Guide to anaesthetic selection for electroconvulsive therapy

CNS Drugs

Volumn 19, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 745-758

  Wagner, Klaus J ^a   Möllenberg, Oliver ^a   Rentrop, Michael ^a   Werner, Christian ^a   Kochs, Eberhard F ^a  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ANESTHETIC AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ATROPINE; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLOZAPINE; ETOMIDATE; FLUMAZENIL; GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE; INHALATION ANESTHETIC AGENT; INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETIC AGENT; KETAMINE; METHOHEXITAL; MIDAZOLAM; MUSCLE RELAXANT AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; OPIATE; PROPOFOL; REMIFENTANIL; RESERPINE; RISPERIDONE; THIOPENTAL; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZIPRASIDONE;

ANESTHESIA; ANESTHESIA MECHANISM; ANESTHESIST; ANESTHETIC RECOVERY; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BRAIN BLOOD VESSEL; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CLOSED ANGLE GLAUCOMA; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG METABOLISM; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; ELECTRODE; ELECTROSTIMULATION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INFORMED CONSENT; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE; INTUBATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MECHANICS; MENTAL DISEASE; MYDRIASIS; MYOCLONUS; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING; PHYSIOLOGY; PREMEDICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QT PROLONGATION; REVIEW; SAFETY; SCALP; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEIZURE; SHOCK; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANESTHETICS; ANIMALS; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMANS; PAIN; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS;

EID: 24944461886     PISSN: 11727047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200519090-00002     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Tharyan P, Adams CE. Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; (2): CD000076
2. Kalinowsky LB. History of convulsive therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 462: 1-4
3. Bennett AE. Preventing traumatic complications in convulsive shock therapy by curare. JAMA 1940; 114: 322-4
4. Abrams R. Electroconvulsive therapy. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997
5. Hermann RC, Dorwart RA, Hoover CW, et al. Variation in ECT use in the United States. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152 (6): 869-75
6. Eranti SV, McLoughlin DM. Electroconvulsive therapy: state of the art. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182: 8-9
7. Philpot M, Treloar A, Gormley N, et al. Barriers to the use of electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly: a European survey. Eur Psychiatry 2002; 17 (1): 41-5
8. Abrams R. ECT for Parkinson's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146 (11): 1391-3
9. Mittmann N, Herrmann N, Einarson TR, et al. The efficacy, safety and tolerability of antidepressants in late life depression: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 1997; 46 (3): 191-217
10. Prudic J, Sackeim HA. Refractory depression and electroconvulsive therapy in treatment strategies for refractory depression. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990
11. Fink M. How does convulsive therapy work? Neuropsychopharmacology 1990; 3 (2): 73-82
12. Selvin BL. Electroconvulsive therapy: 1987. Anesthesiology 1987; 67 (3): 367-85
13. Sackeim HA, Decina P, Prohovnik I, et al. Anticonvulsant and antidepressant properties of electroconvulsive therapy: a proposed mechanism of action. Biol Psychiatry 1983; 18 (11): 1301-10
14. Sackheim HA. Central issues regarding the mechanisms of action of electroconvulsive therapy: directions for future research. Psycopharmacol Bull 1994; 30 (3): 281-308
15. Jones RM, Knight PR. Cardiovascular and hormonal responses to electroconvulsive therapy. Modification of an exaggerated response in an hypertensive patient by beta-receptor blockade. Anaesthesia 1981; 36 (8): 795-9
16. Wells DG, Davies GG. Hemodynamic changes associated with electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth Analg 1987; 66 (11): 1193-5
17. Fu W, Stool LA, White PF, et al. Acute hemodynamic responses to electroconvulsive therapy are not related to the duration of seizure activity. J Clin Anesth 1997; 9 (8): 653-7
18. Elliot DL, Linz DH, Kane JA. Electroconvulsive therapy: pre-treatment medical evaluation. Arch Intern Med 1982; 142 (5): 979-81
19. Woo D, Haverbusch M, Sekar P, et al. Effect of untreated hypertension on hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke 2004; 35 (7): 1703-8
20. Webb MC, Coffey CE, Saunders WR, et al. Cardiovascular response to unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 28 (9): 758-66
21. Zervas IM, Calev A, Jandorf L, et al. Blood pressure, memory, and electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1993; 9 (1): 14-22
22. Saito S, Kadoi Y, Iriuchijima N, et al. Reduction of cerebral hyperemia with anti-hypertensive medication after electroconvulsive therapy. Can J Anaesth 2000; 47 (8): 767-74
23. Saito S, Miyoshi S, Yoshikawa D, et al. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation during electroconvulsive therapy: monitoring by near-infrared spectrophotometry. Anesth Analg 1996; 83 (4): 726-30
24. Ding Z, White PF. Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth Analg 2002; 94 (5): 1351-64
25. Fink M. Convulsive therapy: theory and practice. New York (NY): Raven Press, 1979
26. Kolano JE, Chhibber A, Calalang CC. Use of esmolol to control bleeding and heart rate during electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with an intracranial aneurysm. J Clin Anesth 1997; 9 (6): 493-5
27. Bader GM, Silk KR, Dequardo JR, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy and intracranial aneurysm. Convuls Ther 1995; 11 (2): 139-43
28. Klapheke MM. Combining ECT and anitpsychotic agents: benefits and risks. Convuls Ther 1993; 9 (4): 241-55
29. Kellner CH, Pritchett JT, Beale MD, et al. Handbook of ECT. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1997
30. Cardwell BA, Nakai B. Seizure activity in combined clozapine and ECT: a retrospective view. Convuls Ther 1995; 11 (2): 110-3
31. Tang WK, Ungvari GS. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a prospective open trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003; 27 (3): 373-9
32. Hedges D, Jeppson K, Whitehead P. Antipsychotic medication and seizures: a review. Drugs Today (Barc) 2003; 39 (7): 551-7
33. Bhatia SC, Bhatia SK, Gupta S. Concurrent administration of clozapine and ECT: a successful therapeutic strategy for a patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. J ECT 1998; 14 (4): 280-3
34. Braga RJ, Petrides G. The combined use of electroconvulsive therapy and antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia. J ECT 2005; 21 (2): 75-83
35. Taylor D. Ziprasidone in the management of schizophrenia: the QT interval issue in context. CNS Drugs 2003; 17 (6): 423-30
36. Freeman CP, Kendell RE. ECT: I. Patients' experiences and attitudes. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 137: 8-16
37. Naguib M, Koorn R. Interactions between psychotropics, anaesthetics and electroconvulsive therapy: implications for drug choice and patient management. CNS Drugs 2002; 16 (4): 229-47
38. Weiner RD. American Psychiatric Association committee on electroconvulsive therapy. The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2001
39. Krystal AD, Watts BV, Weiner RD, et al. The use of flumazenil in the anxious and benzodiazepine-dependent ECT patient. J ECT 1998; 14 (1): 5-14
40. Kellner CH, Nixon DW, Bernstein HJ. ECT-drug interactions: a review. Psychopharmacol Bull 1991; 27 (4): 595-609
41. Lee D, Kenny M, Harrop-Griffiths W. Anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy: personnel and facilities. Anaesthesia 1996; 51 (6): 583-4
42. Kober A, Schubert B, Bertalanffy P, et al. Capnography in non-tracheally intubated emergency patients as an additional tool in pulse oximetry for prehospital monitoring of respiration. Anesth Analg 2004; 98 (1): 206-10
43. Swartz CM. Anesthesia for ECT. Convuls Ther 1993; 9 (4): 301-16
44. Bouckoms AJ, Welch CA, Drop LJ, et al. Atropine in electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1989; 5 (1): 48-55
45. Kelway B, Simpson KH, Smith RJ, et al. Effects of atropine and glycopyrrolate on cognitive function following anaesthesia and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1986; 1 (4): 296-302
46. Sackeim HA, Devanand DP, Prudic J. Stimulus intensity, seizure threshold, and seizure duration: impact on the efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1991; 14 (4): 803-43
47. Gaines III GY, Rees DI. Electroconvulsive therapy and anesthetic considerations. Anesth Analg 1986; 65 (12): 1345-56
48. Modica PA, Tempelhoff R, White PF. Pro- and anticonvulsant effects of anesthetics (Part II). Anesth Analg 1990; 70 (4): 433-44
49. Bouckoms AJ, Welch CA, Drop LJ, et al. Methohexital dosage in electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1989; 5 (1): 44-7
50. Fredman B, d'Etienne J, Smith I, et al. Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy: effects of propofol and methohexital on seizure activity and recovery. Anesth Analg 1994; 79 (1): 75-9
51. Avramov MN, Husain MM, White PF. The comparative effects of methohexital, propofol, and etomidate for electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth Analg 1995; 81 (3): 596-602
52. Mokriski BK, Nagle SE, Papuchis GC, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy-induced cardiac arrhythmias during anesthesia with methohexital, thiamylal, or thiopental sodium. J Clin Anesth 1992; 4 (3): 208-12
53. Conca A, Germann R, Konig P. Etomidate vs thiopentone in electroconvulsive therapy: an interdisciplinary challenge for anesthesiology and psychiatry. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003; 36 (3): 94-7
54. Saito S, Kadoi Y, Naro T, et al. The comparative effects of propofol verssus thiopental on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity during electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth Analg 2000; 91 (6): 1531-6
55. Fredman B, Husain MM, White PF. Anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy: use of propofol revisited. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1994; 11 (5): 423-5
56. Malsch E, Gratz I, Mani S, et al. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy after propofol and methohexital anesthesia. Convuls Ther 1994; 10 (3): 212-9
57. Mitchell P, Torda T, Hickie I, et al. Propofol as an anaesthetic agent for ECT: effect on outcome and length of course. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1991; 25 (2): 255-61
58. Izard P, Leclercq C, Ducasse JL, et al. Use of propofol in 1350 anesthetized patients for electroconvulsive therapy. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1991; 10 (1): 16-20
59. Boey WK, Lai FO. Comparison of propofol and thiopentone as anaesthetic agents for electroconvulsive therapy. Anaesthesia 1990; 45 (8): 623-8
60. Zaidi NA, Khan FA. Comparison of thiopentone sodium and propofol for electro convulsive therapy (ECT). J Pak Med Assoc 2000; 50 (2): 60-3
61. Loimer N, Hofmann P, Chaudhry HR. Midazolam shortens seizure duration following electroconvulsive therapy. J Psychiatr Res 1992; 26 (2): 97-101
62. Saffer S, Berk M. Anesthetic induction for ECT with etomidate is associated with longer seizure duration than thiopentone. J ECT 1998; 14 (2): 89-93
63. Reddy RV, Moorthy SS, Dierdorf SF, et al. Excitatory effects and electroencephalographic correlation of etomidate, thiopental, methohexital, and propofol. Anesth Analg 1993; 77 (5): 1008-11
64. Rasmussen KG, Jarvis MR, Zorumski CF. Ketamine anesthesia in electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1996; 12 (4): 217-23
65. Tanaka N, Saito Y, Hikawa Y, et al. Effects of thiopental and sevoflurane on hemodynamics during anesthetic management of electroconvulsive therapy [in Japanese]. Masui 1997; 46 (12): 1575-9
66. Ishikawa T, Kawahara S, Saito T, et al. Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy: a case report [in Japanese]. Masui 2001; 50 (9): 991-7
67. Fredman B, Smith I, d'Etienne J, et al. Use of muscle relaxants for electroconvulsive therapy: how much is enough? Anesth Analg 1994; 78 (1): 195-6
68. Van Den Berg AA, Honjol NM. Electroconvulsive therapy and intraocular pressure. Middle East J Anesthesiol 1998; 14 (4): 249-58
69. Dwersteg JF, Avery DH. Atracurium as a muscle relaxant for electroconvulsive therapy in a burned patient. Convuls Ther 1987; 3 (1): 49-53
70. Cheam EW, Critchley LA, Chui PT, et al. Low dose mivacurium is less effective than succinylcholine in electroconvulsive therapy. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46 (1): 49-51
71. Lui PW, Ma JY, Chan KK. Modification of tonic-clonic convulsions by atracurium in multiple-monitored electroconvulsive therapy. J Clin Anesth 1993; 5 (1): 16-21
72. Wulfson HD, Askanazi J, Finck AD. Propranolol prior to ECT associated with asystole. Anesthesiology 1984; 60 (3): 255-6
73. Stoudemire A, Knos G, Gladson M, et al. Labetalol in the control of cardiovascular responses to electroconvulsive therapy in high-risk depressed medical patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51 (12): 508-12
74. McCall WV, Shelp FE, Weiner RD, et al. Effects of labetalol on hemodynamics and seizure duration during ECT. Convuls Ther 1991; 7 (1): 5-14
75. McCall WV. Antihypertensive medications and ECT. Convuls Ther 1993; 9 (4): 317-25
76. Weinger MB, Partridge BL, Hauger R, et al. Prevention of the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine response to electroconvulsive therapy: I. Effectiveness of pretreatment regimens on hemodynamics. Anesth Analg 1991; 73 (5): 556-62
77. Wajima Z, Yoshikawa T, Ogura A, et al. Intravenous verapamil blunts hyperdynamic responses during electroconvulsive therapy without altering seizure activity. Anesth Analg 2002; 95 (2): 400-2
78. Wells DG, Davies GG, Rosewarne F. Attenuation of electroconvulsive therapy induced hypertension with sublingual nifedipine. Anaesth Intensive Care 1989; 17 (1): 31-3
79. Figiel GS, DeLeo B, Zorumski CF, et al. Combined use of labetalol and nifedipine in controlling the cardiovascular response from ECT. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1993; 6 (1): 20-4
80. Fu W, Stool LA, White PF, et al. Is oral clonidine effective in modifying the acute hemodynamic response during electroconvulsive therapy? Anesth Analg 1998; 86 (5): 1127-30
81. Blanch J, Martinez-Palli G, Navines R, et al. Comparative hemodynamic effects of urapidil and labetalol after electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2001; 17 (4): 275-9
82. Nguyen TT, Chhibber AK, Lustik SJ, et al. Effect of methohexitone and propofol with or without alfentanil on seizure duration and recovery in electroconvulsive therapy. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79 (6): 801-3
83. Dinwiddie SH, Isenberg KE. Combined alfentanil-methohexital anesthesia in electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1995; 11 (3): 170-6
84. Andersen FA, Arsland D, Holst-Larsen H. Effects of combined methohexitone-remifentanil anaesthesia in electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001; 45 (7): 830-3