Tony Blair, Iraq and the special relationship: Poodle or partner?

International Journal

Volumn 59, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 59-86

  Sharp, Jane M O ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2442647476     PISSN: 00207020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/40203903     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Peter Riddell, Hug Them Close (London: Politico's Publishing, 2003), 317.
2. Alan Bennett, "A shameful year," London Review of Books (8 January 2004) captures the feeling of many in the UK over Blair's Iraq policy.
3. Riddell, Hug Them Close, 77.
4. Many western policy-makers thought Blair extraordinarily rash to send British troops into Sierra Leone in 2000 to rescue a failed UN peacekeeping operation; see Chapter 4, "White man's burden," in John Kampfner, Blair's Wars (London: Free Press, 2003), 62-77.
5. On Blair's differences with Clinton over the Kosovo war, see ibid., Chapter 3, "Most moral of wars."
6. Wesley K. Clark, Waging Modern War: Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Future of Combat (New York: Public Affairs Press, 2001), 264.
7. Iraqi opposition groups designated for US support by the Iraq Liberation Act include Iraqi National Congress (INC), Iraqi National Accord (INA), Movement for a Constitutional Monarchy, Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan. Funds were offered to, but refused by, the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution (SCIRI). See International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Strategic Survey 1998/1999 (2000), 173.
8. General Anthony Zinni, then US commander in the Persian Gulf, testified to the Senate Armed Services Committee on 28 January 1999. Zinni opposed the plan to overthrow Saddam by force and argued that support for Iraqi opposition was ill conceived and could destabilize the region. Ibid., 173.
9. On the Clinton administration's containment policy toward Iraq, see Chapter 17, "Migraine Hussein," in Madeleine Albright, Madame Secretary: A Memoir (New York: Miramax Books, 2003), 272-87; see also IISS, Strategic Survey 2002/3 (2004): 146.
10. On the Clinton administration's containment policy toward Iraq, see Chapter 17, "Migraine Hussein," in Madeleine Albright, Madame Secretary: A Memoir (New York: Miramax Books, 2003), 272-87; see also IISS, Strategic Survey 2002/3 (2004): 146.
11. The Desert Storm coalition included most of the western allies as well as the neighbouring Gulf states.
12. On Operation Desert Fox, see IISS, "The Middle East-Iraq: still desperately defiant," Strategic Survey 1998/99 (1999): 168-76.
13. Author interview with a member of the prime minister's staff in 1997.
14. House of Lords speech, 24 September 2002, cited by Peter Riddell, Hug Them Close, 8.
15. Kampfner, Blair's Wars, 50-53.
16. Stanley Hoffmann noted that Blair's support for Bush's Iraq war, especially the "Letter of the Eight," "proved that de Gaulle was right when he pointed out the perils of allowing Britain to join the common market." See Stanley Hoffmann, "The crisis in transatlantic relations," in Gustav Lindstrom (ed.), Shift or Rift: Assessing US-EU relations after Iraq (EU Institute for Security Studies, Paris: Transatlantic Book, 2003), 19.
17. The idea for an op-ed piece supporting Bush originated at the Wall Street Journal, whose editors suggested to Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi that he might want to offer a different view from that of France and Germany. Berlusconi, Aznar and Blair wrote the first draft, and the leaders of five other states signed on: Portugal, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Denmark. On this incident, see Kampfner, Blair's Wars, 250-54.
18. On Blair persuading Bush to focus on al-Qaeda, not Iraq, in September 2001, see Riddell, Hug Them Close, 155-60.
19. Thomas B. Edsall, "GOP tout war as campaign issue," Washington Post (19 January 2002).
20. See Chapter 8, "Evil axis," in Kampfner, Blair's Wars, 152-73. See also Kampfner, "The year that brought Blair to book," New Statesman (15 December 2003).
21. See Chapter 8, "Evil axis," in Kampfner, Blair's Wars, 152-73. See also Kampfner, "The year that brought Blair to book," New Statesman (15 December 2003).
22. Michael R. Gordon, "US air raids in '02 prepared for war in Iraq," New York Times (20 July 2003).
23. Foreign and Commonwealth Office/CIC, Iraq: Its infrastructure of concealment, deception and intimidation, February 2003, http://www.number-10.gov.uk/files/Iraq.pdf; on the nature of the "dodgy dossier," see Kampfner, Blair's Wars, 264-67.
24. Foreign and Commonwealth Office/CIC, Iraq: Its infrastructure of concealment, deception and intimidation, February 2003, http://www.number-10.gov.uk/files/Iraq.pdf; on the nature of the "dodgy dossier," see Kampfner, Blair's Wars, 264-67.
25. Robert Graham, Krishna Guha and Guy Dinmore, "War opponents vow to block new UN resolution," Financial Times (6 March 2003).
26. Jacques Chirac on 10 March 2003, cited by Patrick Wintour and Martin Kettle, "Blair's road to war," Guardian (26 April 2003).
27. Jacques Chirac on 10 March 2003, cited by Patrick Wintour and Martin Kettle, "Blair's road to war," Guardian (26 April 2003).
28. Robin Cook, Point of Departure (London: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 320-21.
29. Robin Cook, resignation speech, 17 March 2003, reprinted in full in ibid., 359-65.
30. In the event, Short remained in post until May, hoping to influence post-war reconstruction.
31. Kampfner, Blair's Wars, 296-97.
32. Straw memo reported by Kampfner, Blair's Wars, 303.
33. Blair speech on 18 March 2003, available at http://www.number-10.gov.UK/output/Page3294.asp.
34. What is often forgotten in the west (but not in the Gulf region) is that Article 14 of UNSCR 678 also calls for a WMD-free zone throughout the Middle East, i.e., the elimination of nuclear weapons and other WMD from Israel.
35. An excellent source on flawed US intelligence gathering and analysis on Iraqi WMD is Joseph Cirincione, Jessica T. Mathews and George Perkovich, WMD in Iraq: Evidence and Implications (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2004).
36. On recently declassified documents describing Donald Rumsfeld's missions to Iraq for the Reagan administration in 1984, see Christopher Marquis, "US courted Saddam despite use of poisons," New York Times and International Herald Tribune (24 December 2003).
37. On the Office of Special Plans, see Seymour M. Hersh, "Selective Intelligence," New Yorker (12 May 2003): 44-51.
38. Rumsfeld cited by Hersh, ibid.
39. Joseph Wilson later went public with a summary of his report in "What I didn't find in Africa," New York Times (6 July 2003).
40. For a detailed chronology of these communications, see Paul Kerr, "Iraq special," Arms Control Today (September 2003): 17-21.
41. Straw's letter is cited by Kamal Ahmed, "Blair ignored weapons warning," Observer (London) (13 July 2003).
42. On Bush administration admissions that the claim about uranium from Niger was false, see David E. Sanger, "US admits error on Iraqi uranium," International Herald Tribune (9 July 2003); David Sanger and Judith Miller, "Deputy of Bush accepts blame for faulty report," International Herald Tribune (24 July 2003); and Edward Alden, Hubert Wetzel and James Harding, "Bush under fire over Niger uranium connection," Financial Times (9 July 2003).
43. On Bush administration admissions that the claim about uranium from Niger was false, see David E. Sanger, "US admits error on Iraqi uranium," International Herald Tribune (9 July 2003); David Sanger and Judith Miller, "Deputy of Bush accepts blame for faulty report," International Herald Tribune (24 July 2003); and Edward Alden, Hubert Wetzel and James Harding, "Bush under fire over Niger uranium connection," Financial Times (9 July 2003).
44. On Bush administration admissions that the claim about uranium from Niger was false, see David E. Sanger, "US admits error on Iraqi uranium," International Herald Tribune (9 July 2003); David Sanger and Judith Miller, "Deputy of Bush accepts blame for faulty report," International Herald Tribune (24 July 2003); and Edward Alden, Hubert Wetzel and James Harding, "Bush under fire over Niger uranium connection," Financial Times (9 July 2003).
45. Michael Gordon and Judith Miller, "US says Hussein intensifies quest for A-bomb parts," New York Times (8 September 2002).
46. After the UN inspection team (UNMOVIC) was withdrawn from Iraq in March 2003, just prior to the war, the Bush administration sent four additional sets of inspectors to hunt for WMD. The first was "Force 20," a covert group that entered Iraq just before Operation Iraqi Freedom. The second was a group of Site Survey Teams that accompanied the initial invasion forces in mid-March 2003. The third was the "75th Exploration Task Force," designed as a follow-up to the main invasion force. The fourth was the "Iraq Survey Group," initially headed by Major General Keith W. Dayton, then by former UNSCOM and IAEA inspector David Kay, which went to Iraq in July 2003 and released its interim report on 2 October 2003 in Washington.
47. On David Kay's report, see Mark Hubbard, Marianne Brun-Rovet and James Harding, "Iraq probe yet to find illegal weapons," Financial Times (3 October 2003).
48. Rolf Ekeus interview with Jim Lehrer on Public Broadcasting Service Newshour, 22 September 2003.
49. Luke Harding, "Bush's man rejects Blair weapons claim," Observer (London) (28 December 2003); Jean Eaglesham, "Blair faces fresh attack over weapons," Financial Times (29 December 2003); and Reuters, "US official contradicts Blair on Iraq weapons labs," International Herald Tribune (29 December 2003).
50. Luke Harding, "Bush's man rejects Blair weapons claim," Observer (London) (28 December 2003); Jean Eaglesham, "Blair faces fresh attack over weapons," Financial Times (29 December 2003); and Reuters, "US official contradicts Blair on Iraq weapons labs," International Herald Tribune (29 December 2003).
51. Luke Harding, "Bush's man rejects Blair weapons claim," Observer (London) (28 December 2003); Jean Eaglesham, "Blair faces fresh attack over weapons," Financial Times (29 December 2003); and Reuters, "US official contradicts Blair on Iraq weapons labs," International Herald Tribune (29 December 2003).
52. Cook, Point of Departure, 216.
53. For an excellent account of Kelly's ordeal, see John Cassidy, "The David Kelly Affair," New Yorker (8 December 2003); see also the Hutton Inquiry Web site at http://www.the-hutton-inquiry.org.UK.
54. For an excellent account of Kelly's ordeal, see John Cassidy, "The David Kelly Affair," New Yorker (8 December 2003); see also the Hutton Inquiry Web site at http://www.the-hutton-inquiry.org.UK.
55. Brian Jones's (DIA) testimony on 3 September and Sir Richard Dearlove's (MI6) testimony on 15 September 2003, on http://www.the-hutton-inquiry.org.UK.
56. Peter Stothard, 30 Days: A Month at the Heart of Blair's War (London: HarperCollins, 2003), 108.
57. Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon (both former staff members of the Clinton NSC), "The failure to prove a Saddam-Qaeda link," International Herald Tribune (21 July 2003).
58. "The terrorism link that wasn't," New York Times editorial (19 September 2003); see also Mark Hosenball, Michael Isikoff and Evan Thomas, "Cheney's long path to war," Newsweek (17 November 2003).
59. "The terrorism link that wasn't," New York Times editorial (19 September 2003); see also Mark Hosenball, Michael Isikoff and Evan Thomas, "Cheney's long path to war," Newsweek (17 November 2003).
60. JIC reports released by the House of Commons Intelligence and Security Committee in September. See Christopher Adams and Edward Alden, "Blair was warned war would add to terror threat," Financial Times (12 September 2003).
61. UNSC Resolutions 1385 and 1386 (2001), www.un.org/documents.
62. Brent Scowcroft, "Don't attack Saddam," Wall Street Journal (15 August 2002).
63. I b i d.
64. Seymour M. Hersh, "Stovepipe," New Yorker (27 October 2003): 80.
65. IISS, Strategic Survey 2002/3 (2004): 273; see also Judith Dempsey, "NATO to take on Afghan role," Financial Times (18 November 2002); and Hugh Williamson and Judith Dempsey, "Germany set to support broader Afghan role," Financial Times (15 October 2003).
66. IISS, Strategic Survey 2002/3 (2004): 273; see also Judith Dempsey, "NATO to take on Afghan role," Financial Times (18 November 2002); and Hugh Williamson and Judith Dempsey, "Germany set to support broader Afghan role," Financial Times (15 October 2003).
67. IISS, Strategic Survey 2002/3 (2004): 273; see also Judith Dempsey, "NATO to take on Afghan role," Financial Times (18 November 2002); and Hugh Williamson and Judith Dempsey, "Germany set to support broader Afghan role," Financial Times (15 October 2003).
68. Amy Walden, "Afghan warlords thrive beyond official reach," New York Times (24 September 2003); Carlotta Gall, "Afghans and foreign envoys struggle to quell fighting in North," New York Times (10 October 2003); and Carlotta Gall, "For an ancient Afghan town, no end to war, with rival generals now clashing," New York Times (15 November 2003).
69. Amy Walden, "Afghan warlords thrive beyond official reach," New York Times (24 September 2003); Carlotta Gall, "Afghans and foreign envoys struggle to quell fighting in North," New York Times (10 October 2003); and Carlotta Gall, "For an ancient Afghan town, no end to war, with rival generals now clashing," New York Times (15 November 2003).
70. Amy Walden, "Afghan warlords thrive beyond official reach," New York Times (24 September 2003); Carlotta Gall, "Afghans and foreign envoys struggle to quell fighting in North," New York Times (10 October 2003); and Carlotta Gall, "For an ancient Afghan town, no end to war, with rival generals now clashing," New York Times (15 November 2003).
71. For example, compared with the ratio of UN peacekeepers to the population in the Balkans.
72. IISS, "Regional trends: Afghanistan," Military Balance 2003-4 (October 2003), 126-27; see also David Rohde, "Taliban officials tell of plans to grind down the Americans," New York Times (12 September 2003).
73. IISS, "Regional trends: Afghanistan," Military Balance 2003-4 (October 2003), 126-27; see also David Rohde, "Taliban officials tell of plans to grind down the Americans," New York Times (12 September 2003).
74. Barnett Rubin, "NATO in Afghanistan: Security, state building, and the fight against terrorism," address to NATO Parliamentary Assembly (9 November 2003), http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?TAB=421.
75. On lessons learned from previous post-conflict nation-building operations, see Nicola Dahrenclorf et al., The Case for Change: A Review of Peace Operations (London: Kings College, 2003); and Ray Salvatore Jennings, After Saddam Hussein: Winning the Peace If It Comes to War (Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace, Special Report, February 2003), 17.
76. On lessons learned from previous post-conflict nation-building operations, see Nicola Dahrenclorf et al., The Case for Change: A Review of Peace Operations (London: Kings College, 2003); and Ray Salvatore Jennings, After Saddam Hussein: Winning the Peace If It Comes to War (Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace, Special Report, February 2003), 17.
77. Kamal Ahmed, "Cheney ignored war chaos alert," Observer (16 November 2003).
78. Eric Schmitt and Joel Brinkley, "State Department Study foresaw trouble now plaguing Iraq," New York Times (19 October 2003).
79. Kampfner, Blair's Wars, 316; see also Stephen Fidler and Gerard Baker, "The best-laid plans? How turf battles and mistakes in Washington dragged down the reconstruction of Iraq," Financial Times (4 August 2003).
80. Kampfner, Blair's Wars, 316; see also Stephen Fidler and Gerard Baker, "The best-laid plans? How turf battles and mistakes in Washington dragged down the reconstruction of Iraq," Financial Times (4 August 2003).
81. Goldsmith, cited by Kampfner, Blair's Wars, 317.
82. UNSC Resolution 1483 (signed 22 May 2003) ended earlier sanctions imposed on Iraq by Resolutions 661 and 778 in the 1990s, gave the Coalition Provisional Authority temporary UN authorization to run Iraq until such time as a post-Saddam government was established, set up a Development Fund with an International Advisory and Monitoring Board to audit the distribution of funds donated to the reconstruction of Iraq, and authorized a UN Special Representative for Iraq. See Felicity Barringer, "Security Council almost unanimously approves broad mandate for allies in Iraq," New York Times (23 May 2003); and Charles Clover, Mark Turner and Judy Dempsey, "UN votes to end sanctions against Iraq," Financial Times (22 May 2003).
83. UNSC Resolution 1483 (signed 22 May 2003) ended earlier sanctions imposed on Iraq by Resolutions 661 and 778 in the 1990s, gave the Coalition Provisional Authority temporary UN authorization to run Iraq until such time as a post-Saddam government was established, set up a Development Fund with an International Advisory and Monitoring Board to audit the distribution of funds donated to the reconstruction of Iraq, and authorized a UN Special Representative for Iraq. See Felicity Barringer, "Security Council almost unanimously approves broad mandate for allies in Iraq," New York Times (23 May 2003); and Charles Clover, Mark Turner and Judy Dempsey, "UN votes to end sanctions against Iraq," Financial Times (22 May 2003).
84. Gareth Smyth and Peter Spiegel, "UN envoy killed in Iraq blast," and Peter Spiegel, "Bomb blast shatters slender coalition hopes over reconstruction efforts," Financial Times (20 August 2003); and Edward Mortimer, "Iraq's future lies beyond conquest," Financial Times (22 August 2003).
85. Gareth Smyth and Peter Spiegel, "UN envoy killed in Iraq blast," and Peter Spiegel, "Bomb blast shatters slender coalition hopes over reconstruction efforts," Financial Times (20 August 2003); and Edward Mortimer, "Iraq's future lies beyond conquest," Financial Times (22 August 2003).
86. Gareth Smyth and Peter Spiegel, "UN envoy killed in Iraq blast," and Peter Spiegel, "Bomb blast shatters slender coalition hopes over reconstruction efforts," Financial Times (20 August 2003); and Edward Mortimer, "Iraq's future lies beyond conquest," Financial Times (22 August 2003).
87. Under Secretary for Defense Douglas Feith's testimony to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (10 February 2003), www.foreign.senate.gov/hearings/2003/hrg030211a.html.
88. Timothy Carney, "We're getting in our own way," Washington Post (22 June 2003).
89. Chapter 31, "Staff Judge Advocate: Topic D - Stability and Support Operations (SASO)," in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Third Infantry Division (Mechanized Division) After Action Report, www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2003/3id-aar-julo3.pdf.
90. Ibid., 288.
91. Interview with Sergio Vieira de Mello, BBC World Service Newshour (29 May 2003).
92. On de Mello's short tenure in Iraq, see George Packer, "The war after the war," New Yorker (24 November 2003): 83-84; see also "Sergio Vieira de Mello," Economist (23 August 2003): 73.
93. On de Mello's short tenure in Iraq, see George Packer, "The war after the war," New Yorker (24 November 2003): 83-84; see also "Sergio Vieira de Mello," Economist (23 August 2003): 73.
94. Anthony H. Cordesman, Iraq: Too Uncertain to Call (Washington, DC: CSIS, 14 November 2003), 2.
95. On the Iraq Stabilization Group, see David E. Sanger and Thom Shanker, "Rumsfeld quick to dismiss talk of reduced role in Iraq policy," New York Times (9 October, 2003); Guy Dinmore, James Harding and Peter Spiegel, "White House admits Rumsfeld not told of shake-up," Financial Times (9 October 2003); Elisabeth Bumiller, "For better or worse, it's becoming 'Bush's war,'" New York Times (19 October 2003).
96. On the Iraq Stabilization Group, see David E. Sanger and Thom Shanker, "Rumsfeld quick to dismiss talk of reduced role in Iraq policy," New York Times (9 October, 2003); Guy Dinmore, James Harding and Peter Spiegel, "White House admits Rumsfeld not told of shake-up," Financial Times (9 October 2003); Elisabeth Bumiller, "For better or worse, it's becoming 'Bush's war,'" New York Times (19 October 2003).
97. On the Iraq Stabilization Group, see David E. Sanger and Thom Shanker, "Rumsfeld quick to dismiss talk of reduced role in Iraq policy," New York Times (9 October, 2003); Guy Dinmore, James Harding and Peter Spiegel, "White House admits Rumsfeld not told of shake-up," Financial Times (9 October 2003); Elisabeth Bumiller, "For better or worse, it's becoming 'Bush's war,'" New York Times (19 October 2003).
98. UNSC Resolution 1551, signed 16 October 2003. See Felicity Barringer, "Unanimous vote by UN'S Council adopts Iraqi plan," New York Times (17 October 2003).
99. Greenstock cited by Riddell, Hug Them Close, 275.
100. Richard Beeston, "Troops up close and personal on streets of Basra," Times (London) (10 November 2003).
101. Joel Brinkley, "Revenge drives string of killings in Basra," New York Times (1 November 2003).
102. Eric Schmitt, "Attack on US copter highlights a constant threat faced by aircraft in Iraq," New York Times (3 November 2003); Dexter Filkins, "At least 17 dead as 2 copters collide over Iraq," New York Times (16 November 2003).
103. Eric Schmitt, "Attack on US copter highlights a constant threat faced by aircraft in Iraq," New York Times (3 November 2003); Dexter Filkins, "At least 17 dead as 2 copters collide over Iraq," New York Times (16 November 2003).
104. John F. Burns, "At least 26 killed in a bombing of an Italian compound in Iraq," New York Times (13 November 2003); Charles Clover and Fred Kapner, "Truck bomb kills 18 Italians in Iraq," and James Harding and Guy Dinmore, "Worsening violence in Iraq forces US rethink," both in Financial Times (13 November 2003).
105. John F. Burns, "At least 26 killed in a bombing of an Italian compound in Iraq," New York Times (13 November 2003); Charles Clover and Fred Kapner, "Truck bomb kills 18 Italians in Iraq," and James Harding and Guy Dinmore, "Worsening violence in Iraq forces US rethink," both in Financial Times (13 November 2003).
106. John F. Burns, "At least 26 killed in a bombing of an Italian compound in Iraq," New York Times (13 November 2003); Charles Clover and Fred Kapner, "Truck bomb kills 18 Italians in Iraq," and James Harding and Guy Dinmore, "Worsening violence in Iraq forces US rethink," both in Financial Times (13 November 2003).
107. On the CIA report, see Jim Lobe, "A palpable sense of panic," Philadelphia Inquirer (12 November 2003); Douglas Jehl, "CIA report suggests Iraqis are losing faith in US efforts," New York Times (13 November 2003); Roy Eccleston, "Bremer endorses gloomy CIA report," Australian (13 November 2003).
108. On the CIA report, see Jim Lobe, "A palpable sense of panic," Philadelphia Inquirer (12 November 2003); Douglas Jehl, "CIA report suggests Iraqis are losing faith in US efforts," New York Times (13 November 2003); Roy Eccleston, "Bremer endorses gloomy CIA report," Australian (13 November 2003).
109. On the CIA report, see Jim Lobe, "A palpable sense of panic," Philadelphia Inquirer (12 November 2003); Douglas Jehl, "CIA report suggests Iraqis are losing faith in US efforts," New York Times (13 November 2003); Roy Eccleston, "Bremer endorses gloomy CIA report," Australian (13 November 2003).
110. Peter Beaumont, "Mounting death toll forces US to speed Iraq handover," Observer (London) (16 November 2003); Susan Sachs, "US is to return power to Iraqis as early as June '04," New York Times (15 November 2003).
111. Peter Beaumont, "Mounting death toll forces US to speed Iraq handover," Observer (London) (16 November 2003); Susan Sachs, "US is to return power to Iraqis as early as June '04," New York Times (15 November 2003).
112. Richard Norton Taylor, "Straw is being taken to task on legality of UK role," Guardian (15 November 2003).
113. Dexter Filkins, "Barriers, detentions and razings begin to echo Israel's anti-guerrilla methods," New York Times (7 December 2003).
114. Seymour M. Hersh, "Moving targets: Will the counter-insurgency plan in Iraq repeat the mistakes of Vietnam?" New Yorker (15 December 2003).
115. Douglas Hurd, "The penny-farthing's little wheel," Financial Times (16 April 2003).
116. Malcom Rifkind, "That's enough grovelling, PM," Spectator (10 May 2003).
117. Rodric Braithwaite, "End of the affair," Prospect Magazine (May 2003).
118. Carl Hulse and David E. Sanger, "New criticism of prewar use of intelligence; 2 house panel leaders cite uncertainties," New York Times (29 September 2003).
119. Fiona Symon, "Istanbul bombings consistent with al Qaeda tactics," Financial Times (20 November 2003).
120. Warren Hoge, "Bush and Blair say bombings fortify resolve," New York Times (1 November 2003); Martin Woollacott, "Our curious immunity is over-now we are in the front line," Guardian (21 November 2003); "Reaping the whirlwind," Guardian editorial, ibid.
121. Warren Hoge, "Bush and Blair say bombings fortify resolve," New York Times (1 November 2003); Martin Woollacott, "Our curious immunity is over-now we are in the front line," Guardian (21 November 2003); "Reaping the whirlwind," Guardian editorial, ibid.
122. Warren Hoge, "Bush and Blair say bombings fortify resolve," New York Times (1 November 2003); Martin Woollacott, "Our curious immunity is over-now we are in the front line," Guardian (21 November 2003); "Reaping the whirlwind," Guardian editorial, ibid.
123. Carl Conetta, The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Non-combatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict (Cambridge, MA: Project for Defense Alternatives, Research Monograph #8, October 2003).
124. Toby Dodge, "Violence, incompetence, instability," World Today (October 2003): 5-7; see also his book about the British mandate in Iraq in the 1920S: Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and History Denied (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003).
125. Toby Dodge, "Violence, incompetence, instability," World Today (October 2003): 5-7; see also his book about the British mandate in Iraq in the 1920S: Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and History Denied (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003).
126. "Postwar Europe," Chapter 4 in Elizabeth Pond, Friendly Fire: The Near-Death of the Transatlantic Alliance (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003), 75-96; see also William Pfaff, "This could be the end of a beautiful friendship," International Herald Tribune (15 January 2004).
127. "Postwar Europe," Chapter 4 in Elizabeth Pond, Friendly Fire: The Near-Death of the Transatlantic Alliance (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003), 75-96; see also William Pfaff, "This could be the end of a beautiful friendship," International Herald Tribune (15 January 2004).