Diagnostic approach to recurrent bacterial meningitis in children

Chang Gung Medical Journal

Volumn 28, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 441-452

  Wang, Huei Shyong ^a   Kuo, Meng Fai ^b   Huang, Song Chei ^a  

^a CHANG GUNG CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Bacterial meningitis; Basal encephalocele; Cerebrospinal fluid leakage; Immunodeficiency; Recurrent meningitis; Salmonella meningitis

Indexed keywords

COTRIMOXAZOLE; PENICILLIN G;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ASPLENIA; BACTERIAL MENINGITIS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA; CYST; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DURA MATER; ENCEPHALOCELE; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; LIQUORRHEA; MENTAL STRESS; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; OTORRHEA; RECURRENT INFECTION; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD LESION;

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA; CHILD; ENCEPHALOCELE; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MENINGITIS, BACTERIAL; RECURRENCE; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 24644469948     PISSN: 02558270     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Kline MW. Review of recurrent bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8:630-4.
2. Durand ML, Calderwood SB, Weber DJ, Miller SI, Southwick FS, Caviness VS, Swartz MN. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults - A review of 493 episodes. N Engl J Med 1993;328:21-8.
3. Fartnum RE, Davis AC. Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:763-7.
4. Wang HS, Huang SC. Neonatal bacterial meningitis. Clin Med (VGH, Taiwan) 1988;21:493-6.
5. Westmore GA, Whittam DE. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and its management. Br J Surg 1982;69:489-92.
6. Drummond DS, de Jong AL, Giannoni C, Sulek M, Friedman EM. Recurrent meningitis in the pediatric patients - the Otolaryngologist's role. Intl J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999;48:199-208.
7. Lieb G, Krauss J, Collman H, Schrod L, Sorensen N. Recurrent bacterial meningitis. Eur J Pediatr 1996;155:26-30.
8. Bell BE. Bacterial meningitis in children. Pediatr Neurol 1992;39:651-68.
9. Schaad UB, Nelson JD, McCracken GH Jr. Recrudescence and relapse in bacterial meningitis of childhood. Pediatrics 1981;67:188-95.
10. Wang HS, Huang SC. Salmonella meningitis. Chang Gung Med J 1982;5:3-8.
11. River Y, Averbuch-Heller L, Weinberger M, Meiner Z, Mevorach D, Schlesinger I, Argov Z. Antibiotic induced meningitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:705-8.
12. Haas EJ. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: another cause of recurrent meningitis. JAMA 1984;252:346.
13. Samii M, Draf W. Surgery of the Skull Base: An Interdisciplinary Approach. New York, NY: Springer Verlag; 1989.
14. Crossley KB, Spink WW. Recurrent meningitis: meningeal defect found after 12th attack. JAMA. 1971;215:331.
15. Schick B, Draf W, Kahle G, Weber R, Wallenfang T. Occult malformations of the skull base. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;123:77-80.
16. Okada J, Tsuda T, Takasugi S, Nishida K, Toth Z, Matsumoto K. Unusually late onset of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea after head trauma. Surg Neurol 1991;35:213-7.
17. Herther C, Schindler R. Mondini's dysplasia with recurrent meningitis. Laryngoscope 1985;95:655-8.
18. Wen HY, Chou ML, Lin KL, Kao PF, Chen JF. Recurrence of pneumococcal meningitis due to primary spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid fistulas. Chang Gung Med J 2001;24:724-8.
19. Pfeifer G. Die Entwicklungsstorungen des Gesichtsschadels als Klassifikationsproblem. Dtsch Mund Kieferheilkd 1967;48:22-40.
20. Tessier P. Anatomical classification of facial, craniofacial and latero-facial clefts. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1976;4:69-92.
21. Otto HD. Teratogenetische und klinische Aspekte bei Missbildungen des Kopfund Halsbereiches. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1994;suppl 1:15-100.
22. Orkin M, Fisher J. Heterotopic brain tissue (heterotopic neural rest): case report with review of related anomalies. Arch Dermatol 1966;94:699-708.
23. Huang SC, Wang HS. Transethmoidal encephalocele presenting as bacterial meningitis in two children. Chang Gung Med J 1985;8:189-93.
24. Nager GT. Cephaloceles. Laryngoscope 1987;97:77-84.
25. Suwanwela C. Geographical distribution of frontoethmoidal encephalomeningocele. Br J Prev Soc Med 1972;26:193-8.
26. Suwanwela C, Suwanwela N. A morphological classification of sincipital encephalomeningoceles. J Neurosurg 1972;36:202-11.
27. Kuo MF, Wang HS, Chen MT. A sincipital encephalocele mismanaged as a facial hemangioma. Periatr Neurol 2002;26:408-10.
28. Haugenauer JP, Gaillard J, Romanet P, DuBreuil C, Pignal JL. Les fistules spontanees de LCR en oto-rhino-laryngologie. J Fr Otorhinolaryngol 1979;28:419-28.
29. Quiney RE, Mitchell DB, Djazeri B, Evans JNG. Recurrent meningitis in children due to inner ear abnormalities. J Laryngol Otol 1989;103:473-9.
30. Claros P, Guirado C, Claros A, Claros A Jr, Claveria A, Wienberg P. Association of spontaneous anterior fossa CSF rhinorrhea and congenital perilymphatic fistula in a patient with recurrent meningitis. J Pediatr Otolaryngol 1993;27:65-71.
31. Schick B, Prescher A, Hofmann E, Steigerwald C, Draf W. Two occult skull base malformations causing recurrent meningitis in a child: a case report. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2003 (May) published online.
32. Mulcahy MM, McMenomey SO, Talbot JM, Delashaw JB Jr. Congenital encephalocele of the medial skull base. Laryngoscope 1997;107:910-4.
33. Byrne JV, Britten JA, Kaar G. Chronic post-traumatic erosion of the skull base. Neuroradiology 1992;34:528-31.
34. Hao SP, Wang HS. Transnasal endoscopic management of basal encephalocele - craniotomy is no more manditory. Am J Otolaryngol 1995;16:196-9.
35. Weprin BE, Oakes WJ. Coccygeal Pits. Pediatrics 2000;105:e69.
36. Pierre-Kahn A, Lacombe J, Pichon J. Intraspinal lipomas with spina bifida: prognosis and treatment in 73 cases. J Neurosurg 1986;65:756-61.
37. Bruce DA, Schut L. Spinal lipomas in infancy and childhood. Childs Brain 1979;5:192-203.
38. Chapman PH. Congenital intraspinal lipomas: anatomic considerations and surgical treatment. Childs Brain 1982;9:37-47.
39. Lapras CL, Patet JD, Huppert J. The tethered cord syndrome: experience of 58 cases. J Pediatr Neurosci 1985;1:39-50.
40. Huffman HJ, Taecholara C, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP. Management of lipomyelomeningoceles: experience at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. J Neurosurg 1985;62:1-8.
41. Hendrick EB. On diastematomyelia. Prog Neurol Surg 1974;4:277-88.
42. Hendrick EB, Huffman HJ, Humphreys RP. The tethered spinal cord. Clin Neurosurg 1982;30:457-63.
43. Guthkelch AN. Diastematomyelia with median septum. Brain 1974;97:729-42.
44. McLone DG, Dias MS. Normal and abnormal early development of the nervous system. In: Cheek WR, Marlin AE, McLone DG, eds. Pediatric Neurosurgery: Surgery of the Developing Nervous System. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1994:1-39.
45. Barkovich AJ, Edwards MSB, Cogen PH. MR evaluation of spinal dermal tracts in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990;12:123-9.
46. Powell KR, Cherry JD, Hougen TJ, Blinderman EE, Dunn MC. A prospective search for congenital dermal abnormalities of the craniospinal axis. J Pediatr 1975;87:744-50.
47. Chamberlain JW, Vawter GF. The congenital origin of pilonidal sinus. J Pediatr Surg 1974;9:441-4.
48. Wang HS. Recent advance of pediatric neurosonology. Acta Pediatr Taiwan 1995;36:Suppl(B)1-8.
49. Chen CY, Lin KL, Wang HS, Lui TN. Dermoid cyst with dermal sinus tract complicated with spinal subdural abscess. Pediatr Neurol 1999;20:157-60.
50. [erratum appears in Pediatr Neurol 1999;21:511]
51. Lin KL, Wang HS, Chou ML, Lui TN. Sonography for detection of spinal dermal sinus tracts. J Ultrasound in Med 2002;21:903-7.
52. Gumerlock MK, Spollen LE, Nelson MJ, Bishop RC, Cooperstock MS. Cervical neurenteric fistula causing recurrent meningitis in Klippel-Feil sequence: case report and literature review. Pediatr Inf Dis J 1991;10:532-5.
53. Agnoli AL, Laun A, Schonmayr R. Enterogenous intraspinal cyst. J Neurosurg 1984;61:834-40.
54. Lee SH, Dante SJ, Simeone FA, Curtis MT. Thoracic neurenteric cyst in an adult: case report. Neurosurgery 1999;45:1239-43.
55. LeDoux MS, Faye-Petersen OM, Aronin PA, Vaid YN, Pitts RM. Lumbosacral neurenteric cyst in an infant. J Neurosurg 1993;78:821-5.
56. Hoffman HJ, Epstein F. Disorders of the Developing Nervous System. Diagnosis and Treatment. Boston, MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1986.
57. Rivierez M, Duclos H, Piekarski JD, Foncin JF, Cornu P, Elghozi D, Ducerceau MN. Intramedullary neurenteric cyst without an associated malformation. Neurochirurgie 1989;35:191-5.
58. Keyaki A, Hirano A, Llena JF. Differential diagnosis and origin of epithelial cyst in the central nervous system. Report of seven cases and review of the literature. Brain Nerve 1989;41:411-8.
59. Wilkins RH, Odom GL. Spinal intradural cyst tumours of the spine and spinal cord. II. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds) Handbook of Neurology, vol 20. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1976:55-102.
60. Odake G, Yamaki T, Naruse S. Neurenteric cyst with meningomyeloceoele - case report. J Neurosurg 1976;45:352.
61. Wilkins RH, Rossitch E Jr. Intraspinal cysts. In: Pang D, ed. Disorders of the Pediatric Spine. New York: Raven Press, 1995:445-66.
62. Kim CY, Wang KC, Choe G, Kim HJ, Juny HW, Kim IO, Chi JG, Cho BK. Neurenteric cyst: its various presentations. Child's Nerv Syst 1999;15:333-41.
63. Nathan MT. Cyst and duplications of neurenteric origin. Pediatrics 1959;23:476-84.
64. Holmes GL, Trader S, Ignatiadis P. Intraspinal enterogenous cysts. A case report and review of pediatric cases in the literature. Am J Dis Child 1978;132:906-8.
65. Overturf GD. Indications for the immunological evaluation of patients with meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:189-94.
66. Sills RH. Splenic function: physiology and splenic hypofunction. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1987;7:1-36.
67. Zoppi M, Weiss M, Nydegger UE, Hess T, Spath PJ. Recurrent meningitis in a patient with congenital deficiency of the C9 component of complement. First case of C9 deficiency in Europe. Arch Int Med 1990;150:2395-9.
68. Maitra S, Ghosh SK. Recurrent pyogenic meningitis-a retrospective study. Quarterly J Med 1989;73:919-29.
69. Wang HS. Recurrent bacterial meningitis. Eur J Pediatr 1997;156:155.
70. Synnott MB, Morse DL, Hall SM. Neonatal meningitis in England and Wales: a review of routine national data. Arch Dis Child 1994;71:F75-80.
71. Unhanand M, Mustafa MM, McCracken GH Jr, Nelson JD. Gram-negative enteric bacilliary meningitis: a twenty-one year experience. J Pediatr 1993;122:15-21.
72. Kinsella TR, Yogev R, Shulman ST, Gilmore R, Chadwick EG. Treatment of salmonella meningitis and brain abscess with the new cephalosporins: two case reports and a review of the literature. Pediatr Inf Dis J 1987;6:467-80.
73. Low LC, Lam BC, Wong WT, Chan-Lui WY, Yeung CY. Salmonella meningitis in infancy. Australian Paediatr J 1984;20:225-8.
74. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Salmonella infections. In: Peter G, ed. Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 25th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000:503.
75. Lecour H, Seara A, Cordeiro J, Miranda M. Treatment of childhood bacterial meningitis. Infection 1989;17:343-6.
76. Bhutta ZA. Quinolone-resistant Salmonella paratyphi B meningitis in a newborn: a case report. J Infection 1997;35:308-10.
77. Price EH, de Louvois J, Workman MR. Antibiotics for Salmonella meningitis in children. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;46:653-5.
78. Huang LT, Ko SF, Lui CC. Salmonella meningitis: clinical experience of third-generation cephalosporins. Acta Paediatr 1997;86:1056-8.
79. Hand WL, Sanford JP. Posttraumatic bacterial meningitis. Ann Intern Med 1970;72:869-874.
80. Fartman HM. Hearing impairment after bacterial meningitis. Arch Dis Child 1993;67:1128-33.
81. Barcz DV, Wood RP II, Stears J, Jafek BW, Shields M. Subarachnoid space: Middle ear pathways and recurrent meningitis. Am J Otol 1985;6:157-63.
82. Skedros DG, Cass SP, Hirsch BE, Kelly RH. Beta-2 transferrin assay in clinical management of cerebral spinal fluid and perilymphatic fluid leaks, J Otolaryngol 1993;22:341-4.
83. Petereit HF, Bachmann G, Nekic M, Althaus H, Pukrop R. A new nephelometric assay for β-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) as an indicator of liquorrhoea. J Neurol Neurolosurg Psychiatry 2001;71:347-51.
84. Steele RW, McConnell JR, Jacobs RF, Mawk JR. Recurrent bacterial meningitis: coronal thin-section cranial computed tomography to delineate anatomic defects. Pediatrics 1985;76:950-3.
85. Lloyd MN, Kimber PM, Burrows EH. Post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea: modern high-definition computed tomography is all that is required for the effective demonstration of the site of leakage. Clin Radiol 1994;49:100-3.
86. Colquhoun IR. CT cisterography in the investigation of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Clin Radiol 1993;47:403-8.
87. Stern RH, Zanzi I, Roland S, Rosenthal A, Perlman P, Margouleff D. Scintigraphic cerebral spinal fluid leak study in a child with recurrent meningitis after resection of a frontal meningocele. Clin Nuclear Med 1995;20:136-9.
88. Johnson DB, Brennan P, Toland J, O'Dwyer AJ. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid fistulae. Clin Radiol 1996;51:837-41.
89. Eljamel MS, Pidgeon CN, Toland J, Phillips JB, O'Dwyer AJ. MRI cisternography and the localization of CSF fistulae. Br J Neurosurg 1994;8:433-7.
90. Moseley JI, Carton CA, Stern WE. Spectrum of complications in the use of intrathecal fluorescein. J Neurosurg 1978;48:765-7.
91. Parisier SC, Birken EA. Recurrent meningitis secondary to idiopathic oval window CSF leak. Laryngoscope 1976;86:1503-15.