Tomboyism or lesbianism? Beyond sex/gender/sexual conflation

Sex Roles

Volumn 53, Issue 1-2, 2005, Pages 119-131

  Carr, C Lynn ^a  

^a SETON HALL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Gender status; Lesbianism; Narratives; Sexual status; Tomboyism

Indexed keywords

EID: 24644438201     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-005-4286-5     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Brekhus, W. H. (1996). Social marking and the mental coloring of identity: Sexual identity construction and maintenance in the United States. Sociological Forum, 11, 497-522.
2. Brekhus, W. H. (2003). Peacocks, chameleons, centaurs: Gay suburbia and the grammar of social identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3. Brown, L. M. (1997). Performing femininities: Listening to White working-class girls in rural Maine. Journal of Social Issues, 53, 683-701.
4. Burn, S. M., O'Neil, K., & Nederend, S. (1996). Childhood tomboyism and adult androgyny. Sex Roles, 34, 419-428.
5. Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
6. Carr, C. L. (1998). Tomboy resistance and conformity: Agency in social psychological gender theory. Gender & Society, 12, 525-553.
7. Carr, C. L. (2002). Sex, gender, and sexuality: Women's practices, consciousness, and identifications. Dissertation Abstracts International, 63(10), 3742A (UMI No. 3066689).
8. Chauncey, G., Jr. (1989). Christian brotherhood or sexual perversion? Homosexual identities and the construction of sexual boundaries in the World War I era. In M. Duberman, M. Vicinus, & G. Chauncey, Jr. (Eds.), Hidden from history: Reclaiming the gay and lesbian past (pp. 294-317). New York: Meridian.
9. Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought; Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge.
10. Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person, and sexual politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
11. Duke, L. (2000). Black in a blonde world: Race and girls' interpretations of the feminine ideal in teen magazines. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 772, 367-392.
12. Dunne, M. P., Bailey, J. M., Kirk, K. M., & Martin, N. G. (2000). The subtlety of sex-atypicality. Archives of sexual behavior, 29, 549-565.
13. Faderman, L. (1991). Odd girls and twilight lovers: A history of lesbian life in twentieth-century America. New York: Penguin.
14. Fausto-Sterling, A. (1985). Myths of gender: Biological theories about women and men (2nd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
15. Gatta, M. L., & Roos, P. A. (2001, August). Rethinking occupational integration. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Annaheim, CA.
16. Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
17. Gilbert, D. (1998). The American class structure: In an age of growing inequality, New York: Wadsworth.
18. Gottschalk, L. (2003). From gender inversion to choice and back: Changing perceptions of the aetiology of lesbianism over three historical periods. Women's Studies International Forum, 233, 221-233.
19. Griffin, C. (2000). Absences that matter: Constructions of sexuality in studies of young women's friendships. Feminism and Psychology, 10, 227-245.
20. Hemmer, J. D., & Kleiber, D. (1981). Tomboys and sissies: Androgynous children? Sex Roles, 7, 1205-1212.
21. Herbert, M. S. (1998). Camouflage isn't only for combat: Gender, sexuality, and women in the military. New York: New York University Press.
22. Herdt, G., & Boxer, A. (1995). Bisexuality: Toward a comparative theory of identities and culture. In R. G. Parker & J. H. Gagnon (Eds.), Conceiving sexuality: Approaches to sex research in a postmodern world (pp. 69-84). New York: Routledge.
23. Hewitt, J. P. (1989). Dilemmas of the American self. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
24. Hochschild, A. (1989). The second shift. New York: Avon Books.
25. Hyde, J. S., Rosenberg, B. G., & Behrman, J. A. (1977). Tomboyism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 73-75.
26. Hyde, J. S., & Jaffee, S. R. (2000). Becoming a heterosexual adult: The experiences of young women. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 283-296.
27. Jones, S. L., & Lamke, L. (1985). The relationship between sex role orientation, self esteem, and sex-typed occupational choice of college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 9, 145-152.
28. Klein, F. (1993). The bisexual option. New York: Harrington Park Press.
29. Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. Lippa, R. A. (2002). Gender-related traits of heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 83-98.
31. Lorber, J. (1994). Paradoxes of gender. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
32. Lottes, I. L. (1993). Nontraditional gender roles and the sexual experiences of heterosexual college students. Sex Roles, 29, 645-669.
33. Lowe, M. R. (1998). Women of steel: Females body builders and the struggle for self-definition. New York: New York University Press.
34. Luhaorg, H., & Zivian, M. T. (1995). Gender role conflict: The interaction of gender, gender role, and occupation. Sex Roles, 33, 607-620.
35. Martin, C. L. (1995). Stereotypes about children with traditional and nontraditional gender roles. Sex Roles, 33, 727-751.
36. Mason-Schrock, D. (1996). Transsexuals' narrative construction of the "true self." Social Psychology Quarterly, 59, 176-192.
37. McConaghy, N., & Zamir, R. (1995). Sissiness, tomboyism, sex-role, sex identity and orientation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 278-283.
38. Peplau, L. A., & Garnets, L. D. (2000). A new paradigm for understanding women's sexuality and sexual orientation. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 329-350.
39. Pharr, S. (1988). Homophobia: A weapon of sexism. Little Rock, AR: Chardon Press.
40. Phelan, S. (1993). Becoming out: Lesbian identity and politics. Signs, 18, 765-790.
41. Phillips, G., & Over, R. (1995). Differences between heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women in recalled childhood experiences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 24, 1-20.
42. Plumb, P., & Cowan, G. (1984). A developmental study of destereotyping and androgynous activity preference of tomboys, nontomboys, and males. Sex Roles, 10, 703-712.
43. Plummer, K. (1995). Telling sexual stories. New York: Routledge.
44. Ponse, B. (1978). Identities in the lesbian world: The social construction of self. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
45. Pringle, R. (1993). Absolute sex? Unpacking the sexuality/gender relationship. In R. W. Connell & G. W. Dowsett (Eds.), Rethinking sex: Social theory and sexuality research (pp. 76-101). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
46. Pryzgoda, J., & Chrisler, J. C. (2000). The definitions of gender and sex: The subtleties of meaning. Sex Roles, 43, 553-569.
47. Rekers, G. A. (1992). Development of problems of puberty and sex roles in adolescence. In C. W. Walker & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Handbook of clinical child psychology (pp. 607-622). New York: Wiley.
48. Renold, E. (2000). "Coming out": Gender, (hetero)sexuality and the primary school. Gender and Education, 12, 309-326.
49. Rich, A. (1986). Blood, bread, and poetry: Selected prose 1979-1985. New York: Norton.
50. Rottneck, M. (1999). Sissies and tomboys. New York: New York University Press.
51. Rubin, G. (1975). The traffic in women: Notes on the "political economy" of sex. In R. Reiter (Ed.), Toward an anthropology of women (pp. 157-210). New York: Monthly Review Press.
52. Saghir, M. T., & Robins, E. (1973). Male and female homosexuality. Baltimore: Williams-Wilkins.
53. Schwartz, P., & Rutter, V. (2000). The gender of sexuality. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
54. Shakib, S. (2003). Female basketball participation: Negotiating the conflation of peer status and gender status from childhood through puberty. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(10), 1405-1422.
55. Shapiro, J. (1982). "Women's studies": A note on the perils of markedness. Signs, 73, 717-721.
56. Stein, A. (1997). Sex and sensibility: Stories from a lesbian generation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
57. Stewart, F. J. (1999). Femininities in flux? Young women, heterosexuality and (safe) sex. Sexualities, 2, 275-290.
58. Swerdlow, M. (1989). Men's accommodations to women entering a nontraditional occupation: A case of rapid transit operatives. Gender and Society, 3, 373-387.
59. Sztaba, T. I., & Colwill, N. L. (1988). Secretarial and management students: Attitudes, attributes, and career choice considerations. Sex Roles, 19, 651-665.
60. Tan, M. L. (1995). From bakla to gay: Shifting gender identities and sexual behaviors in the Philippines. In R. G. Parker & J. H. Gagnon (Eds.), Conceiving sexuality: Approaches to sex research in a postmodern world (pp. 85-96). New York: Routledge.
61. Thorne, B. (1994). Gender play: Girls and boys in school. New York: Routledge.
62. Valverde, M. (1985). Sex, power, and pleasure. Toronto: Women's Press.
63. Veniegas, R. C., & Conley, D. (2000). Biological research on women's sexual orientations: Evaluating the scientific evidence. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 267-282.
64. Waugh, L. R. (1982). Marked and unmarked: A choice between unequals in semiotic structure. Semiotica, 38, 299-318.
65. Whitam, F. L., & Mathy, R. M. (1991). Childhood cross-gender behavior of homosexual females in Brazil, Peru, the Philippines, and the United States. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20, 151-170.
66. Whitley, B. E., Jr. (1988). The relation of gender-role orientation to sexual experience among college students. Sex Roles, 19, 619-638.