Small is different: Shape-, size-, and composition-dependent properties of some colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals

Accounts of Chemical Research

Volumn 37, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 326-333

  El Sayed, Mostafa A ^a  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADSORPTION; ARTICLE; CELL SHAPE; CELL SIZE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; COLLOID; COMPOSITE MATERIAL; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ELECTRONICS; MATERIALS TESTING; MOTION; NANOPARTICLE; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PARTICLE SIZE; RELAXATION TIME; SEMICONDUCTOR; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS;

EID: 2442669079     PISSN: 00014842     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ar020204f     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. For reviews, see: (a) Steigerwald, M. L.; Brus, L. E. Semiconductor crystallites: a class of large molecules. Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 183.
2. (b) Wang, Y.; Herron, N. Nanometer-sized semiconductor clusters: materials synthesis, quantum size effects, and photophysical properties. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 525-532.
3. (c) Wang, Y. In Advances in Photochemistry; Neckers, D. C., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1995; Vol. 19, p 179.
4. (d) Haase, M.; Weller, H.; Henglein, A. Photochemistry of Colloidal Semiconductors 26: Photoelectron emission from particles and related chemical effect. J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 4706-4713.
5. (e) Rossetti, R.; Brus, L. E. Picosecond Resonance Raman Scattering Study of Methylviologen Reduction on the Surface of Photoexcited Colloidal CdS Crystallites. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 558-565.
6. (f) Chestnoy, N.; Harris, T. D.; Hull, R., Brus, L. E. Luminescence and Photophysics of CdS Semiconductor Clusters: The Nature of emitting Electronic State. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 3393-3401. For a book, see: Waggon, U. Optical Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dots; Springer, Berlin, 1996.
7. (f) Chestnoy, N.; Harris, T. D.; Hull, R., Brus, L. E. Luminescence and Photophysics of CdS Semiconductor Clusters: The Nature of emitting Electronic State. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 3393-3401. For a book, see: Waggon, U. Optical Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dots; Springer, Berlin, 1996.
8. Brus, L. E. A Simple Model for the Ionization Potential, Electron Affinity, and Aqueous Redox Potentials of Small Semiconductor Crystallites. J. Chem. Phys. 1983, 79, 5566-5571.
9. Brus, L. E. Electron-electron and Electron-hole Interactions in Small Semiconductor Crystallites: the Size Dependence of the Lowest Excited Electronic State. J. Chem. Phys. 1984, 80, 4403-4409.
10. Brus, L. Zero-dimensional 'Excitons' in Semiconductor Clusters. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 1986, QE-22 (9), 1909-1914.
11. Alivisatos, A. P.; Harris, A. L.; Levinos, N. J.; Steigerwald, M. L.; Brus, L. E. Electronic States of Semiconductor Clusters: Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Broadening of the Optical Spectrum. J. Chem. Phys. 1988, 89 (7), 4001-4011.
12. Kamat, P., Dimitrijevic N. M., Fessenden R. W. Photoelectrochemistry in Particulate Systems 6. Electron-Transfer Reactions of Small CdS Colloids in Acetonitrile. J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 396-402.
13. Kamat, P. V. Interfacial Charge-Transfer Processes in Colloidal Semiconductor Systems. Prog. React. Kinet. 1994, 19 (3), 277-316.
14. Heath, J. R. The Chemistry of Size and Order on the Nanometer Scale. Science 1995, 270 (5240), 1315-1316.
15. Murray, C. B.; Kagan, C. R.; Bawendi, M. G. Self-Organization of CdSe Nanocrystallites Into Three-Dimensional Quantum Dot Superlattices. Science 1995, 270 (5240), 1335-1338.
16. Alivisatos, A. P. Perspective on the Physical Chemistry of Semiconductor Nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem 1996, 100 (31), 13226-13232.
17. Nirmal, M.; Dabbousi, B. O.; Bawendi, M. G.; Macklin, J. J.; Trautman, J. K.; Harris, T. D.; Brus, L. E. Fluorescence Intermittency in Single Cadmium Selenide Nanocrystals. Nature 1996, 383 (6603), 802-804.
18. Heath, J. R.; Williams, R. S.; Shiang, J. J.; Wind, S. J.; Chu, J.; Demic, C.; Chen, W.; Stanis, C. L.; Bucchignano, J. J. Spatially Confined Chemistry - Fabrication of Ge Quantum Dot Arrays. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100 (8), 3144-3149.
19. Zhang, J. Z. Ultrafast Studies of Electron Dynamics in Semiconductor and Metal Colloidal Nanoparticles: Effects of Size and Surface. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30 (10), 423-429.
20. Kamat, P. V.; Meisel, D. Semiconductor Nanoclusters - Physical, Chemical, and Catalytic Aspects; Elsevier: New York, 1997.
21. Davies, J. H., Long, A. R., Eds. Physics of Nanostructures; Institute of Physics: Philadelphia, PA, 1992.
22. Kastner, M. A. Artificial Atoms. Phys. Today 1993, 46 (1), 24-31.
23. Kalyanasundaram, K. Photochemistry in Microheterogeneous Systems; Academic Press: New York, 1987.
24. Nozik, A. J., Ed. Photoeffects at Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interfaces; ACS Symposium Series 146; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981; pp 1-416.
25. Norris, J. R., Jr., Meisel, D., Eds. Photochemical Energy Conversion; Elsevier: New York, 1989.
26. Hagfeldt, A.; Gratzel, M. Light-Induced Redox Reactions in Nanocrystalline Systems. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 49-68.
27. Klimov, V. I.; Mikhailovsky, A. A.; McBranch, D. W.; Leatherdale, C. A.; Bawendi, M. G. Mechanisms for Intraband Energy Relaxation in Semiconductor Quantum Dots: The Role of Electron-Hole Interactions. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2000, 61 (20), 13349-13352.
28. Wang, Y. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Nanometer-Sized Seminconductor Clusters. Acc. Chem. Res. 1991, 24 (5), 133-139.
29. Gratzel, M. Heterogeneous Photochemical Electron Transfer; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1989.
30. Lewis, L. N. Chemical Catalysis by Colloids and Clusters. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 2693-2730.
31. Schiavello, M. Photocatalysis and Environment: Trends and Applications. Kluwer Academic: Boston, MA, 1987.
32. Tyner, C. E. Applications of Solar Thermal Technology to the Destruction of Hazardous Wastes. Sol. Energy Mater. 1990, 21 (2-3), 113-129.
33. (a) El-Sayed, M. A, Some Interesting Properties of Metals Confined in Time and Nanometer Space of Different Shapes. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34 (4), 257-264.
34. (b) Link, S.; El-Sayed, M. A. Shape and Size Dependence of Radiative, Non-Radiative and Photothermal Properties of Gold Nanocrystals. Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2000, 19 (3), 409-453.
35. (c) Link, S. El-Sayed, M. A. Optical Properties and Ultrafast Dynamics of Metallic Nanocrystals. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2003, 54, 331-366.
36. Gelmont, B. L.; Kharchenko, V.A.; Yassievich, I. N. Bound-Exciton Auger Recombination of Exciton-Impurity Complexes. Phys. Solid State 1987, 29, 1355-1362.
37. Klimov, V.; Hunsche, S.; Kurz, H. Biexciton Effects in Femtosecond Nonlinear Transmission of Semiconductor Quantum Dots. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1994, 50 (11), 8110-8113.
38. Efros, AI. L.; Kharchenko, V. A.; Rosen, M. Breaking the Phonon Bottleneck in Nanometer Quantum Dots: Role of Auger-Like Processes. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 93, 281-284.
39. Blackburn, J. L.; Ellingson, R. J.; Mi, O. I., and Nozik, A. Electron Relaxation in Colloidal In P Quantum Dots with Photogenerated Excitons or Chemically Injected Electrons, J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 102-109.
40. Klimov, V. I.; Mikhailovsky, A. A.; McBranch, D. W.; Leatherdate, C. A.; Bewendi, M. G., Mechanisms for Intraband Energy Relaxation in Semiconductor Quantum Dots: The Role of Electron-Hole Interactions, Phys. Rev. B 2000, 61, 20-27.
41. Logunov, S. L.; Geen, T.; Marguet, S. and El-Sayed, M. A. Interfacial Carrier Dynamics of CdS Nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. A 1998, 102, 5652-5658.
42. Hines, M. A.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Synthesis and Characterization of Strongly Luminescing ZnS-capped CdSe Nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 468-471.
43. Danek, M.; Jensen, K. F.; Murray, C. B.; Bawendi, M.G. Synthesis of Luminescent Thin-Film CdSe/ZnSe Chem. Mater. 1996, 8 (1), 173-180.
44. Avouris, P.; Gelbert, W. M.; El-Sayed, M. A. Nonradiative Electronic Relaxation Under Collision-Free Conditions. Chem. Rev. 1977, 77, 793-801.
45. Darugar, Q.; Landes, C.; Link, S.; Schill, A.; El-Sayed, M. A. Why is Thermalization of Excited Electrons in Semiconductor Nanoparticles so Rapid? Studies on CdSe, Nanoparticles. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2003, 273, 284-291.
46. Klimov, V. Optical Nonlinearities and Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductor Nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 6112-6123 (Feature Article).
47. Landes, C.; Braun, M.; Burda, C.; El-Sayed, M. A. Observation of Large Changes in the Band Gap Absorption Energy of Small CdSe Nanoparticles Induced by the Adsorption of a Strong Hole Acceptor. Nano Lett. 2001, 1 (11), 667-670.
48. Landes, C.; El-Sayed, M. A. Thermodynamics and Kinetics Characterization of the Interaction between N-Butylamine and ∼1 nm CdSe Nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 7621-7627.
49. Eichkorn, K.; Ahlrichs, R. Size Dependence of a First Order Solid-Solid-Phase Transition: Wurtzite to Rock Salt Transformation in CdSe Nanocrystals. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998, 288, 235-242.
50. Tolbert, S.; Alvisatos, A. P. Cadmium Selenide Semiconductor Nanocrystals: A Theoretical Study. Science 1994, 265, 373-375.
51. Landes, C.; Braun, M.; El-Sayed, M. A. The Effect of Surface Adsorption on the Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering of Large and Small CdSe nanoparticles. 2002, 363, 465-470.
52. Braun, M.; Link, S.; Burda, C.; El-Sayed, M. A. Transfer Times of Electrons and Holes Across the Interface in CdS/HgS/CdS Quantum Dot-Quantum Well Nanoparticle. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002, 361, 446-452.
53. Mews, A.; Eychmuller, A.; Giersig, M.; Schoos, D.; Weller, H. J. Preparation, Characterization and Photophysics of the quantum dots quantum well system CdS/Hgs/CdS. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 934-941.
54. Mews, A.; Kadavanich, A.; Banin, U.; Alivisatos, A. P. Structural and Spectroscopic Investigation of CdS/HgS/CdS Quantum Dot-Quantum Well. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 53, 13242-13249.
55. Bryant, G. W. Theory for Quantum dot-Quantum Wells: Pair Correlation and Internal Quantum Confinement in Nanoheterostructures Phys. Rev. B 1995, 52, 16997-17802.