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1
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5944250852
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note
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The area under discussion is today in the northern part of Tajikistan and the southern part of Uzbekistan. The travellers also wrote a great deal on other ethnic groups of Central Asia, for instance the nomadic Kyrgyz and Kazakhs, and the Tajiks of the Pamirs. However, space considerations do not allow me to present it.
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2
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5944250851
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note
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These are not always verbatim quotations. To avoid circumlocution, I have at times resorted to paraphrase, but any additions have been placed in square brackets.
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3
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5944252624
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note
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'Muslim law forbade that a woman's face be seen by any man other than her husband and close relatives' (Bacon, 1966 (1933-34): p 62). In some parts of Turkestan even a hand was not allowed to be seen, nor a voice heard by men alien to the family: If a woman coughs so that a man hears or if a strange man sees the hand of a woman it is a ... sin for the whole family. The mullahs said that often (Kisch, 1935: p 194).
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4
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5944259313
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note
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What happens if the bridegroom were to decide not to go ahead with the wedding is not mentioned, but it would be unlikely that the family of the bride would return the kalym as one assumes she no longer can be offered in marriage as a virgin.
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5
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5944242258
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note
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As the assent is given from behind a closed door any female voice would do, so it was not necessarily the bride herself who replied.
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6
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5944230319
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However, many husbands had little to do with their wives socially; they did not eat together, but in separate rooms, with the women waiting outside the husband's room to see if he needed anything, before going to their own meal. They rarely conversed: Not long since, when a wealthy citizen was asked how often he conversed with his wife, he replied - 'About three or four times a year. Why should I talk to her? She is an uneducated and ignorant person' (Meakin, 1903: p 284).
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7
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5944260471
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note
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Often a husband poisons his wife, and vice versa, and even children poison their parents. People are buried immediately after death and all is hidden; no one examines them, and no one asks of what they died. Arsenic is crushed to powder fine as dust and placed in a reed, with one end sealed, the reed is then held inside the nostril of a sleeping person who inhales it (Nazaroff, 1980 (?-1919): p 38).
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8
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5944219841
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note
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This calls into question Schuyler's remarks on the unveiled women in Tashkent being 'loose women' (Schuyler, 1876: I, p 124).
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9
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5944249750
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note
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The original German is 'illegitime', that is, illegitimate. Could this indicate any wife of the father who was not the son's own biological mother? Or a wife who had no living sons or no sons within the extended household? There is no mention of the husband's eldest brother here, but rather the son as taking over the role of family patriarch.
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10
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5944263822
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note
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By 1900 there were a number of Russian women doctors in Turkestan and the Sart women were beginning to have confidence in them (Meakin, 1903: p 170). Remarkably, Sart women were even attending a male doctor's surgery: The only European doctor in Bukhara, Oskar Ferdinand Heyfelder, now gets women patients. The natives are now less frightened of surgical operations (Proskowetz, 1889: p 341). Despite the poor level of Western medicine at that time, it seems to have been an improvement over what was on offer locally. The Sarts refused to send students to study medicine in Europe for fear of a pernicious influence on their religion (Meakin, 1903: p 171) and so they were still using the old medical books from the time when Bukhara was a major scientific centre in the Middle Ages (Meyendorf, 1870 (1820): p 65).
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11
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5944241137
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note
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According to the Russian woman, Medyanetskaya, their main topic of conversation consisted of spicy stories of a Boccaccio nature (Pahlen, 1964 (1908-9): p 35).
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12
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5944248608
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note
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Although Kunitz was in Tashkent in Soviet times (1931), he suggests that these associations already existed in the Tsarist era.
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19
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0042624450
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Women, the family and the new revolutionary order in the Soviet Union
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Sonia Kruks, Rayna Rapp, and Marilyn B. Young, eds, New York: Monthly Review Press
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Goldman, Wendy Zea (c. 1989) 'Women, the family and the new revolutionary order in the Soviet Union' in Sonia Kruks, Rayna Rapp, and Marilyn B. Young, eds, Promissory Notes: Women in the Transition to Socialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, pp 59-79).
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(1989)
Promissory Notes: Women in the Transition to Socialism
, pp. 59-79
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Goldman, W.Z.1
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21
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0003082524
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Islam and patriarchy: A comparative perspective
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N. R. Keddie and B. Baron, eds. New Haven: Yale University Press
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Kandiyoti, Deniz (1991) 'Islam and patriarchy: a comparative perspective' in N. R. Keddie and B. Baron, eds. Women in Middle Eastern History. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp 23-42.
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(1991)
Women in middle Eastern History
, pp. 23-42
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Kandiyoti, D.1
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24
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5944254040
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London: S. Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington
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Lansdell, Henry (1887) Through Central Asia (London: S. Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington).
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(1887)
Through Central Asia
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Lansdell, H.1
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32
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5944226527
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(Oxford: Oxford University Press) (translated by Malcolm Burr - first published 1932, Edinburgh: Blackwood) (?-1919)
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Nazaroff, Paul (Pavel Stepanovich) (1993) Hunted Through Central Asia (Oxford: Oxford University Press) (translated by Malcolm Burr - first published 1932, Edinburgh: Blackwood) (?-1919).
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(1993)
Hunted Through Central Asia
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Nazaroff, P.1
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35
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0142002708
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(London: Oxford University Press, edited R. Pierce). (1908-9)
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Pahlen, Count K. K. (1964) Mission to Turkestan (London: Oxford University Press, edited R. Pierce). (1908-9).
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(1964)
Mission to Turkestan
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Pahlen, C.K.K.1
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37
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0013151012
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(New York: Charles Scribner's 2 volumes)
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Schuyler, Eugene (1876) Turkistan (New York: Charles Scribner's 2 volumes).
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(1876)
Turkistan
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Schuyler, E.1
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