Agricultural power in the European Community: Explaining the fate of CAP and GATT negotiations

Comparative Politics

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 145-149

  Keeler, John T S ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 24944502010     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/421978     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. See Dimitrios Demekas et al., "The Effects of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Community: A Survey of the Literature," Journal of Common Market Studies, 27 (December 1988), 113-145;
2. Pietro S. Nivola, Regulating Unfair Trade (Washington, D.C. The Brookings Institution, 1993), p. 37.
3. Bertrand Hervieu, Les Champs du futur (Paris: François Bourin, 1993), p. 43;
4. O ur Farming Future (Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 1993), pp. 11, 22;
5. John Marsh and Pamela Swanney, "The Common Agricultural Policy," in Juliet Lodge, ed., Institutions and Policies of the European Community (London: Pinter, 1983), p. 70.
6. Our Farming Future, p. 23;
7. Secondo Tarditi, Kenneth Thomson, Pierpaolo Pierani, and Elisabetta Croci-Angelini, eds., Agricultural Trade Liberalization and the European Community (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 9.
8. H. Wayne Moyer, "The European Community and the GATT Uruguay Round: Preserving the Common Agricultural Policy at All Costs," in William P. Avery, ed., World Agriculture and the GATT (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1993), p. 95.
9. Desmond Dinan, Ever Closer Union: An introduction to the European Community (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p. 325.
10. Neill Nugent, The Government and Politics of the European Community (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991), p. 335.
11. This statistic is based on all issues from September 1966 to September 1992 except for September and December 1969 and June 1977, which were missing in the library collection surveyed; the exact count was ten CAP articles out of a total of 439, or 2.27 percent.
12. See Robert D. Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization, 42 (Summer 1988), 427-460.
13. Moyer, pp. 95-119.
14. Peter B. Evans, "Building an Integrative Approach to International and Domestic Politics: Reflections and Projections," in Peter B. Evans, Harold K. Jacobson, and Robert B. Putnam, eds., Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 412.
15. Economist, "A Survey of Agriculture," Dec. 12, 1992, p. 1.
16. Hervieu, Les Champs, p. 45.
17. Bertrand Hervieu, "Dix Remarques sur le vote des agriculteurs," in Bertrand Hervieu, ed., Les Agriculteurs français aux urnes (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1992), p. 401.
18. See Tarditi et al., eds., pp. 4-5.
19. "A Survey of Agriculture," pp. 13-14.
20. "A Survey of Agriculture," p. 12;
21. Our Farming Future, p. 9.
22. Rosemary Fennell, "Reform of the CAP: Shadow or Substance?," Journal of Common Market Studies, 26 (September 1987), 75-76.
23. See Our Farming Future, pp. 34-36;
24. "A Survey of Agriculture," p. 18;
25. Rolf G. Heinze and Helmut Voelzkow, "Organizational Problems for the German Farmers" Association and Alternative Policy Options," Sociologia Ruralis, 33 (1993), 36.
26. Hervieu, Les Champs, pp. 16, 95, 113, 123;
27. see also Isabel Boussard, "Une Bonne Image de Marque," in Pierre Coulomb et al., eds., Les Agriculteurs et la Politique (Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1990).
28. See John T. S. Keeler, The Politics of Neocorporatism in France: Farmers, the State and Agricultural Policy-making in the Fifth Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 91-95;
29. "A Survey of Agriculture," p. 12.
30. See John T. S. Keeler, "Dreams of Green Oil, Nightmares of Inequality: French Agricultural Policy and the External Challenges of the 1980s," in Stephen S. Cohen and Peter A. Gourevitch, eds., France in the Troubled World Economy (Boston: Butterworths, 1982).
31. Thomson, p. 118; see also Tarditi, p. 13.
32. The opinion poll data are presented in Our Farming Future, p. 22.
33. The variables correlated with the poll results are taken from Kenneth J. Thomson, "Budgetary and Economic Effects of CAP Trade Liberalization," in Tarditi, pp. 114, 117. The Thomson data omit Spain and Portugal and conflate Belgium and Luxembourg, so the "n" on which these correlations is based is only 9. As a result of the small n, none of the correlations is statistically significant at the .01 level. Nonetheless, the size and consistent direction of the multiple correlations make them worthy of consideration.
34. Nugent, pp. 229-231 and ch. 12;
35. see also Svein Andersen and Kjell Eliassen, "European Community Lobbying," European Journal of Political Research, 20 (1990), 176, 183;
36. Rose-Marie LaGrave, "Bruxelles: La Représentation de la représentation," in Bertrand Hervieu and Rose-Marie Lagrave, eds., Les Syndicats Agricoles en Europe (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1992), pp. 265-294.
37. See Keeler, Neocorporatism, pp. 264-265;
38. Heinze and Voelzkow, Neocorporatism p. 26.
39. Hervieu, Les Champs, p. 147;
40. André Geuslin and Bertrand Hervieu, "Un Syndicalisme agricole européen est-il possible?," in Hervieu and LaGrave, eds., p. 307;
41. Keeler, Neocorporatism, p. 259.
42. See Keeler, Neocorporatism, pp. 260-264.
43. See Neocorporatism, ibid., esp. ch. 8.
44. Rosemary Fennell, "A Reconsideration of the Objectives of the Common Agricultural Policy," Journal of Common Market Studies, 23 (March 1985), 258.
45. See Margaret Weir, Politics and Jobs (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 19.
46. See Keeler, "De Gaulle";
47. Joan Pearce, "The Common Agricultural Policy: The Accumulation of Special Interests," in Helen Wallace et al., eds., Policymaking in the European Community (London: John Wiley, 1983), pp. 146-147.
48. Nugent, pp. 335-336.
49. See Fennell, "Reform," p. 73.
50. Alan Swinbank, "The Common Agricultural Policy and the Politics of European Decision Making," Journal of Common Market Studies, 27 (June 1989), 309.
51. Fennell, "Reform," p. 73.
52. Nugent, p. 338;
53. "A Survey of Agriculture," p. 13.
54. Pearce, p. 157; "A Survey of Agriculture," p. 13.
55. Moyer, p. 103.
56. Fennell, "Reform," p. 74; see also Swinbank.
57. It is estimated that member state expenditures on national subsidy programs, whose legality is often contested, amount to roughly twice the sum disbursed by FEOGA. Brian Hill, The Common Agricultural Policy (London: Methuen, 1984), p. 115;
58. Pearce, The Common Agricultural Policy ( pp. 154-155.
59. Hervieu, Les Champs, p. 152.
60. On the political importance of such information, see Andrew Moravcsik, "Why the European Community Strengthens the State," Harvard Center or European Studies Working Paper Series, 52 (1994), p. 5.
61. See Keeler, Neocorporatism, pp. 6-16, 256-259; Hervieu and Lagrave, eds.
62. See Rolf G. Heinze, Verbandspolitik zwischen Partikularinteressen und Gemeinwohl: Der Deutsche Bauernverband (Gütersloh: Verlag Berteismann Stiftung, 1992), pp. 82-83.
63. Robert J. Lieber, British Politics and European Unity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970), p. 118;
64. W. Grant, "The National Farmers Union: The Classic Case of Incorporation?," in David Marsh, ed., Pressure Politics (London: Junction, 1983).
65. Ernesto Rossi, Viaggio nel feudo di Bonomi (Roma; Reuniti, 1965), p. 295;
66. see also Keeler, Neocorporatism, pp. 268-278.
67. Jaap Frouws and Bernard Hoetjes, "Pays-Bas: Le Front Vert," in Hervieu and LaGrave, eds., pp. 191-198.
68. See Keeler, Neocorporatism, ch. 8.
69. "A Survey of Agriculture," p. 13.
70. A Survey of Agriculture, Ibid.
71. See S. von Carmon-Taubadel, "The Reform of the CAP from a German Perspective," Journal of Agricultural Economics, 44 (September 1993), 403.
72. Isabel Boussard and Jean Chiche, "Les Elections présidentielles et législatives de 1988, européennes de 1989," in Hervieu, ed., Les Agricultueurs, pp. 29-32.
73. Isabel Boussard, "Le Comportement des ruraux lors des élections municipales de mars 1989," in Hervieu, ed., Les Agriculteurs, pp. 96-97;
74. see also Hervieu, "Dix Remarques," p. 401.
75. Jean Grangé, "Le Poids des campagnes au Sénat," in Hervieu, ed., Les Agriculteurs, pp. 258-262.
76. Hervieu, "Dix Remarques," p. 403.
77. Grangé, p. 252.
78. The ratio was compiled from statistics in Grangé, pp. 250 and 258-259, and in L'Information agricole (February 1993), 20.
79. Hervieu, "Dix Remarques," p. 407.
80. See Keeler, Neocorporatism, pp. 100, 335.
81. David Conradt, The German Polity (New York: Longman, 1993), pp. 105-106;
82. von Cramen-Taubadel, The German Polity ( p. 403.
83. Heinze, p. 79.
84. Roland Sturm, "The Chancellor and the Executive," in Stephen Padgett, ed., Adenauer to Kohl: The Development of the German Chancellorship (London: Hurst, 1994), p. 82.
85. On the strength of the Bavarian DBV branch, see Heinze, ch. 4.
86. Simon Bulmer and William Paterson, "West Germany's Role in Europe: 'Man-Mountain' or 'Semi-Gulliver'?," Journal of Common Market Studies, 28 (December 1989), 102.
87. Swinbank, p. 304.
88. Simon Bulmer, "The European Dimension," in Gordon Smith et al., eds., Developments in West German Politics (Durham: Duke University Press, 1989), pp. 223-225;
89. also Ronald T. Libby, Protecting Markets: U.S. Policy and the World Grain Trade (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992), p. 100.
90. See Moyer, p. 107.
91. Helen Wallace, "The Best Is the Enemy of the 'Could': Bargaining in the European Community," in Tarditi et al., eds., p. 201;
92. also, Jacques Pelkmans, "The Core of the EC Rediscovered," in Tarditi et al., eds., p. 225.
93. See Libby, pp. 83, 102.
94. See Keeler, Neocorporatism, pp. 248-52; Libby, ch. 6.
95. See Robert L. Paarlberg, "Why Agriculture Blocked the Uruguay Round: Evolving Strategies in a Two-Level Game," in Avery, ed., p. 51.
96. Libby, pp. 1, 5; also, Theodore H. Cohn, "The Changing Role of the United States in the Global Agricultural Trade Regime," in Avery, ed., pp. 17-38.
97. See von Cramon-Taubadel, pp. 396-97; Hélène Delorme and Denís Clerc, Un Nouveau GATT? Les Echanges Mondiaux après l'Uruguay Round (Paris: Editions Complexe, 1994), p. 128.
98. See Moyer, p. 113.
99. Von Cramon-Taubadel, p. 406.
100. Financial Times, May 22, 1992.
101. Von Cramon-Taubadel, p. 407.
102. For discussion of CAP reform in the 1980s, see Fennell, "Reform of the CAP";
103. also, Keeler, Neocorporatism, pp. 248-252;
104. Our Farming Future, pp. 17-20.
105. New York Times, Nov. 21, 1992.
106. Financial Times, May 22, 1992;
107. "A Survey of Agriculture," p. 14.
108. Financial Times, May 22, 1992.
109. New York Times, Nov. 21, 1993.
110. Wall Street Journal, Dec. 8, 16, 1993;
111. Economist, Dec. 11, 1993;
112. Le Monde, Dec. 16, 1993;
113. Serge Berstein and Pierre Milza, Histoire de la France au XXe Siècle, Tome V: De 1974 à nos jours (Paris: Editions Complexe, 1994), p. 169.
114. Michel Cyncynatus and Nicole Duval, "Population active agricole: Une réduction quasi-inévitable," L'Information agricole (February 1993), 20-22;
115. Our Farming Future, p. 16;
116. Hervieu, Les Champs, pp. 40-42.
117. Wallace, p. 204; Hervieu, Les Champs, p. 23.