New Guinea leadership as ethnographic analogy: A critical review

Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 79-126

  Roscoe, Paul ^a  

^a University of Maine   (United States)

Author keywords

Big men; Chiefdoms; Chiefs; Egalitarian societies; Melanesia; New Guinea; Political leadership; Transegalitarian societies

Indexed keywords

EID: 24944448383     PISSN: 10725369     EISSN: 15737764     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1009512726844     Document Type: Article

References (225)

1. Allen, B. J. (1989). Infection, innovation and residence: Illness and misfortune in the Torricelli foothills from 1800. In Frankel, S., and Lewis, J. (eds.), A Continuing Trial of Treatment: Medical Pluralism in Papua New Guinea, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 35-68.
2. Alien, M. ( 1984). Elders, chiefs, and Big Men: Authority legitimation and political evolution in Melanesia. American Ethnologist 11: 20-411.
3. Arnold, J. E. (1993). Labor and the rise of complex hunter-gatherers. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 12: 75-119.
4. Aufenanger, H. (1972). The Passing Scene in North-east New-Guinea (Collectanea Institutl Anthropos 2), Anthropos Institute, St. Augustin.
5. ANU (1968). An Ethnographic Bibliography of New Guinea, 3 vols., Australian National University, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Canberra.
6. Bailey, F. G. (1969). Strategems and Spoils, Schocken Books, New York.
7. Barker, J., and McKellin, W. (1993). A bibliography of Oro Province. Research in Melanesia 17: 123-181.
8. Baker, V. J. (1983). Elders in the shadow of the big-man. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, land- en Volkenkunde 139: 1-17.
9. Ballard, C. (1993). Dani bibliography. Center for Pacific Studies Oceania Newsletter 11-12: 45-49.
10. Ballard, C. (1995a). The Death of a Great Land: Ritual, History and Subsistence Revolution in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, 2 vols., Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.
11. Ballard, C. ( 1995b). Bibliography of materials on the Huli, Duna, and Ipili peoples. In Biersack, A. (ed.), Papuan Borderlands: Huli, Duna and Ipili Perspectives on the Papua New Guinea Highlands, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp. 401-4117.
12. Barnett, H. G. (1959). Peace and progress in New Guinea. American Anthropologist 61: 1013-1019.
13. Barth, F. (1966). Models of Social Organization, Royal Anthropological Institute, London.
14. Bender, B. (1990). The dynamics of nonhierarchical societies. In Upham, S. (ed.), The Evolution of Political Systems: Sociopolitics in Small-Scale Sedentary Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 247-263.
15. Bergmann, W. (1971). The Kamanuku (The Culture of the Chimbu Tribes), 4 vols., W. Bergmann, Harrisville, Qld.
16. Berndt, R. M. (1962). Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
17. Berndt, R. M. (1973). Political structure in the Eastern Central Highlands of New Guinea. In Berndt, R. M., and Lawrence, P. (eds.), Politics in New Guinea: Traditional and in the Context of Change: Some Anthropological Perspectives, University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp. 381-4123.
18. Blanton, R. E. (1995). The cultural foundations of inequality in households. In Price, T. D., and Feinman, G. M. (eds.), Foundations of Social Inequality, Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 105-127.
19. Blanton, R. E., and Taylor, J. (1995). Patterns of exchange and the social production of pigs in Highland New Guinea: Their relevance to questions about the origins and evolution of agriculture. Journal of Archaeological Research 3: 113-145.
20. Boissevain, J. (1974). Friends of Friends: Networks, Manipulators and Coalitions, Blackwell, Oxford.
21. Boissevain, J. (1986). Rhetoric as a resource: Malta's Dom Mintoff. In van Bakel, M. A., Hagesteijn, R. R., and van de Velde, P. (eds.), Private Politics: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to 'Big-Man' Systems, Brill, Leiden, pp. 198-209.
22. Bourke, R. M., Alien, B. J., Hide, R. L., Fritsch, D., Grau, R., Lowes, E., Nen, T., Nirsie, E., Risimeri, J., and Woruba, M. (1993). West Sepik Province: Text Summaries, Maps, Code Lists and Village Identification, Agricultural Systems of Papua New Guinea, Working Paper No. 3, Department of Human Geography, Australian National University, Canberra.
23. Brandewie, E. B. (1981). Contrast and Context in New Guinea Culture: The Case of the Mbowamb of the Central Highlands, Anthropos-Institut, St. Augustin.
24. Broekhuijse, J. Th. (1967). De Wiligiman-Dani: Een Cultureel-anthropologische Studie over Religie en Oorlogvoering in de Baliem-vallei, Gianotten N.V., Tilburg, The Netherlands.
25. Brown, D. J. J. (1979). The structuring of Polopa feasting and warfare. Man (N.S.) 14: 712-733.
26. Brown, P. (1963). From anarchy to satrapy. American Anthropologist 65: 1-15.
27. Brown, P. (1979). Chimbu leadership before provincial government. Journal of Pacific History 14: 100-117.
28. Brown, P., and Buchbinder, G. (eds.) (1976). Man and Woman in the New Guinea Highlands, American Anthropological Association, Special Publication No. 8, American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC.
29. Brumfiel, E. M. (1992). Breaking and entering the ecosystem: Gender, class, and faction steal the show. American Anthropologist 94: 551-567.
30. Brunton, R. (1975). Why do the Trobriands have chiefs? Man (N.S.) 10: 544-558.
31. Bulmer, R. N. H. (1960). Leadership and Social Structure Among the Kyaka People of the Western Highlands District of New Guinea, Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.
32. Bulmer, R. N. H. (1961). Kyaka bossboys: Post-contact leadership in a New Guinea Highland society, Unpublished ms., Melanesian Archive, San Diego.
33. Bulmer, R. N. H. (1971). Political aspects of the Moka ceremonial exchange system among the Kyaka people of the Western Highlands of New Guinea. In Langness, L. L., and Weschler, J. C. (eds.), Melanesia: Readings on a Culture Area, Chandler, Scranton, PA, pp. 240-253.
34. Burridge, K. O. L. (1975). The melanesian manager. In Beattie, J. M., and Lienhardt, R. G. (eds.), Studies in Social Anthropology: Essays in Memory of E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 86-104.
35. Burton, J. (1983). A dysentery epidemic in New Guinea and its mortality. Journal of Pacific History 18: 236-261.
36. Bus, G. A. M. (1951). The Te festival or gift exchange in Enga (Central Highlands of New Guinea). Anthropos 46: 813-824.
37. Butler, A., Butler, I., and Cummings, G. (1984-1990). A New Guinea Bibliography, 5 vols.. University of Papua New Guinea Press, Waigani, Papua New Guinea.
38. Campbell, A. R. T. (1985). Social Relations in Ancient Tongareva, Pacific Anthropological Records, No. 36. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.
39. Carneiro, R. L. (1970). A theory of the origin of the state. Science 169: 733-738.
40. Chowning, A. (1979). Leadership in Melanesia. Journal of Pacific History 14: 66-84.
41. Clarke, J. E., and Blake, M. (1994). The power of prestige: Competitive generosity and the emergence of rank in societies in lowland Mesoamerica. In Brumfiel, E. M., and Fox, J. W. (eds.), Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 17-30.
42. Clay, R. B. ( 1992). Chiefs, big men, or what? Economy, settlement patterns, and their bearing on Adena political models. In Seeman, M. F. (ed.), Cultural Variability in Context: Woodland Settlements of the Mid-Ohio Valley, Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, and London, pp. 77-80.
43. Connolly, B., and Anderson, R. (1987). First Contact, Viking, New York.
44. Crittenden, R., and Schieffelin, E. L. (1991). The back door to the Purari. In Schieffelin, E. L., and Crittenden, R. (eds.), Like People You See in a Dream: First Contact in Six Papuan Societies, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 125-146.
45. Custer, J. F (1987). New perspectives on the Delmarva Adena complex. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 12: 33-53.
46. Denoon, D. (1982). Changing rural settlement. In King, D., and Ranck, S. (eds.), Papua New Guinea Atlas: A Nation in Transition, Robert Brown, Bathurst, NSW, pp. 42-413.
47. Douglas, B. (1979). Rank, power, authority: A reassessment of traditional leadership in South Pacific societies. Journal of Pacific History 14: 2-27.
48. Dubbeldam, L. F. B. (1962). Traditionele elite in West-Nieuw-Guinea. Nieuw-Guinea Studien 6: 132-151.
49. Dubbeldam, L. F. B. ( 1964). The devaluation of the Kapauku-cowrie as a factor of social disintegration. In Watson, J. B. (ed.), New Guinea: The Central Highlands, American Anthropologist (Special Issue) 64(4): 293-303.
50. Dutton, T. E. (1973). A Checklist of Languages and Present-Day Villages of Central and South-East Mainland Papua. Pacific Linguistics, Series B, No. 24, Australian National University, Canberra.
51. Edmiston, P., and Edmiston, M. (1989). Alamblak Background Study, Unpublished ms., Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ukarumpa, PNG.
52. Ember, M., and Ember, C. R. (1994). Cross-cultural studies of war and peace: Recent achievements and future possibilities. In Reyna, S. P., and Downs, R. E. (eds.), Studying War: Anthropological Perspectives, Gordon and Breach, Langhorne, PA, pp. 185-208.
53. Engels, F. (1884). Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigentums und des Staats: Im Anschluss an Lewis H. Morgan's Forschungen, Schweizerische Genossenschaftsbuchdruckerei, Hottingen-Zurich.
54. Errington, F., andGewertz, D. (1987). Cultural Alternatives and a Feminist Anthropology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
55. Feil, D. K. (1987). The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
56. Feil, D. K. (1995). The evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea societies: A reappraisal. Bijdragen Tot de Taal,-Land-en Volkenkunde 151: 23-413.
57. Feinman, G. M. (1995). The emergence of inequality: A focus on strategies and processes. In Price, T. D., and Feinman, G. M. (eds.), Foundations of Social Inequality, Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 255-279.
58. Ferguson, R. B., and Whitehead, N. L. (1992). The violent edge of empire. In Ferguson, R. B., and Whitehead, N. L. (eds.), War in the Tribal Zone: Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare, School of American Research, Santa Fe, NM, pp. 1-30.
59. Flanagan, J. G. (1989). Hierarchy in simple "egalitarian" societies. Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 245-266.
60. Forge, A. (1970). Prestige, influence, and sorcery: A New Guinea example. In Douglas, M. (ed.), Witchcraft Confessions and Accusations, Tavistock, London, pp. 257-275.
61. Fortune, R. (n.d.). Men of Purari, Unpublished ms., Fortune Archive, Turnbull Library, Wellington, NZ.
62. Friedman, J. (1981). Notes on structure and history in Oceania. Folk 23: 275-295.
63. Friedman, J. (1982). Catastrophe and continuity in social evolution. In Renfrew, C., Rowlands, M. J., and Abbott Segraves, B. (eds.), Theory and Explanation in Archaeology, Academic Press, New York, pp. 175-196.
64. Gardner, D. S. ( 1981 ). Cult Ritual and Social Organisation among the Mianmin, Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.
65. Gell, A. (1975). Metamorphosis of the Cassowaries: Umeda Society, Language and Ritual, Athlone Press, London.
66. Oilman, A. (1981). The development of social stratification in Bronze Age Europe. Current Anthropology 22: 1-23.
67. Gitlow, A. L. (1947). Economics of the Mount Hagen Tribes, New Guinea, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
68. Glasse, R. M., and Lindenbaum, S. (1973). South Fore politics. In Berndt, R. M., and Lawrence, P. (eds.), Politics in New Guinea: Traditional and in the Context of Change: Some AnthropologicalPerspectives, University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp. 362-380.
69. Godelier, M. (1982). Social hierarchies among the Baruya of New Guinea. In Strathern, A. J. (ed.), Inequality in New Guinea Highlands Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3- 34.
70. Godelier, M. (1986). The Making of Great Men: Male Domination and Power Among the New Guinea Baruya, Swyer, R. (transi.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
71. Godelier, M. (1991). An unfinished attempt at reconstructing the social processes which may have prompted the transformation of great-men societies into big-men societies. In Godelier, M., and Strathern, M. (eds.), Big Men and Great Men: Personifications of Power in Melanesia, Cambridge University Press and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Cambridge and Paris, pp. 275-304.
72. Godelier, M., and Strathern, M. (eds.) (1991). Big Men and Great Men: Personifications of Power in Melanesia, Cambridge University Press and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Cambridge and Paris.
73. Golson, J. (1977). No room at the top: Agricultural intensification in the New Guinea Highlands. In Alien, J., Golson, J., and Jones, R. (eds.), Sunda and Sahul: Prehistoric Studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia, Academic Press, London, pp. 601-638.
74. Golson, J. (1982). The Ipomoean revolution revisited: Society and the sweet potato in the Upper Wahgi Valley. In Strathern, A. J. (ed.), Inequality in New Guinea Highlands Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 109-136.
75. Greenfield, H. J. (1991). A Kula ring in prehistoric Europe? A consideration of local and interregional exchange during the Late Neolithic of the Central Balkans. In Gregg, S. A. (ed.), Between Bands and States, Occasional Paper No. 9, Center for Archaecological Investigations, Carbondale, IL, pp. 287-308.
76. Guddemi, P. V. ( 1992). We Came from This: Knowledge, Memory, Painting and "Play " in the Initiation Rituals of the Sawiyano of Papua New Guinea, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
77. Guiart, J. (1983). Review of Epeli Hau'ofa's, Mekeo: Inequality and Ambivalence in a Village Society. Journal of the Polynesian Society 92: 544-549.
78. Harrison, S. (1987). Cultural efflorescence and political evolution on the Sepik River. American Ethnologist 14: 491-507.
79. Harrison, S. (1989). Magical and material polities in Melanesia. Man (N.S.) 24: 1-20.
80. Harrison, S. J. (1990). Stealing People's Names: History and Politics in a Sepik River Cosmology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
81. Hau'ofa, E. (1971). Mekeo chieftainship. Journal of the Polynesian Society 80: 152-169.
82. Hawkes, K. (1979). Big-men in Binumarien. Oceania 48: 161-187.
83. Hayano, D. M. (1974). Marriage, alliance, and warfare: A view from the New Guinea Highlands. American Ethnologist 1: 281-293.
84. Hayden, B. (1995). Pathways to power: Principles for creating socioeconomic inequalities. In Price, T. D., and Feinman, G. M. (eds.), Foundations of Social Inequality, Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 105-127.
85. Hayden, B. (1996). Feasting in prehistoric and traditional societies. In Wiessner, P., and Schiefenhövel, W. (eds.), Food and the Status Quest: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Berghahn Books, Providence and Oxford, pp. 127-147.
86. Hays, T. E. (n.d.). New Guinea Highlands Bibliography, Unpublished ms., Files of the author, Providence, RI.
87. Hays, T. E. (1976). Anthropology in the New Guinea Highlands: An Annotated Bibliography, Garland, New York.
88. Hays, T. E. (1990). Mountain-Ok bibliography. In Craig, B., and Hyndman, D. (eds.), Children of Afek: Tradition and Change Among the Mountain-Ok of Central New Guinea, Oceania Monographs, Vol. 40, Oceania Publications, Sydney, pp. 169-197.
89. Hays, T. E. (ed.) (1991). Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Vol. II. Oceania, Hall, Boston.
90. Hays, T. E. (1993). "The New Guinea Highlands": Region, culture area, or fuzzy set? Current Anthropology 34: 141-164.
91. Heider, K. G. (1970). The Dugum Dani: A Papuan Culture in the Highlands of West New Guinea, Aldine, Chicago.
92. Hide, R. L. (1981). Aspects of Pig Production and Use in Colonial Sinasina, Papua New Guinea, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York.
93. Hogbin, H. I. ( 1951 ). Transformation Scene: The Changing Culture of a New Guinea Village, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
94. Hughes, I. ( 1977). New Guinea Stone Age Trade: The Geography and Ecology of Traffic in the Interior, Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies, Department of Prehistory, Canberra.
95. Hughes, I. (1978). Good money and bad: Inflation and devaluation in the colonial process. In Specht, J., and White, J. P. (eds.), Trade and Exchange in Oceania and Australia, Mankind 11(3): 308-318.
96. Johnson, A. W., and Earle, T. K. (1987). The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
97. Jones, B. A. (1980). Consuming Society: Food and Illness Among the Faiwol, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
98. Jorgensen, D. (1981). Order or disorder in Melanesian religions? Man (N.S.) 16: 470-4172.
99. Josephides, L. ( 1985). The Production of Inequality: Gender and Exchange Among the Kewa, Tavistock, London.
100. Josephides, L. (1991). Metaphors, metathemes, and the construction of sociality: A critique of the New Melanesian Ethnography. Man (N.S.) 26: 145-161.
101. Joyce, R. B. (1971). Sir William MacGregor, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
102. Kantner, J. (1996). Political competition among the Chaco Anasazi of the American Southwest. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 15: 41-105.
103. Keesing, R. M. (1985). Killers, Big men, and priests on Malaita: Reflections on a Melanesian troika system. Ethnology 24: 237-252.
104. Kelly, R. C. ( 1977). Etoro Social Structure: A Study in Structural Contradiction, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
105. Knauft, B. M. (1985). Ritual form and permutation in New Guinea: Implications of symbolic process for socio-political evolution. American Ethnologist 12: 321-340.
106. Knauft, B. M. (1999). From Primitive to Postcolonial in Melanesia and Anthropology, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
107. Koch, K-F. (1983). Epilogue. Pacification: Perspectives from conflict theory. In Rodman, M., and Cooper, M. (eds.), The Pacification ofMelanesia, University Press of America, New York, pp. 199-207.
108. Larson, G. F. ( 1987). The Structure and Demography of the Cycle of Warfare Among the Ilaga Dani of Irian Jaya, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
109. Lawrence, P. (1973). Religion and magic. In Ryan, P. (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea, Melbourne University Press and the University of Papua New Guinea, Melbourne, pp. 1001-1012.
110. Laycock, D. C. (1973). Sepik Languages-Checklist and Preliminary Classification, Pacific Linguistics, Series B, No. 25, Australian National University, Canberra.
111. Lederman, R. (1982). Trends and cycles in Mendi. Bikmaus 3(1): 5-13.
112. Lederman, R. (1986). What Gifts Engender: Social Relations and Politics in Mendi, Highland Papua New Guinea, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
113. Lederman, R. (1989). Contested order: Gender and society in the Southern New Guinea Highlands. American Ethnologist 16: 230-247.
114. Lederman, R. (1990). Big men, large and small? Towards a comparative perspective. Ethnology 29: 3-15.
115. Lederman, R. (1991). "Interests" in exchange: Increment, equivalence and the limits of big-manship. In Godelier, M., and Strathern, M. (eds.), Big Men and Great Men: Personifications of Power in Melanesia, Cambridge University Press and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Cambridge and Paris, pp. 215-233.
116. Lee, R. B. (1990). Primitive communism and the origin of social inequality. In Upham, S. (ed.), The Evolution of Political Systems: Sociopolitics in Small-Scale Sedentary Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 225-246.
117. Lemonnier, P. (1990). Guerres et Festins: Paix, Echanges et Compétition dans les Highlands de Nouvelle-Guinée, Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Paris.
118. Lemonnier, P. (1991). From great men to big men: Peace, substitution and competition in the Highlandsof New Guinea. In Godelier, M., and Strathern, M. (eds.), Big Men and Great Men: Personifications of Power in Melanesia, Cambridge University Press and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Cambridge and Paris, pp. 7-27.
119. Lemonnier, P. (1996). Food, competition, and the status of food in New Guinea. In Wiessner, P., and Schiefenhövel, W. (eds.), Food and the Status Quest: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Berghahn Books, Providence and Oxford, pp. 219-234.
120. Lewis, G. (1975). Knowledge of Illness in a Sepik Society, Athlone Press, London.
121. Lindenbaum, S. (1987). The mystification of female labors. In Fishburne Collier, J., and Junko Yanag- isako, S. (eds.), Gender and Kinship: Essays Toward a Unified Analysis, Stanford UniversityPress, Stanford, pp. 221-243, 357-360.
122. Lindstrom, L. (1981). "Big man": A short terminological history. American Anthropologist 83: 900-905.
123. Lindstrom, L. (1984). Doctor, lawyer, wise man, priest: Big-men and knowledge in Melanesia. Man (N.S.)19: 291-309.
124. Lipset, D. (1997). Mangrove Man: Dialogics of Culture in the Sepik Estuary, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
125. Macintyre, M. (1993). The Kula: A Bibliography, Cambridge University Press, New York.
126. Mansoben, J., and Walker, M. T. (1990). Indigenous political structure & leadership patterns in IrianJaya. Irian 18: 17-23.
127. May, R. J. (1982). The view from Hurun: The Peli Association. In May, R. J. (ed.), Micronationalist Movements in Papua New Guinea, Australian National University, Canberra, pp. 32-62.
128. May, R. J. (1984). East Sepik Bibliography. Paper prepared for the Wenner-Gren conference, "Sepik Heritage: The Study of Sepik Cultures in and for Modern Papua New Guinea," Basel, Switzerland, Wenner-Gren Foundation, New York.
129. McDowell, N. (1990). Competitive equality in Melanesia: An exploratory essay. Journal of the Polynesian Society 99: 179-204.
130. McDowell, N. (1991). The Mundugumor: From the Field Notes of Margaret Mead and Reo Fortune, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, and London.
131. Mead, M. (1935). Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, W. Morrow, New York.
132. Meggitt, M. J. (1973[1967]). The pattern of leadership among the Mae-Enga of New Guinea. In Berndt, R. M., and Lawrence, P. (eds.), Politics in New Guinea: Traditional and in the Context ofChange: Some Anthropological Perspectives, University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp. 191-206.
133. Merriam-Webster (1984). Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA.
134. Metraux, R. (1978). Aristocracy and meritocracy: Leadership among the Eastern latmul. Anthropological Quarterly 51: 47-58.
135. Mitchell, W. (1978). On keeping equal: Polity and reciprocity among the New Guinea Wape. Anthropological Quarterly 51: 5-15.
136. Modjeska, C. J. N. (1977). Production Among the Duna: Aspects of Horticultural Intensification in Central New Guinea, Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra.
137. Modjeska, N. (1982). Production and inequality: Perspectives from Central New Guinea. In Strathern, A. J. (ed.), Inequality in New Guinea Highlands Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 50-108.
138. Modjeska, N. (1991). Post-Ipomoean modernism: The Duna example. In Godelier, M., and Strathern, M. (eds.), Big Men and Great Men: Personifications of Power in Melanesia, Cambridge University Press and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Cambridge and Paris, pp. 234-255.
139. Mosko, M. ( 1992). Motherless sons: "Divine kings" and "partible persons" in Melanesia and Polynesia. Man (N.S.) 27: 697-717.
140. Narakobi, B. (1989). Lo Bilong Yumi Yet: Law and Custom in Melanesia, Melanesian Institute for Pastoral and Socio-Economie Service and the University of the South Pacific, Goroka, PNG.
141. Nash, J. (1978). Women and power in Nagovisi society. Journal de la Société des Océanistes 34: 121-126.
142. NINDS (1972). Annotated Anga (Kukukuku) Bibliography, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Strokes, Bethesda, MD.
143. Oliver, D. L. (1955). A Solomon Island Society: Kinship and Leadership Among the Siuai of Bougainville, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
144. Oliver, D. L. (1974). Ancient Tahitian Society, 3 vols., University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu.
145. Otto, T. (1994). A bibliography of Manus Province. Research in Melanesia 18: 111-178.
146. Pataki-Schweizer, K.J. (1987). Emstrongpelameri: A female leader in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. In Langness, L. L., and Hays, T. E. (eds.), Anthropology in the High Valleys: Essays on the New Guinea Highlands in Honor of Kenneth E. Read, Chandler and Sharp, Novato, CA, pp. 137-162.
147. Pawley, A. (1981). Melanesian diversity and Polynesian homogeneity: A unified explanation for language. In Hollyman, J., and Pawley, A. (eds.), Studies in Pacific Languages and Cultures in Honour of Bruce Biggs, Linguistic Society of New Zealand, Auckland, pp. 269-309.
148. Pawley, A. (1982). Rubbish-man commoner Big Man chief? Linguistic evidence for hereditary chieftainship in Proto-Oceanic society. In Siikala, J. (ed.), Oceanic Studies: Essays in Honour of Aarne A. Koskinen, Transactions of the Finnish Anthropological Society No. 11, Suomen Antropologinen Seura, Helsinki, pp. 33-52.
149. Peters, H. L. [1975(1965)]. Some Observations of the Social and Religious Life of a Dani-Group,
150. Reesink, G. P. (transi.), Irian 4(2): 1-198.
151. Pospisil, L. (1958). Social change and primitive law: Consequences of a Papuan legal case. American Anthropologist 60: 832-837.
152. Potter, J. (2000). Ritual, power, and social differentiation in small-scale societies. In Diehl, M. (ed.), Hierarchies in Action: Cui Bono? Center for Archaeological Research, University of Southern Illinois, Carbondale, pp. 295-316.
153. Powell, H. A. (1960). Competitive leadership in Trobriand political organization. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 90: 118-145.
154. Radford, R. (1987). Highlanders and Foreigners in the Upper Ramu: The Kainantu Area 1919-1942, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria.
155. Read, K. E. (1959). Leadership and consensus in a New Guinea society. American Anthropologist 61: 425-436.
156. Reay, M. (1959). The Kuma: Freedom and Conformity in the New Guinea Highlands, Melbourne University Press on behalf of the Australian National University, Carlton, Victoria.
157. Reay, M. (1964). Present-day politics in the New Guinea Highlands. In Watson, J. B. (ed.), New Guinea: The Central Highlands. American Anthropologist (Special Issue) 64(4): 240-256.
158. Robbins, S. (1982). Auyana: Those Who Held onto Home, University of Washington Press, Seattle.
159. Roscoe, P. B. (1988a). The far side of Hurun: The management of Melanesian millenarian movements. American Ethnologist 15: 515-529.
160. Roscoe, P. B. (1988b). From big-men to the state: A processual approach to circumscription theory. American Behavioral Scientist 31: 472-4183.
161. Roscoe, P. B. (1991). Yangoru Boiken. In Hays, T. E. (ed.), Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Vol. II, Oceania, Hall, Boston, pp. 388-391.
162. Roscoe, P. B. (1993a). The brokers of the Lord: The ministration of a Christian faith in a Sepik society. In Harding, T. G., Lockwood, V S., and Wallace, B. J. (eds.), Contemporary Pacific Society: Studies in Development and Change, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 289-303.
163. Roscoe, P. B. (1993b). Practice and political centralisation: A new approach to political evolution. Current Anthropology 34: 111-124, 133-140.
164. Roscoe, P. B. (1996). War and society in Sepik New Guinea. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2: 645-666.
165. Roscoe, P. B. (1999a). Fieldnotes, Files of the author, Orono, ME.
166. Roscoe, P. B. (1999b). "Strength" and sexuality: Sexual avoidance and masculinity in New Guinea and Amazonia. In Gregor, T., and Tuzin, D. (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Gender in Amazonia and Melanesia, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (under review).
167. Roscoe, P. (2000). Typologies and hierarchies in action. In Diehl, M. (ed.), Hierarchies in Action: Cui Bono? Center for Archaeological Research, University of Southern Illinois, Carbondale, pp. 113-133.
168. Sack, P. (1980). German New Guinea: A Bibliography, Australian National University, Canberra.
169. Sahlins, M. D. (1963). Poor man, rich man, big-man, chief: Political types in Melanesia and Polynesia. Comparative Studies in Society and History 5: 285-303.
170. Salisbury, R. F. (1962). From Stone to Steel: Economic Consequences of a Technological Change in New Guinea, Melbourne University Press, Victoria.
171. Salisbury, R. F. (1964a). Despotism and Australian administration in the New Guinea Highlands. In Watson, J. B. (ed.), New Guinea: The Central Highlands. American Anthropologist (Special Issue) 64(4): 225-239.
172. Salisbury, R. F. (1964b). Changes in land use and tenure among the Siane of the New Guinea Highlands (1952-61). Pacific Viewpoint?,: 1-10.
173. Scaglion, R. (1996). Chiefly models in Papua New Guinea. The Contemporary Pacific 8: 1-31.
174. Schaefer, A. ( 1938). Kavagl, "der Mann mit der Zaunpfahlkeule": Ein Beitrag zur Individuenforschung. Anthropos 33: 107-113.
175. Scheps, B., and Eiedtke, W. (1992). Ozeanien-Bibliographie, l: Bibliography of German Colonial Literature for References of Ethnology and History of the Population of Kaiser Wilhelms Land, the Bismarck Archipelago and the German Solomons Islands 1880-1914, Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden, Dresden.
176. Schieffelin, E. E., and Crittenden, R. (eds.) (1991). Like People You See in a Dream: First Contact in Six Papuan Societies, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
177. Schwartz, T. (1964). The Paliau Movement in the Admiralty Islands, 1946-1954. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 49(2): 206-421.
178. Shennan, S. (1982). From minimal to moderate ranking. In Renfrew, C., andShennan, S. (eds.), Ranking, Resource and Exchange: Aspects of the Archaeology of Early European Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 27-32.
179. Sillitoe, P. (1978). Big men and war in New Guinea. Man (N.S.) 13: 252-271.
180. Silzer, P. J., and Heikkinen Clouse, H. (1991). Index oflrian Jaya Languages, 2nd ed., Special Publication of Irian: Bulletin oflrian Jaya, Program Kerjasama Universitas Cenderawasih, Jayapura, Indonesia.
181. Smith, B. D. (1986). The archaeology of the Southeastern United States: From Dalton to de Soto, 10,500 B.P-500 B.P. In Wendorf, F, and Close, A. E. (eds.), Advances in World Archaeology, Vol. 5, Academic Press, Orlando, FE, pp. 1-92.
182. Soltis, J., Boyd, R., and Richerson, P. J. (1995). Can group-functional behaviors evolve by cultural group selection? An empirical test. Current Anthropology 36: 473-4183, 489-4194.
183. Spencer, C. S. (1993). Human agency, biased transmission, and the cultural evolution of chiefly authority. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 12: 41-74.
184. Spencer, C. S. (1994). Factional ascendance, dimensions of leadership, and the development of centralized authority. In Brumfiel, E. M., and Fox, J. W. (eds.), Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 31-413.
185. Staalsen, P. (1975). The languages of the Sawos region (New Guinea). Anthropos 70: 6-16.
186. Stagl, J. (1971). Älteste und Big Men: Politische Führungsrollen in Melanesien. Zeitschrift für Politik 18: 368-383.
187. Standish, W. (n.d.). The 'Big-Man ' Model Reconsidered: Power and Stratification in Simbu, the Papua New Guinea Highlands, Unpublished ms.
188. Standish, W. A. (1992). Simbu Paths to Power: Political Change and Cultural Continuity in the Papua New Guinea Highlands, Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra.
189. Strathern, A. J. (1966). Despots and directors in the New Guinea Highlands. Man (N.S.) 1: 356-367.
190. Strathern, A. J. (1969). Finance and production: Two strategies in New Guinea Highlands exchange systems. Oceania 40: 42-67.
191. Strathern, A. (1971). The Rope of Moka: Big-Men and Ceremonial Exchange in Mount Hagen New Guinea, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
192. Strathern, A. (1978). "Finance and Production" revisited: In pursuit of a comparison. Research in Economic Anthropology: An Annual Compilation of Research 1: 73-104.
193. Strathern, A. (transi.) (1979). Ongka: A Self-Account by a New Guinea Big-Man, St. Martin's Press, New York.
194. Strathern, A. (1985). Lineages and Big-men: Comments on an ancient paradox. Mankind 15(2): 101-109.
195. Strathern, A. J. (1987). Social classes in Mount Hagen? The early evidence. Ethnology 26: 245-260.
196. Strathern, A. (1993). Great-men, leaders, Big-men: The link of ritual power. Journal de la Société desOcéanistes97: 145-148.
197. Strathern, M. (1972). Women in Between: Female Roles in a Male World: Mount Hagen, New Guinea,Seminar Press, London.
198. Strathern, M. (1988). The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia, University of California Press, Berkeley.
199. Strathern, M. (1991). Preface. In Godelier, M., and Strathern, M. (eds.), Big Men and Great Men: Personifications of Power in Melanesia, Cambridge University Press and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Cambridge and Paris, pp. xii-xv.
200. Strauss, H., with Tischner, H. [1990(1962)J. In Shields, B., Stürzenhofecker, G., and Strathern, A. J. (transi, and eds.), The Mi-Culture of the Mount Hagen People, Papua New Guinea, Ethnology Monographs, Vol. 13, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.
201. Terrell, J. (1985). Prehistory in the Pacific Islands: A Study of Variation in Language, Customs, and Human Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
202. Terrell, J. (1997). Bigman, big-man, big man. In Barfield, T. (ed.), The Dictionary of Anthropology, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 35-36.
203. Tiesler, F (1990). Zwei Formen Sozialen Prestigegewinns in Gentilen Gemeinschaften Neuguineas. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde Dresden 45: 147-159.
204. Townsend, P. (1974). Sago production in a New Guinea economy. Human Ecology 2: 217-236.
205. Townsend, P. K. (1978). The politics of mobility among the Sanio-Hiowe. Anthropological Quarterly51: 27-35.
206. Tuzin, D. F. (1978). Politics, power and divine artistry in Ilahita. Anthropological Quarterly 51: 61-67.
207. Tuzin, D. (1991). The cryptic brotherhood of big men and great men in Ilahita. In Godelier, M., and Strathern, M. (eds.), Big Men and Great Men: Personifications of Power in Melanesia, Cambridge University Press and Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Cambridge and Paris, pp. 115-129.
208. van Baal, J., Galis, K. W., and Koentjaraningrat, R. M. (1984). West Irian: A Bibliography, Konlin-klijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Bibliographic Series 15, Foris, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, and Cinnaminson, US.
209. Vicedom, G. F, and Tischner, H. (1943). Die Mbowamb: Die Kultur der Hagenberg-stämme im Östlichen Zentral-Neuguinea, Friederichesen, de Gruyter, Hamburg.
210. Warry, W. (1987). Chuave Politics: Changing Patterns of Leadership in the Papua New Guinea Highlands, Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies, Department of Political and Social Change, Canberra.
211. Watson, J. B. (1965). From hunting to horticulture in the New Guinea Highlands. Ethnology 4: 295-309.
212. Watson, J. B. (1970). Tyrannical power in a small society: The case of a New Guinea strong man.VII-me Congres International des Sciences Anthropologiques et Ethnologiques 9: 7-12.
213. Watson, J. B. (1973). Tairora: The politics of despotism in a small society. In Berndt, R. M., and Lawrence, P. (eds.), Politics in New Guinea: Traditional and in the Context of Change: Some Anthropological Perspectives, University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp. 224-275.
214. Webster, G. S. (1996). Social archaeology and the irrational. Current Anthropology 37: 609-627.
215. White, P. J. (1988). Digging up big-men? Archaeology in Oceania 20: 57-60.
216. Wiessner, P. W. (1998). Historical Vines: Enga Networks of Exchange, Ritual and Warfare in Papua New Guinea, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
217. Wirz, P. (1952a). Die Enga: Ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie eines Stammes im nordöstlichen zentralen Neuguinea. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 77: 7-56.
218. Wirz, P. (1952b). Quelques notes sur la Cérémonie du "MOKA" chez les Tribus du Mt Hagen etdu Wabaga Sub-district, Nouvelle-Guinée du Nord-Est. Bulletin de la Société Royale Belged'Anthropologie et de Préhistoire 63: 65-71.
219. Woodburn, J. (1982). Egalitarian societies. Man (N.S.) 17: 431-151.
220. Wurm, S. A., and Hattori, S. (1980). Language Atlas of the Pacific Area, Part 1: New Guinea Area, Oceania, Australia, Australian National University, Canberra.
221. Wurm, S. A. (1978). Language Maps of the Highlands Provinces, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Linguistics, Series D. Vol. 11, Australian National University, Canberra.
222. Wylie, A. (1985). The reaction against analogy. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 8: 63-111.
223. Young, M. W. (1971). Fighting with Food, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
224. Young, M. W. (1985). Abutu in Kalauna: A retrospect. Mankind 15: 184-197.
225. Z' graggen, J. A. ( 1975 ). The Languages of the Madang District, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Linguistics, Series B, Vol. 41, Australian National University, Canberra.