Ethical issues of resuscitation: An American perspective

Postgraduate Medical Journal

Volumn 81, Issue 959, 2005, Pages 608-612

  Marco, C A ^a  

^a ST VINCENT MERCY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; ETHICS; EUTHANASIA; HUMAN; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PATIENT EDUCATION; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW;

ADVANCE DIRECTIVES; CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION; COMMUNICATION; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; ETHICS, MEDICAL; EUTHANASIA; FAMILY; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH RESOURCES; HUMANS; MEDICAL FUTILITY; PALLIATIVE CARE; PHYSICIAN'S ROLE; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; SUICIDE, ASSISTED; UNITED STATES;

EID: 24744460484     PISSN: 00325473     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2004.030429     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. In: Principles of biomedical ethics. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994:4.
2. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
3. American Medical Association. http://www.ama-assn.org (accessed 11 Jun 2004).
4. American College of Emergency Physicians. Code of ethics for emergency physicians. Dallas, TX: American College of Emergency Physicians, 1997.
5. Larkin GL. A Code of conduct for academic emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med 1999;6:45.
6. American Heart Association. 2002 Heart and stroke statistical update. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association, 2002.
7. Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, et al. Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to 1998. Circulation 2001;104:2158-63.
8. Suchard JR, Fenton FR, Powers RD. Medicare expenditures on unsuccessful out-of-hospital resuscitations. J Emerg Med 1999;17:801-5.
9. Marco CA, Bessman ES, Schoenfeld CN, et al. Ethical issues of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: current practice among emergency physicians. Acad Emerg Med 1997;4:898-904.
10. Swig L, Cooke M, Osmond D, et al. Physician responses to a hospital policy allowing them to not offer cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:1215-19.
11. Sabatino CP: Survey of state EMS-DNR laws and protocols. Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 1999;27:297-315.
12. Vukmir RB. Witnessed arrest, but not delayed bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves prehospital cardiac arrest survival. Emerg Med J 2004;21:370-3.
13. Vukmir RB, Sodium bicarbonate study group. The influence of urban, suburban, or rural locale on survival from refractory prehospital cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 2004;22:90-3.
14. Bonnin MJ, Pepe PE, Clark PS. Survival in the elderly after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 1993;21:1645-51.
15. The Public Access Defibrillation Trial Investigators. Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2004;351:637-46.
16. Bunch TJ, White RD, Gersh BJ, et al. Long-term outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after successful early defibrillation. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2626-33.
17. Blaivas M, Fox JC. Outcome in cardiac arrest patients found to have cardiac standstill on the bedside emergency department echocardiogram. Acad Emerg Med 2001;8:616-21.
18. Schoenenberger RA, von Planta M, von Planta I. Survival after failed out-of-hospital resuscitation: are further therapeutic efforts in the emergency department futile? Arch Intern Med 1994;154:2433-8.
19. Bonnin MJ, Pepe PE, Kimball KT, et al. Distinct criteria for termination of resuscitation in the out-of-hospital setting. JAMA 1993;270:1457-62.
20. Engdahl J, Bang A, Lindqvist J, et al. Factors affecting short- and long-term prognosis among 1069 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 2001;51:17-25.
21. Stratton SJ, Niemann JT. Outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by nonventricular arrhythmias: contribution of successful resuscitation to overall survivorship supports the current practice of initiating out-of-hospital ACLS. Ann Emerg Med 1998;32:448-53.
22. Varon J, Fromm RE. In-hospital resuscitation among the elderly: substantial survival to hospital discharge. Am J Emerg Med 1996;14:130-2.
23. American Heart Association. Ethical aspects of CPR and ECC. Circulation 2000;102:1-12.
24. Roberts D, Hirschman D, Scheltema K. Adult and pediatric CPR: attitudes and expectations of health professionals and laypersons. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:465-8.
25. Marco CA, Larkin GL. To be or not to be: factors predictive of resuscitation preferences. Acad Emerg Med 2001;8:420.
26. Jones GK, Brewer KL, Garrison HG. Public expectations of survival following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med 2000;7:48-53.
27. Diem SJ, Lantos JD, Tulsky JA. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation on television: miracles and misinformation. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1578-82.
28. Mead GE, Turnbull CJ. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the elderly: patients' and relatives' views. J Med Ethics 1995;21:39-44.
29. Yamada R, Galecki AT, Goold SD, et al. A multimedia intervention on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advance directives. J Gen Intern Med 1999;14:559-63.
30. de Vos R, Koster RW, de Haan RJ. Impact of survival probability, life expectancy, quality of life and patient preferences on do-not-attempt resuscitation orders in a hospital. Resuscitation 1998;39:15-21.
31. Marco CA, Larkin GL. Public education regarding resuscitation: effects of a multimedia intervention. Ann Emerg Med 2003;42:256-60.
32. Larkin GL, Marco CA. Who knows CPR? A national survey. Annual meeting of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 2001.
33. Taylor DM, Ugoni AM, Cameron PA, et al. Advance directives and emergency department patients: owners rates and perceptions of use. Intern Med J 2003;33:586-92.
34. The Support Principal Investigators. A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients. JAMA 1995;274:1591-8.
35. Ebell MH, Doukas DJ, Smith MA. The do-not-resuscitate order: a comparison of physician and patient preferences and decision-making. Am J Med 1991;91:255-60.
36. Seckler AB, Meier DE, Mulvihill M, et al. Substituted judgment: how accurate are proxy predictions? Ann Intern Med 1991;115:92-8.
37. Marco CA, Schears RM. Prehospital resuscitation practices: a survey of prehospital providers. J Emerg Med 2003;24:101-6.
38. Hakim RB, Teno JM, Harrell FE, et al. Factors associated with do-not-resuscitate orders: patients' preferences, prognoses, and physicians' judgments. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:284-93.
39. Rosenfeld KE, Wenger NS, Phillips RS, et al. Factors associated with change in resuscitation preference of seriously ill patients. The SUPPORT Investigators. Study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:1558-64.
40. Miller DL, Jahnigen DW, Gorbien MJ, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: how useful? Attitudes and knowledge of an elderly population. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:578-82.
41. Hamel MB, Lynn J, Teno JM, et al. Age-related differences in care preferences, treatment decisions, and clinical outcomes of seriously ill hospitalized adults: lessons from SUPPORT. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48(suppl 1):76-82.
42. Marco CA, Schears RM. Societal Preferences regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 2002;20:207-11.
43. Jecker NS, Schneiderman LJ. An ethical analysis of the use of 'futility' in the 1992 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:2195-8.
44. Schneiderman LJ, Jecker NS, Jonsen AR. Medical futility: its meaning and ethical implications. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:949-54.
45. Brody BA, Halevy A. Is futility a futile concept? J Med Philos 1995;20:123-44.
46. AMA CEJA. Guidelines for the appropriate use of do-not-resuscitate orders. JAMA 1991;265:1868-71.
47. ACEP Policy Statement. Nonbeneficial ("futile") emergency medical interventions. Dallas, TX: American College of Emergency Physicians, 1998.
48. Marco CA, Larkin GL, Moskop JC, et al. The determination of "futility" in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2000;35:604-12.
49. Iserson KV. Law versus life: The ethical imperative to practice and teach using the newly dead emergency department patient. Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:91-4.
50. Goldblatt AD. Don't ask, don't tell: practicing minimally invasive resuscitative techniques on the newly dead. Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:86-90.
51. Berger JT, Rosner F, Cassell EJ. Ethics of practicing medical procedures on newly dead and nearly dead patients. J Gen Intern Med 2002;17:774-8.
52. McNamara RM, Monti S, Kelly JJ. Requesting consent for an invasive procedure in newly deceased adults. JAMA 1995;273:310-12.
53. Olsen J, Spilger S, Windisch T. Feasibility of obtaining family consent for teaching cricothyrotomy on the newly dead in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:660-5.
54. Reference withdrawn.
55. American Medical Association. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/ category/5721.html (accessed 11 Jun 2004).
56. The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. Position on procedures on the newly dead. Acad Emerg Med 2004;11:962.
57. Boyd R. Witnessed resuscitation by relatives. Resuscitation 2000;43:171-6.
58. Robinson SM, Mackenzie-Ross S, Campbell Hewson GL, et al. Psychological effect of witnessed resuscitation on bereaved relatives. Lancet 1998;352:614-17.
59. Death with Dignity Act, 1995, Or. Law ach.3 (initiative measure no 16) (codified at Or. Rev. Stat. chs. 127.800-.995, 1995).
60. Urzua J. Modern medicine and the rejection of death. Anaesth Intens Care 1991;19:400-20.
61. McCue JD. The naturalness of dying. JAMA 1995;273:1039-43.
62. Schneiderman LJ, Faber-Langendoen K, Jecker NS. Beyond futility to an ethic of care. Am J Med 1994;96:110-14.
63. Block SD. Psychological considerations, growth, and transcendence at the end of life. JAMA 2001;285:2898-905.
64. Hallenbeck J, Goldstein K, Mebane EW. Cultural considerations of death and dying in the United States. Clin Geriatr Med 1996;12:393-406.
65. Potter J, Hami F, Bryan T, et al. Symptoms in 400 patients referred to palliative care services: prevalence and patterns. Palliat Med 2003;17:310-14.
66. Reynolds K, Henderson M, Schulman A, et al. Needs of the dying in nursing homes. J Palliat Med 2002;5:895-901.
67. Pantilat SZ. End-of-life care for the hospitalized patient. Med Clin North Am 2002;86:749-70.
68. Fallowfield LF, Jenkins VA, Beveridge HA. Truth may hurt but deceit hurts more: communication in palliative care. Palliat Med 2002;16:297-303.
69. Marco CA. Ethical issues of resuscitation. Emerg Med Clin N Am 1999;17:527-38.
70. LeBrocq P, Charles A, Chan T, et al. Establishing a bereavement program: caring for bereaved families and staff in the emergency department. Accid Emerg Nurs 2003;11:85-90.
71. Rabow MW, Hauser JM, Adams J. Supporting family caregivers at the end of life. JAMA 2004;291:483-91.
72. Olsen JC, Buenefe ML, Falco WD. Death in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1998;31:758-65.