radius of the particle when the groups are distributed homogeneously throughout the particle.
-
-
-
-
29
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-
0004176377
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-
Wiley, Hoboken
-
a) J. Larminie, A. Dicks, Fuel Cell Systems Explained, Wiley, Hoboken, 2003, pp. 61-108;
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(2003)
Fuel Cell Systems Explained
, pp. 61-108
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-
Larminie, J.1
Dicks, A.2
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31
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0030574158
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A. F. Gil, L. Galicia, I. Gonzalez, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 417, 129-134.
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(1996)
J. Electroanal. Chem.
, vol.417
, pp. 129-134
-
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Gil, A.F.1
Galicia, L.2
Gonzalez, I.3
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