Exercise time: Gender differences in the effects of marriage, parenthood, and employment

Journal of Marriage and Family

Volumn 66, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 413-430

  Nomaguchi, Kei M ^a   Bianchi, Suzanne M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Employment; Exercise time; Gender; Leisure; Marriage; Parenthood

Indexed keywords

EID: 2442717785     PISSN: 00222445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00029.x     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Akerlof, G. A. (1998). Men without children. Economic Journal, 108, 287-309.
2. Bianchi, S. M. (2000). Maternal employment and time with children: Dramatic change or surprising continuity? Demography, 37, 401-414.
3. Bianchi, S. M., Milkie, M. A., Sayer, L. C., & Robinson, J. P. (2000). Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Social Forces, 79, 191-228.
4. Bird, C., & Fremont, A. M. (1991). Gender, time use, and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32, 114-129.
5. Bittman, M., & Wajcman, J. (2000). The rush hour: The character of leisure time and gender equity. Social Forces, 79, 165-189.
6. Breen, R. (1996). Regression models: Censored, sample selected, or truncated data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
7. Bumpass, L. J. (1990). What's happening to the family? Interactions between demographic and institutional change. Demography, 27, 483-498.
8. Clarkberg, M., & Moen, P. (2001). Understanding the time-squeeze. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 1115-1135.
9. Clarkberg, M., Stolzenberg, R. M., & Waite, L. J. (1995). Attitudes, values, and entrance into cohabitational versus marital unions. Social Forces, 74, 609-634.
10. Crawford, D. W., & Huston, T. L. (1993). The impact of the transition to parenthood on marital leisure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 39-46.
11. Crawford, D. W., Houts, R. M., Huston, T. L., & George, L. J. (2002). Compatibility, leisure, and satisfaction in marital relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 433-449.
12. Deem, R. (1982). Women, leisure, and inequality. Leisure Studies, 1, 29-46.
13. DeVault, M. L. (1991). Feeding the family: The social organization of caring as gendered work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14. Eaton, C. B., Nafziger, A. N., Strogatz, D. S., & Pearson, T. A. (1994). Self-reported physical activity in a rural county: A New York county health census. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 29-32.
15. Folsom, A. R., Cook, T. C., Sprafka, J. M., Burke, G. L., Norsted, S. W., & Jacobs, D. R., Jr. (1991). Differences in leisure-time physical activity levels between blacks and whites in population-based samples: The Minnesota heart survey. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 14, 1-9.
16. Ford, E. S., Merritt, R. K., Heath, G. W., Powell, K. E., Washburn, R. A., Kriska, A., & Halle, G. (1991). Physical activity behaviors in lower and higher socioeconomic status populations. American Journal of Epidemiology, 133, 1246-1255.
17. Frankish, C. J., Milligan, C. D., & Reid, C. (1998). A review of relationships between active living and determinants of health. Social Science and Medicine, 47, 287-301.
18. Gerstel, N. (1988). Divorce, gender, and social integration. Gender & Society, 2, 343-367.
19. Gilligan, C, (1982). In a different voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
20. Goode, W. J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25, 483-496.
21. Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2001). Social inequalities and exercise during adulthood: Toward an ecological perspective. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42, 202-220.
22. Gupta, S. (1999). The effects of transitions in marital status on men's performance of housework. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 700-711.
23. Hawkes, J. M., & Holm, K. (1993). Gender differences in exercise determinants. Nursing Research, 42, 166-172.
24. Henderson, K. A., & Bialeschki, M. D. (1991). A sense of entitlement to leisure as constraint and empowerment for women. Leisure Science, 13, 51-65.
25. Hochschild, A. R. (1989). The second shift. New York: First Avon Books.
26. Hochschild, A. R. (1997). The time bind: When work becomes home and home becomes work. New York: Metropolitan Books.
27. House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540-545.
28. Hultsman, W. (1995). Recognizing patterns of leisure constraints: An extension of the explanation of dimensionality. Journal of Leisure Research, 27, 228-244.
29. Ishii-Kuntz, M., & Seccombe, K. (1989). The impact of children upon social support networks throughout the life course. Journal of Marriage and Family, 51, 777-790.
30. Kalmijn, M., & Bernasco, W. (2001). Joint and separated lifestyles in couple relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 639-654.
31. King, A. C., & Kiernan, M. (1997). Physical activity and women's health: Issues and future directions. In S. J. Gallant, G. P. Keita, & R. Royak-Schaler (Eds.), Health care for women: Psychological, social, and behavioral influences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
32. King, A. C., Blair, S. N., Bild, D. E., Dishman, R. K., Dubbert, P. M., Marcus, B. H., Oldridge, N. B., Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr., Powell, K. E., & Yeager, K. K. (1992). Determinants of physical activity and interventions in adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, S221-S236.
33. Kuczmarski, R. J., & Flegal, K. M. (2000). Criteria for definition of overweight in transition: Background and recommendations for the United States. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72, 1074-1081.
34. LaRossa, R., & LaRossa, M. M. (1981). Transition to parenthood: How infants change families. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
35. Long, J. S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36. Marcus, B. H., Dubbert, P. M., King, A. C., & Pinto, B. M. (1995). Physical activity in women: Current status and future directions. In A. Stanton & S. J. Gallant (Eds.), The psychology of women's health: Progress and challenges in research and application (pp. 349-379). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
37. Marks, S., & MacDermid, S. M. (1996). Multiple roles and the self: A theory of role balance. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 417-432.
38. Mattingly, M. J., & Bianchi, S. M. (2003). Gender differences in the quantity and quality of free time: The U.S. experience. Social Forces, 81, 999-1030.
39. Moore, G. (1990). Structural determinants of men's and women's personal networks. American Sociological Review, 55, 726-735.
40. National Center for Health Statistics. (1997). Data file documentation, National Health Interview Survey of topics related to the Year 2000 Health Objectives, 1995. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
41. Nock, S. (1998). Marriage in men's lives. New York: Oxford University Press.
42. Nock, S. L., & Kingston, P. W. (1989). The division of leisure and work. Social Science Quarterly, 70, 24-39.
43. Orthner, D. K., & Mancini, J. A. (1990). Leisure impacts on family interaction and cohesion. Journal of Leisure Research, 22, 123-137.
44. Pate, R. R., Pratt, M., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L., Macera, C. A., Bouchard, C., Buchner, D., Ettinger, W., Heath, G. W., King, A. C., Kriska, A., Lwon, A. S., Marcus, B. H., & Wilmore, J. H. (1995). Physical activity and public health: A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. Journal of American Medical Association, 273, 402-407.
45. Robinson, J. P., & Godbey, G. (1997). Time for life: The surprising ways Americans use their time. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
46. Sanchez, L., & Thomson, E. (1997). Becoming mothers and fathers: Parenthood, gender, and the division of labor. Gender & Society, 11, 742-772.
47. Sandberg, J. F., & Hofferth, S. L. (2001). Changes in children's time with parents: United States, 1981-1997. Demography, 38, 423-436.
48. Schor, B. J. (1991). The overworked American: The unexpected decline of leisure. New York: Basic Books.
49. Shaw, S. M. (1985). Gender and leisure: Inequality in the distribution of leisure time. Journal of Leisure Research, 17, 266-282.
50. Shaw, S. M. (1994). Gender, leisure, and constraint: Towards a framework for the analysis of women's leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 26, 8-22.
51. Shelton, B. A. (1992). Women, men, and lime: Gender differences in paid work, housework, and leisure. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
52. South, S. J., & Spitze, G. (1994). Housework in marital and nonmarital households. American Sociological Review, 59, 327-347.
53. Stephens, T., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., & White, C. (1985). A descriptive epidemiology of leisure-time physical activity. Public Health Reports, 100, 147-171.
54. Thompson, L., & Walker, A. J. (1989). Gender in families: Women and men in marriage, work, and parenthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 845-871.
55. Townsend, N. W. (2002). The package deal: Marriage, work and fatherhood in men's lives. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
56. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1993). Prevalence of sedentary lifestyle: Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, United States, 1991. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42, 576-579.
57. Verhoef, M. J., Love, E. J., & Rose, M. S. (1992). Women's social roles and their exercise participation. Women & Health, 19, 15-29.
58. Waite, L. J., & Gallagher, M. (2000). The case for marriage: Why married people are happier, healthier, and better off financially. New York: Doubleday.
59. Woodward, D., Green, E., & Hebron, S. (1989). The sociology of women's leisure and physical recreation: Constraints and opportunities. International Review for Sociology of Sports, 24, 121-136.