Types and characteristics of endogenetic metallic deposits in orogenic belts in China and their metallogenic processes

Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition)

Volumn 79, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 342-371

  Mao, Jingwen ^a,b   Li, Xiaofeng ^b   Li, Houmin ^a,b,c   Qu, Xiaoming ^b   Zhang, Changqing ^a   Xue, Chunji ^c   Wang, Zhiliang ^b   Yu, Jinjie ^b   Zhang, Zuoheng ^b   Feng, Chengyou ^b   Wang, Ruiting ^a  

^a CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCIENCES   (China)

^b INSTITUTE OF MINERAL RESOURCES   (China)

^c CHANG'AN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Back arc basin; Eastern Tianshan; Low temperature metallogeny; Mineral deposit; Orogen; Postcollision; Syncollision; Western Qinling; Xizang (Tibet)

Indexed keywords

METALLOGENESIS; MINERALIZATION; ORE DEPOSIT;

ASIA; CHINA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; FAR EAST; WORLD;

EID: 24944448573     PISSN: 10009515     EISSN: 17556724     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. Beck R A, Burbank D W, Sercombe W J. 1995. Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia. Nature, 373: 55-58.
2. Behn G, Camus F, Carrasco, P, Ware H. 2001. Aeromagnetic signature of porphyry copper systems in Northern Chile and its geologic implications. Economic Geology, 96:239-248.
3. Bi Xianwu, Hu Ruizhong, He Mingyou. 1996. Age determination of Ailaoshan (Ailao Mt.) gold metallogenic belt by ESR method and its geological significance. Chinese Science Bulletin, 41 (18): 1546-1549.
4. Bian Qiantao. 2000. Primary study on the relationship between the texture of the Crust - Mantle and super-large mineral deposits - an example of Yunnan Province. In: Tu Guangchi, et al., eds. The Super-large Mineral Deposits in China (I). Beijing: Science Press, 545-569 (in Chinese).
5. Brabbon D F, Podosek F A, McLimans R K. 1992. Alleghenian age of the Upper Mississippi Valley-type zinc-lead deposit determined by Rb-Sr dating of sphalerite. Nature, 356: 509-511.
6. Cai Xinping. 1992. Discovery of deep-derived xenoliths in Cenozoic alkali-rich porphyries along the margin of the Yangtze Platform and its significance. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 27 (2): 289-293 (in Chinese with English abstract).
7. Chen Yanjing. 1996. Fluidization model for intracontinental collision and its metallogenic significance: theoretical inference and evidences from gold deposits, the eastern Qinling Mountains. Earth Science Frontiers, 3 (3-4): 282-289 (in Chinese with English abstract).
8. Chen Yanjing. 2002. Several important problems in study of regional metallogenesis in China. their relationship to continental collision. Earth Science Frontiers, 9(4): 319-328 (in Chinese with English abstract).
9. Chen Yuchuan, Li Zhaonai, Mu Ruishen. 2001. Gold deposits and metallogeny in China. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 182-241 (in Chinese).
10. Chen Zhiliang, Liu Yuping, Wei Shaoqing. 1997. Study on the ore-field structures of the main gold field along the Dadu River, Kangding County, Sichuan. Beijing: Geological Publishing House: 1-58 (in Chinese).
11. Deng Wanming, Huang Xuan, Zhong Dalai. 1998a. Petrological characteristics and genesis of Cenozoic alkali-rich porphyry in west Yunnan, China. Scientia. Geologica Sinica, 33(4): 414-425 (in Chinese with English abstract).
12. Deng Wanming, Huang Xuan, Zhong Dalai. 1998b. Alkali-rich porphyry and its relation with intraplate deformation of north part of Jinsha River belt in western Yunnan, China. Science in China, Ser. D, 41(3): 297-305.
13. Dewey J F. 1998. Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics, 7: 1123-1139.
14. Du Andao, He Hongliao, Yin Ningwan, et al. 1994. A study on the rhenium-osmium geochronology of molybdenites. Acta Geologica Sinica, 68(4):339-346(in Chinese with English abstract).
15. Durr S B. 1996. Provenance of Xizang fore-arc basin clastic rocks (Cretaceous, south Tibet). Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108: 669-684.
16. Eisenlohr B N, Topkins L A, Cathles L M, Barley M E, Groves D I. 1994. Mississippi Valley-type deposits: Products of brine expulsion by ecstatically induced hydrocarbon generation? An example from northwestern Australia. Geology, 22: 315-318.
17. Fan S, Jin Q. 1994. The Shuangwang gold deposit in Shaanxi province. In: Liu D S, et al., eds. Chinese Carlin-type gold deposits (in Chinese). Press of Nanjing University, 254-285.
18. Fang Weixuan, Hu Ruizhong, Xie Guiqing, Su Wenchao, Qi Liang. 2001. Diagenetic-metallogenic ages of pyritic cherts and their implications in Mojiang nickel-gold deposit in Yunnan Province, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 46(21): 1823-1827.
19. Fu Xiaofang, Hou Liwei. 1996. The classification and ore-controlling factors of the shear-type gold deposits in the western margin of Yangtze Craton. In: Luo Yaonan, ed. The Corpus of the Geology and Mineral Resources in the Inner-Continental Orogen in the Southwestern Margin of Yangtze Craton. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 138-147 (in Chinese).
20. Gaetani M, Grzanti E. 1991. Multicyclic history of the northern India continental margin (northwestern Himalaya). Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 75: 1427-1446.
21. Gao Zhenmin, Li Hongyang. 2002. The ore formation and exploration of the main types of gold deposits in Yunnan and Guizhou. Beijing: Geological Publishing House: 1-243(in Chinese).
22. Goldfarb R J, Groves D I, Gardoll S. 2001. Orogenic gold and geological time: a global synthesis. Ore Geological Review, 18:1-73.
23. Goldfarb R J, Phillips G N, Nokleberg W J. 1998. Tectonic setting synorogenic gold deposits of the Pacific Rim. Ore Geological Review, 13:7-27.
24. Groves D I, Goldfarb R J, Gebre-Mariam M, Hagemann S G, Robert F. 1998. Orogenic gold deposits: a proposed classification in the context of the crustal distribution and relationships to other gold deposit types. Ore Geology Reviews, 13:7-27.
25. Gu Lianxing, Hu Shouxi, Yu Chunshui, Wu Changzhi, Yan Zhengfu. 2001. Initiation and evolution of the Bogda subduction-torn-type rift. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 17(4):585-597 (in Chinese with English abstract).
26. Guild P M. 1972. Metallogeny and the new global tectonics. 24th IGC, 4:17-24.
27. Harrsion T M, Copeland P, Kidd W S F. 1992. Raising Tibet. Science, 288: 1663-1670.
28. Harrsion T M, Grove M, Lovera O M. 2000. Displacement history of the Gangdese thrust, Southeastern Tibet. J Geophys. Res., 105: 19211-19230.
29. Hart C J R, Goldfarb R J, Qiu Y, Snee L, Miller L D, Miller M L. 2002. Gold deposits of the northern margin of the North China Craton: multiple late Paleozoic - Mesozoic mineralizing events. Mineralium Depoisita, 37:326-351.
30. He Mingyou, Hu Ruizhong. 1997. The deep fluid and its ore-forming process of the Ailaoshan (Ailao Mt.) gold metallogenic belt. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology, 24(1): 73-77 (in Chinese with English abstract).
31. Hofstra A H. 1995. Timing and duration of Carlin-type gold mineralization in Nevada and Utah - relation to back arc extension and magmatism (abs). Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstracts with programs, 27(6):329.
32. Hou Zengqian, Lü Qingtian, Wang Anjian, Li Xiaobo, Wang Zongqi, Wang Erqi. 2003a. Continental collision and related metallogeny: a case study of mineralization in Tibetan Orogen. Mineral Deposits, 22(4):319-333 (in Chinese with English abstract).
33. Hou Zengqian, Qu Xiaoming, Wang Shuxian, Du Andao, Gao Yongfeng, Huang Wei. 2003b. Re-Os ages of molybdenite in the Gangdese porphyry copper belt, Qinghai - Tibet Plateau: Timing of mineralization and application of the dynamic background. Science in China, 33: 609-618 (in Chinese).
34. Hu Ruizhong, Su Wenchao, Bi Xianwu, Tu Guangchi, Hofstra A H. 2002. Geology and geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in China. Mineralium Deposita, 37: 378-392.
35. Hu Ruizhong, Turner G, Burnard P. 1999. He-Ar isotopic geochemistry of the ore-forming fluid in the Ailaoshan (Ailao Mt.) gold belt. Science in China, Ser. D, 29: 609-618 (in Chinese).
36. Hu Yunzhong, Tang Shangchun, Yang Yueqing. 1995. Geology of the gold deposits in Ailao Mountains. Beijing: Geological Publishing House: 1-278 (in Chinese).
37. James D E, Sacks I S. 1999. Cenozoic formation of the Central Andes: A geophysical perspective. In: Skinner B J, ed. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Central Ades. Society of Economic Geology, Special Publication, 7:1-26.
38. Jamieson R A. 1991. P-T-t paths of collisional orogenesis. Geologie Rundschau, 180:321-332.
39. Ji Jinsheng, Xue Chunji, Zeng Zhangren, et al. 1997. Study on the Kanggur Tag gold zone in the eastern Tianshan Mountains. Geological Review, 43 (1): 69-77 (in Chinese with English abstract).
40. Ji Jinsheng, Yamg Xingke, So Shengrui. 1994. Analysis of the metallogenetic conditions and division of the mineralizing subbelt in the region of Kangur Tag of eastern Tianshan. Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resource Research, (4): 49-56 (in Chinese with English abstract).
41. Jiang Lifeng, et al. 1997. The application of the information from 1: 50000 regional survey and remote sensing image of the 885 to 846 Highlands, Hami County, Xinjiang, to other 1: 50000 geological survey (reserved reports belonging to Xinjiang Geological Survey Institute) (in Chinese).
42. Ji Jinsheng, Tao Hongxiang, Zeng Zhangren. 1994b. Geology and gold mineralization of Kanggur Tag gold belt, east Tianshan Mountains. Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese).
43. Kerrich R, Goldfarb R, Groves D I, Carwin S. 2000. The geodynamics of world-class gold deposits: characteristics, space-time distribution, and origin. Reviews in Economic Geology, 13: 501-551.
44. Koons P O, Craw D. 1991. Gold mineralization as a consequence of continental collision: an example from the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters, 103:1-9.
45. Le Fort P. 1996. Metamorphism and magmatism during the Himalayan collision. In: Coward M P, et al., ed. Collision Tectonic. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 19, 159-172.
46. Leoup P H, Lacassin R, Tapponnier R. 1995. Kinematics of Tertiary left-lateral shearing at the lithospheric-scale in the Ailaoshan (Ailao Mt.) - Red River (Honghe River) shear zone, Yunnan, China. Tectonophysics, 251: 3-84.
47. Li Houmin, Mao Jingwen, Zhang Changqing, Xu Hong, Chen Yuchuan, Wang Denghong. 2004. Characteristics of isotopic geochemistry of Emeishan basalt copper mineralization in northeastern Yunnan Province and western Guizhou Province. Mineral Deposits, 23(2):232-240.
48. Li Houmin, Mao Jingwen, Zhang Changqing, Xu Hong, Chen Yuchuan. 2004. The composition, texture and origin of organic matter in basalt-type copper deposits in the northeastern Yunnan - western Guizhou area. Acta Gelogica Sinica, 78 (4): 519-526.
49. Li Huaqin, Xie Caifu, Chang Hailiang, et al. 1998. Chronology on the mineralization of the base and noble metal deposits in the northern part of Xinjiang. Beijing: Geological Publishing House: 1-264 (in Chinese).
50. Li Jinyi. 2003. Late Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic tectonic framework and evolution of eastern Xinjiang, NW China. Geological Review, 50(3): 304-322 (in Chinese with English abstract).
51. Li Wenbo, Huang Zhilong, Wang Yinxi, Chen Jin, Han Runsheng, Xu Cheng, Guan Tao, Yin Mudan. 2003. Age of the giant Huize Zn-Pb deposits determined by Sm-Nd dating of hydrothermal calcite. Geological Review, 50(2). 189-195 (in Chinese with English abstract).
52. Li X Z, Li X, Luo C Y, Shi Z Y, Wang Y S, Yang X. 1991. PGE metallogenic conditions and ore-searching direction in Xinjiang. Journal of Xi'an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resource, 33:1-3 (in Chinese)
53. Li Xiaofeng, Mao Jingwen, Wang Denghong, Luo Fuxun. 2004. Helium and argon isotope systematics in fluid inclusion of the gold deposits along the Dadu River, Sichuan Province, southwestern China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 78 (2): 203-210 (in Chinese with English abstract).
54. 39Ar dating of sericite of two types ore and its geological significance in Miansawa gold deposit, Sichuan. Geological Review, 51(3): 334-339.
55. Liang Huaying. 2002. The new advance in the study on diagenetic-metallogenic of porphyry copper in East margin of Qinghai - Tibet Plateau. Mineral Deposits, 21(4):365 (in Chinese).
56. Lin Wu, Liang Huaying, Zhang Yuquan, Xie Yingwen. 2004. Petrochemistry and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age of the Chongjiang ore-bearing porphyry in the Gangdese porphyry copper belt. Geochimica, 33(6):585-592 (in Chinese)
57. Liu Wenzhou, Xu Xinhuang. 1994. Control the ore-forming process by tectonic of Kangdian shield. Mineral Deposits, 13 (supp.): 27-29 (in Chinese).
58. Liu Wenzhou, Xu Xinhuang. 1996. On the relationship between the deposits and tectonics of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn mineralization belt. Journal of Chengdu Institute of Technology, 23(1):71-77 (in Chinese with English abstract).
59. Liu Xianfan, Zhan Xinzhi, Gao Zhenmin, Liu Jiajun, Li Chaoyang, Su Wenchao. 1999. Deep xenoliths in alkalic porphyry, Liuhe, Yunnan, and implications to petrogenesis of alkalic porphyry and associated mineralizations. Science in China, Ser. D, 42(6): 627-635.
60. Luo Junlie, Li Zhiwei. 2001. The new advances in the study on Himalayan magmatism and metallogeny in central-western Yunnan. Yunnan Geology, 20 (3): 229-242 (in Chinese with English abstract).
61. Luo Junlie, Yang Youhua, Zhao Zhun, et al. 1994. Evolution of Tethys in the west of Yunnan and the mineralization of main metal deposits. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 141-239 (in Chinese).
62. Luo Yaonan, Yu Rulong, Hou Liwei, et al. 1998. Intra-continental Orogen of Longmen Mt. - Jinping Mt. Region. Chengdu Science and Technology Press: 59-85 (in Chinese).
63. Lü Boxi, Wang Zeng, Zhang Nengde. 1993. The Magmatite in Sanjiang district and their Mineralization. Beijing: Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
64. Mao Jingwen, Yang Jianmin, Han Chunming, Wang Zhiliang. 2002a. Metallogenic systems of polymetallic copper and gold deposits and related metallogenic geodynamic model in eastern Tianshan Mts., Xinjiang. Earth Science - Journal of China University of Geosciences, 27 (4): 413-422 (in Chinese with English abstract).
65. Mao Jingwen, Yang Jianmin, Qu Wenjun, Du Andao, Wang Zhiliang, Han Chunming. 2002b. Re-Os dating of Cu-Ni sulfide ores from Huangshandong deposit in Xinjiang and its geodynamic significance. Mineral Deposits, 21(4):323-330 (in Chinese with English abstract).
66. Mao Jingwen, Wang Yitian, Han Chunming, Wang Zhiliang, Yang Jianmin. 2002c. Geological characteristics, metallogenic model and criteria for exploration of the large South Tianshan gold metallogenic belt in Central Asia. Geological Bulletin of China, 21 (12):858-868 (in Chinese with English abstract).
67. Mao Jingwen, Qiu Yumin, Goldfarb R J, Zhang Zhaochong, Ren Fengshou. 2002f. Gold deposits in the Western Qinling region. Mineralium Deposita, 37(3): 352-377.
68. Mao Jingwen, Li Xiaofeng, Zhang Zuoheng, Wang Yitian, Li Houmin, Hu Huabin. 2003a. Geology distribution types and tectonic settings of Mesozoic Epithermal gold deposit in East China. Geological Journal of China Universities, 9(4):620-637 (in Chinese with English abstract).
69. Mao Jingwen, Wang Zhiliang, Li Houmin, Wang Chengyu, Chen Yuchuan. 2003b. Carbon and oxygen isotope components in the Permian basalt-hosted copper deposit in Ludian Area, Yunnan: implication for the mineralization process. Geological Review, 49 (6): 610-615 (in Chinese with English abstract).
70. Mao Jingwen, Zhang Zhaochong, Yang Jianmin, Zuo Guochao, Zhang Zuoheng, Ye Dejin, et al. 2003c. Geological evolution and the metallogeny of metallic deposits in the western part of north Qilian Mountains. Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese)
71. Mao Jingwen, Zhang Zuoheng, Yu Jinjie, Niu, Baogui. 2003d. Geodynamic settings of Mesozoic large-scale mineralization in North China and adjacent areas - Implication from the highly precise and accurate ages of metal deposits. Science in China, Ser. D, 46(8): 838-851.
72. Mao Jingwen, Xie Guiqing, Li Xiaofeng, Zhang Changqing, Mei Yanxiong. 2004a. Mesozoic large scale mineralization and multiple lithospheric extension in South China. Earth Science Frontiers, 11(1): 45-55 (in Chinese with English abstract).
73. Mao Jingwen, Holly Stein, Du Andao, Zhou Taofa, Mei Yanxiong, Li Yongfeng, Zhang Wenshuang, Li Jinwen. 2004b. Molybdenite Re-Os precise dating for molybdenite from Cu-Au-Mo deposit in the Middle-Lower Reaches of Yangtze River belt and its implications for mineralization. Acta Geologica Sinica, 78 (1): 121-131 (in Chinese with English abstract).
74. Marignac C, Cuney M. 1999. Ore deposits of the French Massif Central: insight into the metallogenesis of the Variscan collision belt. Mineralium Deposita, 34:472-504.
75. Meng Xiangjin, Hou Zengqian, Gao Yongfeng, Huang Wei, Qu Xiaoming, Qu Wenjun. 2003. Development of porphyry copper-molybdenum-lead-zinc ore-forming system in east Gangdese belt, Tibet: evidence from Re-Os age of molybdenite in Bangpu copper polymetallic deposit. Mineral Deposits, 22 (3): 246-252 (in Chinese with English abstract).
76. Miller K G, Faribanks K G, Mountain G S. 1987. Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea level history and continental margin erosion. Paleocanog, 1-19.
77. Mitchell A H G, Garson M S. 1981. Mineral deposits and global tectonic setting. London: Academic Press.
78. Ni Zhiyao. 1992. Study on the origin of the mafic - ultramafic complexes in Huangshandong, Hami area, Xinjiang. Northwest Geology, 13(2): 9-16 (in Chinese).
79. Nie Fengjun, Hu Peng, Li Zhenqing, Jiang Sihong. 2005. Geology types and time-space distribution of gold and stibium deposits in south Xizang (Tibet) region. Acta Geologica Sinica, 79(3): 373-385 (in Chinese with English abstract).
80. Nie S, Yin A, Rowley D B, Jin Y. 1994. Exhumation of the Dabie Shan ultrahigh - pressure rocks and accumulation of the Songpan - Garze flysch sequence, central China. Geology, 22: 999-1002.
81. Pan Baotian, Fang Xiaomin, Li Jijun. 1998. The uplift of the Qinghai - Tibet Plateau and the tectonic evolution in Cenozoic. In: Shi Naifeng, Li Jijun, Li Bingyuan, eds. The uplift of the Qinghai - Tibet plateau in late Cenozoic and the changes of the environment. Guangzhou: Guangdong Science and Technology Press: 1-463(in Chinese).
82. Pan Guitang, Wang Peisheng, Xu Yaorong, Jiao Shupei, Xiang Tianxiu. 1990. Tectonic evolution of Qinghai - Tibet plateau in Cenozoic. Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese).
83. Phillips G N, Powell J K. 1993. Link between gold provinces. Económic Geology, 88:1084-1098.
84. Pierce J A, Mei H. 1988. Volcanic rocks of the 1985 Tibet Geotraverse Lhasa to Golmud. London: Phil. Roy, Soc. Lond., A327, 203-213.
85. Qin K Z, Zhang L C, Xiao W J, Yang J H, Mao J W. 2003. Overview of major Au, Cu, Ni and Fe deposits and Metallogenic evolution of eastern Tianshan Mts., Northwestern China. In: Mao Jingwen, Goldfarb R J, Seltmann R, et al. eds. Tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the Chinese Altay and Tianshan Mts. IAGOD Guidebook, series 10, London, 249-260.
86. Qu Xiaoming, Hou Zengqian, Huang Wei. 2001. Is Gangdese porphyry copper belt. the second "Yulong" copper belt? Mineral Deposits, 20(4): 355-366.
87. Que Meiying, Cheng Dunmo, Zhang Lisheng. 1998. Copper Deposits in Lanping - Simao Basin. Beijing. Geological Publishing House, 1-17, 37-46 (in Chinese).
88. Ramboz C, Charef A. 1988. Temperature, pressure, burial history, and paleohydrology of the Les Marlines, Pb-Zn deposit: Reconstruction from aqueous inclusions in barite. Economic Geology, 83:784-800.
89. Rui Zongyao, Hou Zengqian, Qu Xiaoming, Zhang Lisheng, Wang Longsheng, Liu Yulin. 2003. Metallogenetic epoch of Gangdese porphyry copper belt and uplift of Qinghai - Tibet Plateau. Mineral Deposits, 22 (3): 217-225 (in Chinese with English abstract).
90. Rui Zongyao, Huang Zongke, Qi Guoming. 1984. Porphyry copper (Molybdenite) Deposits in China. Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese).
91. Rui Zongyao, Wang Longsheng, Wang Yitian. 2002. Discussion on metallogenic epoch of Tuwu and Yandong porphyry copper deposits in eastern Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang. Mineral Deposits, 21(1):16-22 (in Chinese with English abstract).
92. Sawkins F J. 1984. Metal deposits in relation to plate tectonics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1-325.
93. Schares E, Xu R H, Allegre C J. 1984. U-Pb geochronology of the Gangdese plutonsim in the Lhasa - Xizang region, Tibet. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 69: 311-320.
94. Seltemann R, Kampf H, Moller P. 1994. Metallogenesis in Collisional Orogens. Postdam: GeoForschungs Zentrum Postdam, 1-434.
95. 40Ar dating of the three typical gold deposits and its geological significance in the Southern Qinling region. Acta Geologica Sinica, 75 (1): 106-110 (in Chinese with English abstract).
96. Shen Shangyue, Wei Qirong, Cheng Huilan, Mo Xuanxue. 1997. An approach to genetic types of the gold deposit in the Ailaoshan (Ailao Mt.) gold ore belt, Yunnan. Tethyan Geology, 21:73-84 (in Chinese with English abstract).
97. Shi Zhunli, Liu Jinxuan, Jin Qinhai. 1993. The alkali-carbonatite-related Shuangwang gold deposit. In: Corpus of Gold Deposits in Qinling Mts. and Daba Mts. Region. Beijing: Geological Publishing House: 133-146 (in Chinese).
98. Sillitoe R H. 1972. A plate tectonic model for porphyry copper deposits. Economic Geology, 67:184-197.
99. Sillitoe R H, Thompson J F R. 1998. Intrusion-related vein gold deposits: type, tectono-magmatic sttings and difficulties of distinction from orogenic gold deposits. Resource Geology, 48: 237-250.
100. Sillitoe R H, Hedenquist J W. 2003. Linkages between volcanotectonic settings, ore-fluid compositions, epithermal precious metal deposits. In: Society of Economic Geologists, Special Publications 10, 315-343.
101. Smirnov V I. 1977. Ore deposits of the USSR. London: Pitman.
102. Song Xinyu, Qin Gongjiong, Li Zhongwen. 1993. Geochemical characteristics and discussion on genesis of Laowangzhai gold deposit. Geoscience, 7(supp.):78-88 (in Chinese).
103. Tang Renli, Luo Huaisong. 1995. Geology of Yulong Porphyry Copper ( Molybdenite ) Metallogenic Zone, Tibet. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1-320 (in Chinese).
104. Tang Zhongli. 2002. The Dynamics of the Metallogenetic System and Ore-forming Tectonics in the Southwestern Margin of the North China Craton. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1-393 (in Chinese).
105. Tapponnier P, Lacassin R, Leloup P H. 1990. The Ailaoshan/Red River(Ailao Mt./Honghe River) metamorphic belt: Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and South China. Nature, 343: 431-437.
106. Tu Guangchi. 1989. On the alkali-rich intrusive rocks. Mineral Resources and Geology, 3(3):1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract).
107. Tu Guangchi. 1998. Low Temperature Geochemistry. Beijing: Science Press: 1-266 (in Chinese).
108. Tu Guangchi et al. 2000. Super-large Deposits in China( I ). Beijing: Science Press, 1-569(in Chinese).
109. Wang Denghong, Chen Yuchuan, et al. 2004a. Mineralization in Cenozoic. Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese).
110. Wang Denghong, Chen Yuchuan, Xu Zhigang, Li Tiande, Fu Xujie. 2002a. Metallogenetic Series and Characteristics of Altay Metallogenetic Province. Beijing: Atomic Energy Press, 1-493 (in Chinese).
111. Wang Denghong, Que Wenjun, Li Zhiwei, Ying Hanlong, Chen Yuchuan. 2004b. Molybdenite Re-Os dating for the porphyry copper-molybdenum deposits of Jinshajiang - Honghe (Jinsha River - Honghe River) belt. Science in China, Ser. D, 34 (4): 345-349 (in Chinese).
112. Wang Denghong, Yang Jianmin, Xue Chunji, Yan Shenghao, Chen Yuchuan, Xu Jue. 2001. The isotopic chronologic evidence of gold mineralization in the district of Jinsha Rive, Nujiang River, Lancang River and Dadu River, SW China, during Hymalayan period. In: Chen Yuchuan, Wang Denghong, et al., eds. Study on Endogenic Mineralization During Hymalayan Period. Beijing: Seismological Publish House, 84-87 (in Chinese).
113. Wang J H, Yin A, Harrision T M, Grove M, Zhang Y Q, Xie G H. 2001. A tectonic model for Cenozoic igneous activities in the eastern Indo-Asian collision zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 188:123-133.
114. Wang Jian, Li Jianping, Wang Jianghai. 2003. Shoshonitic magmatism in Dali - Jianchuan area, western Yunnan: a geochemical study of arc magmatism in a post-collisonal strike-slip extensional setting. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 19(1): 61-70 (in Chinese with English abstract).
115. Wang Jiangzhen, Li Chaoyang, Li Zeqin, Li Baohua, Liu Wenzhou. 2002. The comparison of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits in southwest of China and in Mid-continent of United States. Bulletin of Minerlogy Petrology and Geochemistry, 21 (2): 127-132 (in Chinese with English abstract).
116. Wang Jingbin, Li Chaoyang. 1991. REE Geochemistry of the Jinding super-large Pb-Zn deposit. Geochimica 19 (4): 359-365 (in Chinese with English abstract).
117. Wang Ping'an, Chen Yuchuan, Pei Rongfu, Wu Ganguo. 1998. Metallogenetic Series, Cycle and Evolution of Tectonic Mineralization of Regional Mineral Deposits in Qinling Orogen. Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese).
118. Wang Runmin, Li Sichu. 1995. Chemical and physical conditions on diagenetic - metallogenic of Cu-Ni sulfide ores from Huangshandong deposit in Hami, Xinjiang. Journal of Chengdu Institute of Geology, 14 (3): 1-10 (in Chinese).
119. Wang Xibin, Pao peisheng, Deng Wanming, Wang Fangguo. 1987. Ophiolite in Tibet. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
120. Wang Yangeng. 1995. Texture of the Upper Crust and pattern of the disseminated gold deposits distributed in the area of Nanpan River. Guizhou Geology, 11 (2): 91-183 (in Chinese with English abstract).
121. Wei L, Cao Y, Wang L. 1994. Geological characterisitcs and genesis analysis of Baguamiao gold deposit, Shaanxi Province. In: Liu Dongsheng, et al., eds. Carlin-type Gold Deposits in China. Press of Nanjing University, 286-305(in Chinese).
122. Williams H, Turner S, Kelley S. 2001. Age and composition of dikes in Southern Tibet: new constraints on the timing of east-west extension and its relationship to post-collisional volcanism. Geology, 29, 339-342.
123. Wilson J T. 1968. Static and mobile earth: The current scientific revolution in the earth. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 112: 309-320.
124. Wu Xiangyao, Li Hongwei, He Jinliang, Yang Zhusheng, Li Liankang, Deng Taixiang. 1996. The geological characteristics of the syngenetic gold deposits in Tianwan - Tianping metallogenetic belt, Shimian County, Sichuan. In: Luo Yaonan, ed. The Corpus of the Geology and Mineral Resources in the Intracontinental Orogen in the Southwestern Margin of Yangtze Craton. Chengdu. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 138-147 (in Chinese).
125. Xia Wenjie, Du Senguan, Xu Xinhuang, et al. 1994. Lithofacies and Palaeogeography of Sinian Period in South China and their Mineralization. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1-120 (in Chinese).
126. Xie Guiqing, Hu Ruizhong, Mao Jingwen, Fang Weixuan, Li Ruiling. 2004. Discussion on metallogenic ages of Mojiang gold deposit in Yunnan Province. Mineral Deposits, 23 (2): 253-260 (in Chinese with English abstract).
127. Xu Qidong, Li Jianwei. 2003. Migration of ore-forming fluids and its relation to zoning of mineralization in northern Lanping Copper-polymetallic metallogenic area, Yunnan Province. Evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes. Mineral deposits, 22(4): 365-376 (in Chinese with English abstract).
128. Xu Yigang. 2002. Mantle plumes, large igneous provinces and their geologic consequences. Earth Science Frontiers, 9(4): 341-353 (in Chinese with English abstract).
129. Xu Zhiqin, Hou Liwei, Wang Zongxiu, et al. 1992. The Orogenic Process of Songpan - Garze Orogen. Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese).
130. 2-rich and hydrocarbon-bearing ore-forming fluid and their metallogenic role in the Lanping Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu orefield, Northwestern Yunnan. Acta Geologica Sinica, 76(2): 244-253 (in Chinese with English abstract).
131. Xue Chunji, Chen Yuchuan, Yang Jianmin, Wang Denghong, Yang Weiguang, Yang Qingbiao. 2002a. Analysis of ore-forming background and tectonic system of Lanping basin, western Yunnan Province. Mineral Deposits, 21(1): 36-44 (in Chinese with English abstract).
132. Xue Chunji, Ji Jinsheng, Zeng Zhangren. 1995. Basic types and forming law of the gold ore deposits on gold belt in eastern Tianshan Kanggur. Northwesern Geology, 16 (4): 30-36 (in Chinese).
133. Xue Chunji, Chen Yuchuan, Wang Denghong, Yang Jianmin, Yang Weiguang, Zeng Rong. 2003. Geology and isotopic composition of helium, neo, xenon and metallogenic age of the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits, northwest Yunnan, China. Science in China, Ser. D, 46(8):789-800.
134. Xue Chunji, Liu Shuwen, Chen Yuchuan, Zeng Rong, Zhao Shihua. 2004. Giant mineral deposits and their geodynamic setting in the Lianping basin, Yunnan, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 78 (2): 368-374.
135. Yakubchuk A, Seltmann R, Shatov V, Cole A. 2001. The Altaids: tectonic evolution and metallogeny. SEG Letter, 46(1): 7-14.
136. 39Ar dating of the Daduhe gold orefield in Kangding, Sichuan - New evidence of the Himalayan mineralization and its implications. Acta Geologica Sinica, 76 (3): 384-388 (in Chinese with English abstract).
137. Yang Jianguo, Ji Jinsheng, Lu Dengrong. 1998. Geological characteristics. and metallogenetic conditions of gold deposit in Xitan, Eastern Tianshan Mountains. Mineral Deposits, 17 (supp.): 349-352 (in Chinese).
138. Yang Xingke, Ji Jinsheng, Luo Guichang, Tao Hongxiang. 1997. Plate tectonics and metallogeny of the metallic ore deposits in eastern Tianshan Mountains. Journal of Xi'an College of Geology, 19(3): 34-42 (in Chinese with English abstract).
139. Yang Yingxuan, Ke Chengxi, Lin Fangcheng, et al. 1994. Origin and Metallogeny of the Lead-Zinc Deposits in the Eastern Margin of Kangdian Earth Axis. Chengdu Science and Technology Press (in Chinese).
140. Yin A, Harrison T M. 2000. Geologic evolution of the Himalaya - Tibetan orogenic belt. J. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 28: 211-280.
141. Yin A, Harrison T M, Ryerson F J. 1994. Tertiary structural evolution of the Gangdese thrust system, southeastern Tibet. Geophysic Res., 99:175-201.
142. Yin Hanhui, Fan Yumin, Lin Ke. 1990. Deep process and mantle-crust compound mineralization in the evolution of the Lanping - Simao Mesozoic - Cenozoic diwa Basin Western Yunnan, China. Geotectonica et Metallogienia, 4(2): 113-124.
143. 39Ar dating of quartz from auriferous quartz veins of Boka - Tuobuka area, Dongchuan, Yunnan, and its geological implication. Geological Review, 50(2): 196-202 (in Chinese with English abstract).
144. Yu Jinjie. 2001. Geological characterisitcs of antimony deposits in Northern Tibet and comparison to those in Southern Tibet. Ph. D Thesis of Chinese Academy of Geological sciences, 1-102.
145. Zhai Yusheng. 2002. Metallogenetic System in the Margin of Craton. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1-383 (in Chinese).
146. Zhang Chengjiang, Ni Shijun, Teng Yanguo, Peng Xiuhong, Liu Jiaduo. 2000. Relationship between Himalayan tectono-magmatic movement and mineralization in Lanping basin, Yunnan Province. J. Mineral Petrol., 20(2): 35-39 (in Chinese with English abstract).
147. Zhang Feng, Yang Keyou. 1992. Metallogenic geochronology for the micro-grain disseminated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province. Bulletin of Science, (17):1593-1595 (in Chinese).
148. Zhang Guowei, Guo Anlin, Liu Futian, Xiao Qinghui, Meng Qingren. 1996a. Three-dimension structure in the Qinling orogen and the discussion for their dynamics. Science in China, Ser. D, 26(Supp.): 1-6.
149. Zhang Guowei, Meng Qingren, Yu Zaiping, Sun Yong, Zhou Dingwu, Guo Anlin. 1996b. Orogenic process of the Qinling orogen and the discussion for their dynamics. Science in China, Ser. D, 26(3): 193-200.
150. Zhang Lianchang, Ji Jinsheng, Li Huaqin, Shen Yuanchao. 2000. Geochemical characteristics and source of two-type ore-forming fluids in Kangur Tag gold ore belt, east Tianshan Mts. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 16(4): 535-541 (in Chinese with English abstract).
151. Zhang Lianchang, Ji Jinsheng, Zhao Lunshan. 1999. Geological - geochemical dynamics of ore-formation of the Xitan epithermal gold deposit in eastern Tianshan Mts. Journal of Xi'an Engineering University, 21(2). 13-18 (in Chinese with English abstract).
152. Zhang Liangchen, Wu Naiyuan. 1985. Geology and tectonic evolution of the Tianshan Mts. Xinjiang Geology, 3(3): 1-14 (in Chinese).
153. Zhang Qian, Liu Jiajun, Shao Shuxun, Liu Zhihao. 2002. Lead isotopic composition and lead source of polymetallic deposits in the large ore-assembly district in the Lanping basin. Acta Mineralogical Sinica, 22(2): 147-154 (in Chinese with English abstract).
154. Zhang Qian. 1993. Pb isotopic composition of Jinding super-large Pb-Zn deposit in Yunnan Province and discussion on the source of lead. Geology and Prospecting, 29(5):21-28.
155. Zhang Yueqiao, Yang Nong, Meng Hui, Chen Wen. 2004. Late Cenozoic tectonic deformation history and uplift process of the Panzhihua - Xicang Region, western Sichuan. Geology in China, 31(1):23-33(in Chinese with English abstract).
156. Zhang Yunxiang, Luo Yaonan, Yang Chongxi, et al. 1988. Panzhihua - Xicang Rift. Beijing: Geological Publishing House (in Chinese).
157. Zhang Yuquan, Xie Yingwen, Liang Huaying, Qiu Huaning, Li Xianhua, Zhong Sunlin. 1998. Petrogenesis series and the ore-bearing porphyries of the Yulong copper metallogenic zone in eastern Tibet. Geochimica, 230): 236-243 (in Chinese with English abstract).
158. Zhang Zhaochong, Hao Yanli, Wang Fusheng. 2003. Picrites in large igneous provinces and their implications. Earth Science Frontiers, 10(3): 105-114 (in Chinese with English abstract).
159. Zhang Zuoheng, Mao Jingwen, Li Xiaofeng. Geology, geochemistry and ore-forming mechanism of the Shuangwang breccia type gold deposit. Mineral Deposits, 2004, 23 (2): 241-252 (in Chinese with English abstract)
160. Zhao Wenjin, Wu Zhenhan. 2004. Strenthening combination of the survey on surface and in depths, deepening understanding of tectonic characteristics of China. Geological Review, 50(3):256-266 (in Chinese with English abstract).
161. Zhao Xingyuan. 1989. On the genesis of the Jinding lead-zinc ore deposit in Yunnan. Earth Science, 14(5):523-530 (in Chinese with English abstract).
162. Zhou D, Graham S A. 1996. The Songpan - Garze complex of the West Qinling as a Triassic remnant ocean basin. In: Yin A, Harrison M, eds. The Tectonic Evolution of Asia. Cambridge University Press, 281-299.
163. Zhou Jiyuan, Mao Yanshi, Huang Zhixun, et al. 1994. Volcanic Geology in the Margin of Palaeo-continent, East Tianshan Mts. Press of Chengdu Science and Technology University, 1-280 (in Chinese).
164. Zhou Weiquan, Zhou Quanli. 1992. A study on the isotopic composition of Pb and S in the Lanping Pb-Zn deposit, Yunnan Province. Geochimica 20(2):141-148(in Chinese with English abstract).
165. Zhu Bingquan, Chang Xiangyang, Hu Yaoguo, Zhang Zhengwei. 2002. Discovery of Yanhe copper deposit, Ludian County, in the Yunnan - Guizhou border area and a new thought for copper prospecting in the large igneous province of Emeishan flood basalts. Advance in Earth Science, 17 (6): 912-917 (in Chinese).
166. Zhu Laimin, Liu Xianfan, Jin Jingfu, He Mingyou. 1998. The study of the temporal-spatial distribution and source of ore-forming fluid for the fine-disseminated gold deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou - Guangxi area. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 33(4): 463-474 (in Chinese with English abstract).
167. Zhuang Xinguo. 1995. The palaeogeothermal field of northwestern Guangxi: characteristics and its role in the formation of micro-disseminated gold deposits. Mineral Deposits, 14(1): 82-89 (in Chinese with English abstract).