The double-writing of statecraft: Exploring state responses to illegal immigration

Alternatives

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 171-189

  Doty, Roxanne Lynn ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 24944571386     PISSN: 03043754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030437549602100202     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Although this article focuses on the United States, immigration is a global concern and an arena in which the practices of statecraft take place. Doris Meissner, Robert D. Hormats, Antonio Garrigues Walker, and Shijuro Ogata, International Migration Challenges in a New Era: A Report to the Trilateral Commission 44 (1993) suggests that the foremost issues in current debates on immigration in the industrialized world revolve around illegal immigration and refugees.
2. Virtually every industrialized nation now houses populations of illegal immigrants. Italy, for example, which has traditionally been a country of emigration, witnessed a visible increase in illegal immigration during the late 1980s; see Philip L. Martin, "Comparative Migration Policies," International Migration Review 28, no. 1, (1993), pp. 164-170.
3. Nermin Abadan-Unat, "Summary of Main Results of Conference of OECD Working Party on Migration," in The Future of Migration (Paris: OECD, 1987), pp. 19-27.
4. Paul Kennedy, Preparing for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Random House, 1993).
5. Nathan Glazer, "New Rules of the Game," in Robert W. Tucker, Charles B. Keely, and Linda Wrigley, eds., Immigration and US Foreign Policy (Boulder: Westview, 1990), pp. 15-25.
6. Michael Teitelbaum, "Immigration, Refugees, and Foreign Policy," International Organization 38, no. 3 (summer 1984): 429-448.
7. Martin O. Heisler, "Migration, International Relations and the New Europe: Theoretical Perspectives from Institutional Political Sociology," International Migration Review, 26, no. 2. (1992)
8. has suggested that theories of international relations suffer from self-imposed conceptual blinders resulting in difficulty grasping the relevance of migration for international relations. However, some recent literature has begun to grapple with this issue. See, for example, James F. Hollifield, Immigrants, Markets, and States - The Political Economy of Postwar Europe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992).
9. John Agnew, "The Territorial Trap: The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory," in Review of International Political Economy, 1, no. 1 (spring 1994): 53-80.
10. Immigration is, of course, not the only issue that reveals the tension and contradictions that are characteristic of statecraft, nor is it the only arena where practices of statecraft take place. For other relevant studies see Nevzat Soguk, Refugee Matters: Refugee Regimentations as Practices of Statecraft (Ph. D. dissertation, Arizona State University, July 1995);
11. and Cynthia Weber, Simulating Sovereignty: Intervention, The State, and Symbolic Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
12. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, 2d ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1989).
13. Although developed as an ideal type in opposition to political realism, complex interdependence nevertheless shares realism's commitment to the state as primary actor in international politics. Although proclaiming that the state is not a unitary actor, the case studies in Keohane and Nye come very close to portraying the state as just such an actor. While world systems theory is not explicitly discussed in the "complex interdependence" model, the recognition of interdependence and its characteristics is arguably fore-shadowed by world systems theory.
14. Keohane and Nye, note 9.
15. Keohane and Nye, note 9, p. 257 itself suggests that complex interdependence as a concept has been met with relative neglect.
16. Keohane and Nye, note 9, p. 26.
17. Keohane and Nye, note 9, p. 35.
18. Meissner, et al., note 1, pp. 8-9.
19. Gary P. Freeman and James Jupp, "Comparing Immigration Policy in Australia and the United States," in Gary P. Freeman and James Jupp, eds., Nations of Immigrants: Australia, the United States, and International Migration (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 18.
20. This is not to deny recent practices, such as the use of National Guard troops and US Army personnel to patrol the US-Mexico border, which have involved an increased "militarization of the border." See Martin Salvador Rocha, "Militarizing Our Borders - Our New Immigration Policy" (California State University, Long Beach; internet gopher.gic.apc.org, 1994);
21. Howard LaFranchi, "America Puts Up Chain-Links Along a Once Friendly Border," Christian Science Monitor, February 13, 1996.
22. Homi K. Bhabha, "DissemiNation: Time, Narrative, and the Margins of the Modern Nation," in Homi K. Bhabha, ed., Nation and Narration (London: Routledge, 1990): 291-322.
23. John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond," International Organization 47, no. 1 (winter 1993): 139-174.
24. Timothy W. Luke, "The Discipline of Security Studies and the Codes of Containment: Learning from Kuwait," Alternatives 16, no. 3 (1991): 315-344.
25. Michael J. Shapiro, "Sovereignty and Exchange in the Orders of Modernity," Alternatives 16, no. 4 (1991): 447-477.
26. Ole Waever, et al., Identity, Migration, and the New Security Agenda in Europe (London: Pinter, 1993).
27. Shapiro, note 21, p. 489.
28. Richard K. Ashley and R. B. J. Walker, "Reading Dissidence/Writtng the Discipline: Crisis and the Question of Sovereignty in International Studies," International Studies Quarterly 34, no. 3 (September 1990): 367-416.
29. Several critical international relations scholars have recently high-lighted a tension that inheres in practices of statecraft and arguably in scholarship on statecraft as well. Richard Ashley, "Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 17, no. 2 (summer 1988): 227-262, discusses the tension and overlap between two images of the anarchy problematique: (1) a lateral image associated with transnationalism and the interdependence discussed above, and (2) a vertical image that conforms to statist understandings of global politics. These two images are not merely oppositional in an simplistic, binary sense; rather, they join in a complex tension. Shapiro, note 21, also discusses two ostensibly opposed but complexly related impulses; those of sovereignty and exchange. The sovereignty impulse motivates practices that effect firm boundaries around identities, specifying the spaces of the homogeneous self and the other (this can be likened to Ashley's vertical image). Exchange impulses, in contrast, encourage flows. As Shapiro notes, there exists a tension between the exchange impulse and the sovereignty impulse. Sovereignty impulses repress their exchange dimensions and likewise exchange dimensions repress their sovereignty dimensions. R. B. J. Walker's discussions of the inside/outside, unity/diversity, and universal/particular also imply a complex tension between these various dichotomies;
30. see Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
31. Willaim Langewiesche, "The Border," Atlantic Monthly (May 1992).
32. Bhabha, note 18, p. 298.
33. Peter H. Schuck, "The Great Immigration Debate," American Prospect (fall 1990): pp. 100-118.
34. Washington Post, national weekly edn., March 20, 1995.
35. Schuck, note 28, 1990.
36. Luke, note 20, p. 341.
37. Langewiesch, note 26, p. 68.
38. Quoted in Peter Andreas, "The Making of Americo," World Policy Journal (summer 1994): 45-56.
39. Migration News 1, no. 9 (October 1994).
40. Clinton speech, February 1995 (Office of the Press Secretary, Internet latino, sscnet.ucla.ude).
41. Migration News 2, no. 1 (March 1995).
42. Most of the 3.4 million illegal immigrants who were living in the United States in 1992 entered legally. See Migration News, Vol. 2, no. 4, April 1995;
43. Tempe Tribune, January 31, 1995,
44. and Peter J. Schuck, "The Message of 187 - Facing up to Illegal Immigration," American Prospect (spring 1995): 85-99.
45. Tribune Newspapers, February 7, 1995.
46. Schuck, note 28, p. 90.
47. Jorge A. Bustamante, "Undocumented Migration from Mexico to the United States: Preliminary Findings of the Zapata Canyon Project," In Undocumented Migration to the United States - IRCA and the Experience of the 1980s (Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, and Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 1990).
48. Migration News 2, no 3 (March 1995).
49. Tribune Newspapers, January 15, 1995.
50. Migration News 2, no. 2 (February 1995).
51. Andreas, note 33, p. 48.
52. Michael Kearney, "Borders and Boundaries of State at the End of Empire," Journal of Historical Sociology 4, no. 1 (1991).
53. Concern with immigration is not limited to right-wing politicians. In September 1994, Democratic gubernatorial candidate in California, Kathleen Brown, called for a doubling of the number of Border Patrol agents along the US-Mexican border. US Attorney General Janet Reno has also supported beefed-up border control measures such as Operation Gatekeeper in El Paso and Operation Hold the Line in San Diego. Migration News 1, no. 9 (October 1994).
54. White House document, February 7, 1994 (Internet, cyfer.esusda.gov).
55. "Legal Immigrants Seek Citizenship in Record Numbers," New York Times, April 2, 1995.
56. Jack Miles, "The Coming Immigration Debate," Atlantic Monthly (April 1995): 137.
57. Etienne Balibar, Race, Nation, Class - Ambiguous Identities (London: Verso, 1993).
58. Jeffrey Rosen, "The War on Immigrants," New Republic, January 30, 1995: 22-26.
59. Jacques Derrida. "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences," in Derrida, Writing and Difference, Alan Bass, trans. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
60. Graham Bruchell, "Peculiar Interests: Civil Society and Governing the 'System of Natural Liberty,'" in Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, eds., The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentalily (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
61. Shapiro, note 21, p. 455.
62. Bhabha, note 18, p. 298.