Race and tourism in America's first city

Journal of Urban History

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 850-871

  Grant, Elizabeth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

African American tourism; Philadelphia; Race; Tourism; Urban tourism

Indexed keywords

ETHNOPOLITICS; MULTICULTURALISM; RACE; TOURISM; URBAN DEVELOPMENT;

NORTH AMERICA; PENNSYLVANIA; PHILADELPHIA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 24644465091     PISSN: 00961442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0096144205278170     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. On tourism in Philadelphia, see Carolyn Adams, David Bartlet, David Elesh, and Ira Goldstein, Philadelphia: Neighborhoods, Division, and Conflict in a Postindustrial City (Philadelphia, 1991);
2. Jerome I. Hodos, "Globalization, Regionalism, and Urban Restructuring: The Case of Philadelphia," Urban Affairs Review 37 (January 2002): 358-79;
3. Gary B. Nash, First City: Philadelphia and the Forging of Historical Memory (Philadelphia, 2002), 262-83;
4. Jon C. Teaford, The Rough Road to Renaissance: Urban Revitalization in America, 1940-1985 (Balitmore, 1990), 297-98;
5. Russell F. Weigley, ed., Philadelphia: A 300-year History (New York, 1982), 459-70;
6. and Philip Stevick, Philadelphia: Travellers'Views of the City from 1800 to the Present (Philadelphia, 1996), 47-48, 53, 83-84.
7. On urban tourism, see G. J. Ashworth and J. E. Turnbridge, The Tourist-Historic City (London, 1990), 51-70;
8. Christopher M. Law, Urban Tourism: Attracting Visitors to Large Cities (London, 1993);
9. and Stephen Page, Urban Tourism (London, 1995).
10. David Harvey, "From Managerial Capitalism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism," Geografiska Annaler. Series B. Human Geography 71 (1989): 3-17;
11. see also David Harvey, The Urban Condition (Oxford, 1989);
12. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford, 1990);
13. Harvey, "Between Space and Time: Reflections on the Geographical Imagination," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 80 (September 1990): 418-34.
14. William Wyckoff's survey of postindustrial Butte provides a solid case study of Harvey's work on entrepreneurial urban politics. See William Wyckoff, "Postindustrial Butte," Geographical Review 85 (October 1995): 478-96.
15. On the symbolic economy, see Sharon Zukin, The Cultures of Cities (Oxford, 1995),8,41-42;
16. Zukin, "Space and Symbols in an Age of Decline," in Re-presenting the City: Ethnicity, Capital and Culture in the 21st Century Metropolis (London, 1996),43-59;
17. and see also Zukin, Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World (Berkeley, 1991).
18. Zukin, Landscapes of Power, 180-86.
19. Ibid., 186.
20. Nash, First City, 1, 1-13.
21. Leonard W. Bossberg, "Welcome America! City Celebrates Its New Center and Itself," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 20, 1993, 14A;
22. and Solomon E. Jones, "The Red Carpet Welcome: Philadelphia Makes a Play for African American Tourists-with History," Philadelphia Inquirer Sunday Magazine, January 31, 1999.
23. Greater Philadelphia Marketing Corporation, Philadelphia: The Place that Loves You Back (Philadelphia, 2001).
24. Teaford, The Rough Road to Renaissance, 151.
25. According to Ashworth and Turnbridge's study of tourism in historic cities, "Heritage tourism makes use of a particularly wide range of facilities, which themselves serve a wide variety of different types of users." Ashworth and Turnbridge, The Tourist-Historic City, 58.
26. Adams et al., Philadelphia, 111-13;
27. Arthur Howe, "Mall Developer Sees Center City Shopping Paradise," Philadelphia Inquirer, November 19, 1982, 16D;
28. Vanessa Williams, "Rouse Sets Sights on Cost Issues, Center'S Budget Promised Soon," Philadelphia Inquirer, October 27, 1987, 1B;
29. George Anastasia, "Rouse Plan Approved by Council, Penn's Landing Effort to Proceed," Philadelphia Inquirer, December 20, 1987, 1E;
30. and Thomas Hine, "The Plan Reflects Its Robust Time," Philadelphia Inquirer, May 19, 1988, 1A.
31. John F. Bauman, "W. Wilson Goode: The Black Mayor as Urban Entrepreneur," Journal of Negro History 77 (Summer 1992): 141-58;
32. and Vernon Loeb, "Skyline Carries Stamp of Both Candidates," Philadelphia Inquirer, October 27, 1987, 1B.
33. Ashworth and Turnbridge, The Tourist-Historic City, 22-23.
34. M. Christine Boyer, The City of Collective Memory: Its Historical Imagery and Architectural Entertainments (Cambridge, MA, 1996).
35. Boyer, The City of Collective Memory, 4.
36. Ashworth and Turnbridge, The Tourist-Historic City, 255-85.
37. Kevin Archer, "The Limits to the Imagineered City: Sociospatial Polarization in Orlando," Economic Geography 73 (July 1997): 322-36, 322.
38. Harvey, The Urban Condition, 14, 16.
39. Tom Belden, "A Debate on Selling History to Visitors," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 14, 1993, 1E, 8E.
40. Mayor Ed Rendell quoted in Belden, "A Debate on Selling History."
41. Rasmi Simhan, "Philadelphia's Phlash Fleet Serves a Record Number of Riders," Philadelphia Inquirer, August 21, 2001, 3B.
42. Office of the City Controller, Philadelphia: A New Urban Direction (Philadelphia, 1999), 208.
43. Mike Davis, City of Quartz (New York, 1990).
44. Robert Beauregard, Voices of Decline (Cambridge, MA, 1993), 164-96.
45. Ibid., 189.
46. Zukin, The Cultures of Cities, 42.
47. Teaford, The Rough Road to Renaissance, 194-98.
48. Boyer, The City of Collective Memory, 65.
49. On African American tourism in Philadelphia, see Tom Belden, "The Rewards of Minority Tourism," Philadelphia Inquirer, February 7, 1991, B6, B13;
50. "All that Jazz," Editorial, Philadelphia Inquirer, February 14, 1993, F6;
51. Marjorie Valbrun, "Group Works to Lure Black Conventions to Philadelphia," Philadelphia Inquirer, December 6, 1993, B2;
52. Tom Belden, "U.S. Will Copy a City Campaign to Draw Tourists," Philadelphia Inquirer, May 24, 1995, C1, C2;
53. "Profitable Virtue: Courting a Diverse Tourist Base Pays Off for the City," Editorial, Philadelphia Inquirer, May 3, 1995, A10;
54. and Multicultural Affairs Congress, The Philadelphia Share the Heritage Visitors Guide (Philadelphia, 2000).
55. On the black experience in Philadelphia, see Charles Pete T. Banner-Haley, To Be Good and To Do Well: Middle-class Blacks and the Depression, Philadelphia, 1929-1941 (New York, 1993);
56. Charles L. Blockson, Philadelphia: 1635-2000 (Charleston, SC, 2000);
57. Bettye Collier-Thomas and V. P. Franklin, A Chronology of the Civil Rights Era in the US and in Philadelphia, 1954-1975 (Philadelphia, 1994);
58. Elizabeth Reuhl Bethel, The Roots of African American Identity: Memory and History in Free Antebellum Communities (London, 1997);
59. Murray Dubin, South Philadelphia: Mummers, Memories and the Melrose Diner (Philadelphia, 1996);
60. W. E. B. DuBois, The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study (1899; Philadelphia, 1996);
61. V. P. Franklin, The Education of Black Philadelphia: The Social and Educational History of a Minority Community, 1900-1950 (Philadelphia, 1979);
62. Charles A. Hardy, "Race and Opportunity: Black Philadelphia during the Era of the Great Migration, 1916-1930" (Ph.D. diss., Temple University, Philadelphia, 1989);
63. Theodore Herschberg, "A Tale of Three Cities," in Philadelphia: Work, Space, Family and Group Experience in the Nineteenth Century, ed. T. Herschberg (New York, 1981);
64. Carl Ellis Johnson, "Black Philadelphia in Transition: The African-American Struggle on the Homefront during World War II and the Cold War Period, 1941-1963" (Ph.D. diss., Temple University, Philadelphia, 2001);
65. Roger Lane, Roots of Violence in Black Philadelphia, 1860-1900 (Cambridge, MA, 1986);
66. Roger Lane, William Dorsey's Philadelphia and Ours: On the Past and Future of the Black City in America (New York, 1991);
67. Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community (Cambridge, MA, 1988);
68. and Sam Bass Warner Jr., The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of Its Growth (Philadelphia, 1968).
69. Douglass quoted in Dubin, South Philadelphia, 61.
70. I am grateful to Ken Kusmer's model of African American urban history. Kenneth L. Kusmer, "The Black Urban Experience in American History," in The State of Afro-American History: Past, Present, and Future, ed. Darlene Clark Hine (Baton Rouge, LA, 1986), 121.
71. Jones, "Red Carpet Welcome."
72. Philadelphia Convention and Visitors Bureau, Multicultural Affairs Congress, http://www.pcvb.org/ab_pcvb/mac.asp (accessed May 30, 2005).
73. Multicultural Affairs Congress, Philadelphia Share;
74. Multicultural Affairs Congress, Sojourner: An African American Guide to Philadelphia 5, no. 15 (October 2000);
75. Flanzie Thomas, "'Odunde' Fosters 'Unity,'" Philadelphia Tribune, July 13, 1982, 11;
76. "Celebration of Life Festival, A Decade of Dedication", Philadelphia Tribune, July 4, 1989, 6C;
77. Associated Press, "Thousands Gather for Black Family Reunion," Philadelphia Tribune, July 18, 1989, 1A, 5B;
78. "Should Odunde be Moved?" Tribpoll, Philadelphia Tribune, June 22, 1993, 3A;
79. "Unity Day: The Participants, the Events," Philadelphia Tribune, August 15, 1997, 4F;
80. and Marcia Gelbart, "Many Are Making Philadelphia Part of the Family Reunion," Philadelphia Inquirer, July 29, 2001, 1C, 5C.
81. Jones, "Red Carpet Welcome."
82. Philadelphia's Guide: African American State Historical Markers (Philadelphia, 1992).
83. Bauman, "W. Wilson Goode," 141-58.
84. Ewart Rouse, "In Search of Black Merchants for a Mall," Philadelphia Inquirer, November 24, 1981, B9;
85. and Thomas Hine, "A Street of Dreams for Philadelphia: It's Market Street East, a Hopeful Vision," Philadelphia Inquirer, February 21, 1981, B1, B4.
86. See Ashworth and Turnbridge, The Tourist-Historic City, 255-85.
87. Avenue of the Arts, "About AAI," http:// www.avenueofthearts.org/about.htm.
88. Stephan Salisbury, "Avenue of the Arts: A $60.6 Million Step," Philadelphia Inquirer, December 2, 1992, 1A, 16A;
89. and Stephan Salisbury, "A Future in the Arts Is Rising on North Broad," Philadelphia Inquirer, May 31, 1995, 1A, 8A.
90. Salisbury, "Avenue of the Arts."
91. Marcia C. Smith, "An Invitation: Visit North Philadelphia," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 19, 1993, 3B.
92. Richardson quoted in Salisbury, "Avenue of the Arts."
93. Evans quoted in Salisbury, "A Future in the Arts."
94. Salisbury, "A Future in the Arts.";
95. Rendell quoted in Buzz Bissinger, A Prayer for the City (New York, 1997), 202.
96. Edward Lawler Jr., "The President's House in Philadelphia: The Rediscovery of a Lost Landmark," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 126, no. 1 (January 2002): 5-95, 93.
97. Nash quoted in Stephan Salisbury and Inga Saffron, "Echoes of Slavery at Liberty Bell Site," Philadelphia Inquirer, March 24, 2002.
98. Stephan Salisbury, "Discussing Slavery at Liberty Bell Site," Philadelphia Inquirer, April 24, 2002;
99. Acel Moore, "As Liberty Bell Flap Continues, a Slave Memorial Is Suggested," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 2, 2002;
100. Stephan Salisbury, "Planner's Rethink Slavery, Liberty Project," Philadelphia Inquirer, December 25, 2002.
101. Blockson quoted in Stephan Salisbury, "Liberty Bell's Symbolism Rings Hollow for Some," Philadelphia Inquirer, May 26, 2002.
102. Hoehne quoted in Stephan Salisbury, "At Liberty Bell, Protesters Push for Excavation of Slave Quarters," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 11, 2002.
103. Stephen Salisbury, "Slavery Story to Be Part of Bell Site," Philadelphia Inquirer, August 11, 2002.
104. Stephen Salisbury, "Bus Depot Plan Will Pave Over History, Critics Say," Philadelphia Inquirer, September 29, 2002.
105. Stephen Salisbury, "Site of Ex-slave's Home to be Excavated," Philadelphia Inquirer, February 6, 2003;
106. and Stephen Salisbury, "For Park Service, a Struggle to Broaden Its View," Philadelphia Inquirer, April 6, 2003.
107. Linda K. Richter, "Gender and Race: Neglected Variables in Tourism Research," in Change in Tourism: People, Places, and Processes, ed. Richard Butler and Douglas Pearce (London, 1995), 71-90, 86.
108. Richter, "Gender and Race," 74-75.
109. Leath quoted in Salisbury, "For Park Service."
110. Erin Einhorn, "Job-Training Plan Breaks No Ground," Philadelphia Daily News, November 11, 1998, 3;
111. Stephen Salisbury, "New Avenue of the Arts Chief Is Appointed," Philadelphia Inquirer, November 29, 2000, 1B;
112. and Monica Yant Kinney, "Avenue of the Arts Model Sputters on North Broad," Philadelphia Inquirer, August 20, 2001, 1A.
113. Hodos, "Globalization, Regionalism, and Urban Restructuring," 358-79.
114. Cynthia Burton, "He's the Mayor of Neighborhoods," Philadelphia Inquirer, July 28, 2002, 1C, 3C.