Preterm premature rupture of membranes: Perspectives surrounding controversies in management

American Journal of Perinatology

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 287-297

  Aagaard Tillery, Kjersti M ^b   Nuthalapaty, Francis S ^c   Ramsey, Patrick S ^c   Kamin, Kirk D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^c Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Pregnancy; Prematurity; Preterm premature rupture of membranes

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; BETAMETHASONE; CEFAZOLIN; COLLAGEN; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; ERYTHROMYCIN; ERYTHROMYCIN ETHYLSUCCINATE; INTERLEUKIN 1; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; PENICILLIN G; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; PLACEBO; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RITODRINE; SURFACTANT; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE; UTERUS SPASMOLYTIC AGENT; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; APGAR SCORE; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CHORIOAMNIONITIS; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DELIVERY; FEMALE; FEMALE GENITAL TRACT INFECTION; FETUS LUNG MATURITY; HUMAN; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; LUNG DYSPLASIA; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NEWBORN MORBIDITY; NEWBORN SEPSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREMATURE FETUS MEMBRANE RUPTURE; PREMATURE LABOR; PRENATAL CARE; PREVALENCE; PREVOTELLA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; REVIEW; STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE; TOCOLYSIS;

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DELIVERY, OBSTETRIC; FEMALE; FETAL MEMBRANES, PREMATURE RUPTURE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; PERINATOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; TOCOLYSIS;

EID: 24644520500     PISSN: 07351631     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-870659     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Mercer BM. Preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:178-193
2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Practice Bulletin. Premature Rupture of Membranes. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; June 1998: No. 1
3. Garite TJ. Management of premature rupture of membranes. Clin Perinatol 2001;28:837-844
4. Parry S, Strauss JF. Mechanisms of disease: premature rupture of the fetal membranes. N Engl J Med 1998;338:663-670
5. Meis PJ, Ernest JM, Moore ML. Causes of low birth weight births in public and private patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:1165-1168
6. Goldenberg RL. The management of preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:1020-1037
7. Garite TJ. Premature rupture of the membranes: the enigma of the obstetrician. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;151:1001-1005
8. Graham RL, Gilstrap LC III, Hauth JC, et al. Conservative management of patients with premature rupture of fetal membranes. Obstet Gynecol 1982;59:607-611
9. Capeless EL, Mead PB. Management of preterm premature rupture of membranes: lack of a national consensus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:11-12
10. Cox SM, Williams ML, Leveno KJ. The natural history of preterm ruptured membranes: what to expect of expectant management. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:558-562
11. Schmidt W. The amniotic fluid compartment: the fetal habitat. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 1992;127:1-100
12. Arias F, Gonzalez-Ruiz AR, Jacobson RL. Recent advances in the pathophysiology and management of preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1999;11:141-147
13. Casey ML, MacDonald PC. Interstitial collagen synthesis and processing in human amnion: a property of the mesenchymal cell. Biol Reprod 1996;55:1253-1256
14. Malak TM, Ockleford CD, Bell SC, et al. Confocal immunofluorescence localization of collagen types I, III, IV, V and VI and their ultrastructural organization in term human fetal membranes. Placenta 1993;14:385-406
15. Casey ML, McDonald PC. Interstitial collagen synthesis and processing in human amnion: a property of the mesenchymal cells. Biol Reprod 1996;55:1253-1260
16. Fortunate SJ, Menon R. Screening of novel matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human fetal membranes. J Assist Reprod Genet 2002;19:483-486
17. Ferrand PE, Parry S, Sammel M, et al. A polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-9 promoter is associated with increased risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes in African Americans. Mol Hum Reprod 2002;8:494-501
18. Fujimoto T, Parry S, Urbanek M, et al. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) promoter influences amnion cell MMP-1 expression and risk for preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes. J Biol Chem 2002;277:6296-6302
19. Woods JR Jr, Plessinger M, Miller RK. Vitamins C and E: missing links in preventing preterm premature rupture of membranes? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:5-10
20. McGregor JA, Lawellin D, Franco-Buff A, Todd JK, Makowski EL. Protease production by microorganisms associated with reproductive tract infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;154:109-114
21. Hillier SL, Martius J, Krohn MA, Kiviat N, Holmes KK, Eschenbach DA. A case-controlled study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med 1988;319:972-978
22. Glasson JH, Woods WH. Immunoglobulin proteases in bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. Aust J Med Lab Sci 1988;9:63-65
23. McGregor JA, French JI, Jones W, et al. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:1048-1060
24. Katsura M, Ito A, Hirakawa S, Mori Y. Human recombinant interleukin 1 (alpha) increases biosynthesis of collagenase and hyaluronic acid in cultured human chorionic cells. FEBS Lett 1989;244:315-318
25. So T, Ito A, Sato T, Mori Y, Hirakawa S. Tumor necrosis factor-(alpha) stimulates the biosynthesis of matrix metalloproteinases and plasminogen activator in cultured human chorionic cells. Biol Reprod 1992;46:772-778
26. Tjugum J, Norstrom A. The influence of prostaglandin E2 and oxytocin on the incorporation of [3H]proline and [3H]glucosamine in the human amnion. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1985;19:137-143
27. DiBattista JA, Pelltier JP, Zafarullah M, Fujimoto N, Obata K, Martel-Pelletier J. Coordinate regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase expression in human synovial fibroblasts. J Rheumatol Suppl 1995; 43:123-128
28. Guller S, Kong L, Wozniak R, Lockwood CJ. Reduction of extracellular matrix protein expression in human amnion epithelial cells by glucocorticoids: a potential role in pretetm rupture of the fetal membranes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2244-2250
29. McLaren J, Taylor DJ, Bell SC. Increased incidence of apoptosis in non-labor affected cytotrophoblast cells in term fetal membranes overlying the cervix: implications for preterm birth. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2895-2900
30. Allen S. Tocolytic therapy in preterm PROM. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1998;41:842-848
31. Johnson JW, Daikoku NH, Niebyl JR, et al. Premature rupture of membranes and prolonged latency. Obstet Gynecol 1981;57:547-556
32. Lewis DF, Major CA, Towers CV, Asrat T, Harding JA, Garite TJ. Effects of digital vaginal examinations on latency period in preterm premature rupture of membranes. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:630-634
33. Alexander JM, Mercer BM, Miodovnik M, et al. The impact of digital cervical examination on expectantly managed preterm rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183:1003-1007
34. Fanaroff AA, Wright LL, Stevenson DK, et al. Very-low-birth-weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, May 1991-1992. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173: 1423-1431
35. McGregor JA, French JI, Seo K. Antimicrobial therapy in preterm premature rupture of membranes: results of a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:632-640
36. Mercer BM, Arhheart KL. Antimicrobial therapy in expectant management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Lancet 1995;346:1271-1279
37. Mercer BM, Miodovnik M, Thurnau GR, et al. Antibiotic therapy for reduction of infant morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes. JAMA 1997;278:989-995
38. Kenyon SL, Taylor DJ, Tarnow-Mordi W, et al. Broad-spectrum antibiotics for preterm, prelabour rupture of fetal membranes: the ORACLE I randomized trial. Lancet 2001; 357:979-988
39. Leveno KJ, Cox K, Roark ML. Cervical dilatation and prematurity revisited. Obstet Gynecol 1986;68:434-435
40. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel. Effect of corticosteroids for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes. NIH publication No. 95-3784. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; November 1994
41. Garite TJ, Keegan KA, Freeman RK, Nageotte MP. A randomized trial of ritodrine tocolysis versus expectant management in patients with premature rupture of membranes at 25 to 30 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:388-393
42. Weiner CP, Renk K, Klugman M. The therapeutic efficacy and cost effectiveness of aggressive tocolysis for premature labor associated with premature rupture of the membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:216-222
43. Mercer BM, Crocker LG, Boe NM, Sibai BM. Induction versus expectant management in premature rupture of the membranes with mature amniotic fluid at 32 to 36 weeks: a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:775-782
44. Sox SM, Leveno KJ. Intentional delivery versus expectant management with preterm ruptured membranes at 30-34 weeks gestation. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:875-879
45. Naef RW, Albert JR, Ross EL, Weber BM, Martin RW, Morrison JC. Premature rupture of membranes at 34 to 37 weeks gestation: aggressive versus conservative management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:126-130
46. Mercer BM, Goldenberg RL, Moawad AH, et al. The Preterm Prediction Study: effect of gestational age and cause of preterm birth on subsequent obstetric outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1216-1221
47. Ramsey PS, Nuthalapaty FS, Lu G, Ramin S, Nuthalapaty ES, Ramin KD. Contemporary management of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM): a survey of maternal-fetal medicine providers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1497-1502
48. Nuthalapaty FS, Ramsey PS, Lu G, Ramin SM, Nuthalapaty ES, Ramin KD. Contemporary management of PPROM: does practice setting make a difference? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;198:S176
49. Yoon BH, Jun JK, Romero R, et al. Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6, interleukin 1B, and tumor necrosis factorα), neonatal brain white matter lesions, and cerebral palsy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:19-26
50. Yoon BH, Romero R, Park JS, Kim CJ, Choi JH, Han TR. Fetal exposure to an intra-amniotic inflammation and the development of cerebral palsy at the age of three years. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:675-681
51. Vigneswaran R. Infection and preterm birth: evidence of a common causal relationship with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cerebral palsy. J Paediatr Child Health 2000;36:293-296
52. Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Antecedents of cerebral palsy: multivariate analysis of risk. N Engl J Med 1986;315:81-86
53. Gaudet LM, Smith GN. Cerebral palsy and chorioamnionitis: the inflammatory cytokine link. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2001;56:433-436
54. Wu YW, Colford JM Jr. Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2000;284:1417-1424
55. Crowley P. Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD000065
56. Crowley PA. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized trials, 1972 to 1994. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:322-335
57. Morales WJ, Diebel D, Lazar AJ, Zadrozny D. The effect of antenatal dexamethasone administration on the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm gestations with premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154:591-595
58. Effect of corticosteroids for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes. NIH Consens Statement 1994;12:1-24
59. Gardner MO, Papile LA, Wright LL. Antenatal corticosteroids in pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90:851-853
60. Imseis HM, Iams JD. Glucocorticoid use in patients with preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes. Semin Perinatol 1996;20:439-450
61. Vermillion ST, Soper DE, Bland ML, Newman RB. Effectiveness of antenatal corticosteroid administration after preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:925-929
62. Pattinson RC, Makin JD, Funk M, et al. The use of dexamethasone in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Dexiprom Study Group. S Afr Med J 1999; 89:865-870
63. Harding JE, Pang J-M, Knight DB, Liggins GC. Do antenatal corticosteroids help in the setting of preterm rupture of membranes? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:131-139
64. Liggins GC, Howie RN. A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants. Pediatrics 1972;50: 515-525
65. Banks BA, Cnaan A, Morgan MA, et al. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids and outcome of premature neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:709-717
66. Thorp JA, Jone AM, Hunt C, Clark R. The effect of multidose antenatal betamethasone on maternal and infant outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:196-202
67. Lee M-J, Davies J, Guinn D, et al. Single versus weekly courses of antenatal corticosteroids in preterm premature rupture of membranes. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:274-281
68. Simchen MJ, Alkazaleh F, Adamson SL, et al. The fetal cardiovascular response to antenatal steroids in severe earlyonset intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:296-304
69. Christensen KK, Ingemarsson I, Leideman T, Solum T, Svenningsen N. Effect of ritodrine on labor after premature rupture of the membranes. Obstet Gynecol 1980;55:187-190
70. Levy DL, Warsof SL. Oral ritodrine and preterm premature rupture of membranes. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:621-623
71. Wapner for the NICHD MFMU Network. A randomized trial of single vs weekly courses of corticosteroids. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:S56
72. Guinn DA, Atkinson MW, Sullivan L, et al. Single vs weekly courses of antenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm delivery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 286:1581-1587
73. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Statement. Antenatal corticosteroids revisited: repeat courses. NIH Consens Statement 2000;17:1-18
74. Matsuda Y, Ikenoue T, Hokanishi H. Premature rupture of the membranes-aggressive versus conservative approach: effect of tocolytic and antibiotic therapy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1993;36:102-107
75. Mercer B, Moretti M, Rogers R, Sibai B. Antibiotic prophylaxis in preterm premature rupture of membranes: prospective randomized double-blind trial of 220 patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:794-802
76. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin number 47, October 2003: Prophylactic antibiotics in labor and delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102:875-882
77. Andrews WW, Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC. Preterm labor: emerging role of genital tract infections. Infect Agents Dis 1995;4:196-211
78. Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC, Andrews WW. Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery. N Engl J Med 2000;342: 1500-1507
79. Yoon BH, Romero R, Yang SH, et al. Interleukin-6 concentrations in umbilical cord plasma are elevated in neonates with white matter lesions associated with periventricular leukomalacia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1433-1440
80. Jobe AH, Ikegami M. Mechanisms initiating lung injury in the preterm. Early Hum Dev 1998;53:81-94
81. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion number 279, December 2002: prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal disease in newborns. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:1405-1412
82. Schrag S, Gorwitz R, Fultz-Butts K, Schuchat A. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: revised guidelines from CDC. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002;51:1-22
83. Matteson JJ, Ramsey PS, Brumfield CG, Carlo W. Preterm premature rupture of membranes: is there an optimal delivery gestational age? Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:74S-75S