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1
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2542453443
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note
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This article is part of a more comprehensive research project entitled "Technological Learning & Industrial Upgrading: Building Innovation Competencies in the Maquiladora Industry". It is a three-year project financed by CONACYT, No. 35947, and involves researchers from UAM-X, COLEF and FLACSO (2001-2003).
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2
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2542464644
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note
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The essential aspect of the description presented here is not the exactness with which reality is reconstructed - creating an image that, furthermore, will always be incomplete - but rather the analytical perspective offered. It is necessary to distance ourselves from theory as a mirror of reality, and from the theory of truth corresponding to or copying reality [3,4], Therefore, while a great deal of valuable information is presented, the objective is not for this article to become a source of evidence, but rather to propose an analytical scheme developed within evolutional epistemology [5].
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5
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0004080455
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University of Chicago Press, Chicago
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Kuhn, T. (2000) The Road Since Structure, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
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(2000)
The Road since Structure
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Kuhn, T.1
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6
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2542479553
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note
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We can distinguish three categories of technological globalization, as proposed by Archibugi and Michie [7]: a. Global technological exploitation: Exporting innovative products; transfer of licenses and patents; production of "new" goods or components in foreign countries.b. Global technological cooperation: Joint investment ventures to develop innovative projects; agreements for joint production in which information and equipment are exchanged. c. Global technological production: R&D and innovative activities in both the corporate headquarters and in host countries. Acquisition of R&D laboratories or construction of R&D laboratories (greenfield) in host countries.
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7
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0028786372
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The globalisation of technology: A new taxonomy
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Archibugi, D. and Michie, J. (1995) 'The globalisation of technology: a new taxonomy', Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 126-140.
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, Issue.2
, pp. 126-140
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Archibugi, D.1
Michie, J.2
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8
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0028826681
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Localized production of technology for global markets
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February
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Patel, P. (1995) 'Localized production of technology for global markets', Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 19, No. 1, February.
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Patel, P.1
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9
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2542479555
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note
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Some examples of R&D-intensive products are aeronautics products, computers, instruments and electrical equipment.
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10
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2542421483
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note
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The need to adapt technologies to local needs is particularly based on differences in consumer tastes (food, drinks and tobacco), differences in government regulations (construction materials and pharmacies) and specific technology for exploiting natural resources (food, mines and oil).
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11
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0003093793
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Large firms in the production of the world's technology: An important case of non-globalisation
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Granstrand, O., Hakanson, L. and Sjölander, S. (Eds.): Wiley
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Patel, P. and Pavitt, K. (1992) 'Large firms in the production of the world's technology: an important case of non-globalisation', in Granstrand, O., Hakanson, L. and Sjölander, S. (Eds.): Technology Management and International Business, Wiley.
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Technology Management and International Business
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The internationalization of R&D and the development of global research networks
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Howells, J. (1992) 'The internationalization of R&D and the development of global research networks', Regional Studies, Vol. 24, No. 6.
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The internationalisation of corporate research and development
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The internationalization of technological activity and its implications for competitiveness
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Cantwell, J. (1992) 'The internationalization of technological activity and its implications for competitiveness', in Granstrand, O., Hakanson, L. and Sjölander, S. (Eds.): Technology Management and International Business, Wiley.
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Locational determinants of foreign R&D and the development of global research networks
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2542492732
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note
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Dunning [20] interviewed 144 executives from the world's 500 largest transnational corporations. The study reveals that the competitive advantage for transnational corporations originates, to a significant degree, from their foreign bases. From the viewpoints of these executives, the more transnational the corporation, the more its competitiveness depends on its foreign companies.
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20
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Multinational enterprises and the globalization of innovatory capacity
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Granstrand, O., Hakanson, L. and Sjölander S. (Eds.): Wiley
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Dunning, J. (1996) 'Multinational enterprises and the globalization of innovatory capacity', in Granstrand, O., Hakanson, L. and Sjölander S. (Eds.): Technology Management and International Business, Wiley.
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The globalisation of technology: What remains of the product, cycle model?
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February
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Cantwell, J. (1995) 'The globalisation of technology: what remains of the product, cycle model?', Cambridge Journal of Economics, February.
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(1995)
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New concepts and trends in international R&D organization
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Gassmann, O. and von Zedtwitz, M. (1999) 'New concepts and trends in international R&D organization', Research Policy, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 231-250.
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Research Policy
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Von Zedtwitz, M.2
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24
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0347456467
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La proximité dans l'organisaton de la conception des produits de l'automobile
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Bellet, M. et al. (Eds.): Hermès, Paris
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Carrincazeaux, C. and Lung, Y. (1998) 'La proximité dans l'organisaton de la conception des produits de l'automobile', in Bellet, M. et al. (Eds.): Proximité(s): Approche Interdisciplinaire, Hermès, Paris.
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Proximité(s): Approche Interdisciplinaire
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Carrincazeaux, C.1
Lung, Y.2
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Restructuring product development and production networks
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Jurgens, U. (Ed.): Springer, Berlin
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Jurgens, U. (2000) 'Restructuring product development and production networks', in Jurgens, U. (Ed.): New Product Development and Production Networks, Springer, Berlin.
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New Product Development and Production Networks
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Jurgens, U.1
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27
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2542435600
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note
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Delphi's sales to GM in 2001 reached a total of US $17.6 billion, representing 68% of total sales [28].
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28
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2542431760
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January 17
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Delphi Automotive Systems (2002) In-house Newsletter, January 17.
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(2002)
In-house Newsletter
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29
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2542494664
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note
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In 2001 Delphi's sales totaled US$26.1 billion. This corporation is a world leader in the production of portable electronic accessories, transportation components and technology systems. According to Fortune, it is one of the world's 100 most important corporations.
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30
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2542476708
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Delphi Automotive System (internal document)
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Delphi Automotive Systems (2000) Global Presence, Delphi Automotive System (internal document).
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(2000)
Global Presence
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31
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2542451573
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note
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In this article, we will refer to these seven divisions in their abbreviated forms as Chassis, Delco, Energy, Harrison, Interior, Packard and Saginaw.
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32
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2542501211
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note
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In Delphi's classification, Mexico is considered to be part of South America, while only Canada and the United States are included in North America. In the section of this article dedicated to analyzing the NAFTA region, we include Mexico, Canada and the United States in the North American region.
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33
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2542439346
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United States and Canada
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United States and Canada.
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34
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2542475735
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Delphi Automotive System (internal document)
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Delphi Automotive Systems (2002) Global Presence, Delphi Automotive System (internal document).
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(2002)
Global Presence
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35
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2542502176
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note
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To compete especially for highly qualified human resources distributed in different regions of the world.
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36
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2542495604
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note
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Interview with applied engineering manager at Delphi-MTC, Ciudad Juárez, March 2002.
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37
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2542452531
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Free Trade Agreement between the United States, Canada and Mexico
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Free Trade Agreement between the United States, Canada and Mexico.
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38
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0039014570
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Delphi Automotive Systems (1995) Internal Document.
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(1995)
Internal Document
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39
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2542449699
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-
note
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According to USITC, harnesses consist of multiple, isolated electrical conductors that are assembled with terminals, connectors, sockets and other cable products [40].
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40
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2442678453
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Cableando el Norte de México: La evolución de la industria maquiladora de arneses
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Hermosillo, enero-junio
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Carrillo, J. and Hinojosa, R. (2001) 'Cableando el Norte de México: La evolución de la industria maquiladora de arneses', Región y Sociedad, Vol. XIII, Núm. 21, Hermosillo, enero-junio, pp. 79-116.
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(2001)
Región y Sociedad
, vol.13
, Issue.21
, pp. 79-116
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Carrillo, J.1
Hinojosa, R.2
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42
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2542486087
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note
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One plant for Toyota and GM; another for Subaru-Isuzu; BMW; and another plant for Cami: Nummi and Freightliner.
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44
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2542491781
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note
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These regulations permit inputs and components to be imported and re-exported without paying taxes, except the added value tax. In reality, these regulations also permit the hiring, use and mobility of a flexible labor force [40,45].
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45
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2542458078
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Complejidad y desequilibrio tecnológico: Notas sobre la historia de la convergencia del sector automotriz - Sector electrónico
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Flores, J. and Novelo, F. (Eds.): Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México
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Lara, A. (2000) 'Complejidad y desequilibrio tecnológico: notas sobre la historia de la convergencia del sector automotriz - sector electrónico', in Flores, J. and Novelo, F. (Eds.): Innovatión Industrial, Desarrollo Rural e Integración Internacional, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México.
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(2000)
Innovatión Industrial, Desarrollo Rural e Integración Internacional
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Lara, A.1
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46
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2542505108
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Industria automotriz en el norte de México. El caso Ciudad Juárez
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Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Júrez, México
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Carrillo, J. and Miker, M. (1997) 'Industria automotriz en el norte de México. El caso Ciudad Juárez', Revista NOESIS, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Júrez, México, Vol. 9, No. 19, pp. 29-74.
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(1997)
Revista NOESIS
, vol.9
, Issue.19
, pp. 29-74
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Carrillo, J.1
Miker, M.2
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47
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0012348680
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Lean production and the specter of Mexico: A case atudy of a U.S. auto parts plant
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Juárez-Babson (Coord.) et al., Wayne State University, Michigan
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Helper, S. (1998) 'Lean production and the specter of Mexico: a case atudy of a U.S. auto parts plant', in Juárez-Babson (Coord.) et al. Confronting Change. Auto labor and lean production in North America, Wayne State University, Michigan, pp. 303-324.
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(1998)
Confronting Change. Auto Labor and Lean Production in North America
, pp. 303-324
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Helper, S.1
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49
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2542480511
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Convergencia tecnológica y nacimiento de las maquiladoras de tercera generación: El caso Delphi - Juárez
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September, Mexico
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Lara A. (2000) 'Convergencia tecnológica y nacimiento de las maquiladoras de tercera generación: El caso Delphi - Juárez', Comercio Exterior, Vol. 50, September, Mexico.
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Comercio Exterior
, vol.50
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Lara, A.1
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52
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E-volving the auto industry: E-commerce effects on consumer and supplier relationships
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Paper prepared for, Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley, April 24
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Helper, S. and MacDuffie, J.P. (2000) 'E-volving the auto industry: E-commerce effects on consumer and supplier relationships', Paper prepared for: E-Business and the Changing Terms of Competition: A View from within the Sectors, Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley, April 24.
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(2000)
E-Business and the Changing Terms of Competition: A View from within the Sectors
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Helper, S.1
MacDuffie, J.P.2
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53
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2542449698
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Comercio Electrónico e Integración Regional: El Caso de la Industria de Autopartes en el Norte de México
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UCLA, Tijuana, September
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Carrillo, J. (2000) Comercio Electrónico e Integración Regional: El Caso de la Industria de Autopartes en el Norte de México, Reporte preparado para Naid Center, UCLA, Tijuana, September.
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Reporte Preparado Para Naid Center
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Carrillo, J.1
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54
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2542438411
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note
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Together, these factors explain in part why the average size of establishments built in Mexico is smaller than for those in the United States [49].
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55
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2542427159
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The automobile sector
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Cimoli, M. (Coord.): Continuum, London
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Lara, A. and Constantino, R. (2000) 'The automobile sector', in Cimoli, M. (Coord.): Developing Innovation Systems: Mexico in a Global Context, Continuum, London.
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(2000)
Developing Innovation Systems: Mexico in a Global Context
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Lara, A.1
Constantino, R.2
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56
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2542463679
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Maquiladoras de tercera generación. El caso de Delphi-General Motors
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México, September
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Carrillo, J. and Hualde, A. (1997) 'Maquiladoras de tercera generación. El caso de Delphi-General Motors', Comercio Exterior, Vol. 47, Núm. 9, México, September, pp. 747-758.
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, Issue.9
, pp. 747-758
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Carrillo, J.1
Hualde, A.2
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57
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2542473878
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note
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We could answer that, as proposed by Williamson [58] the mechanism for coordination within the company is authority, but this explanation would be much too simple in relation to the complex processes of coordination and cooperation that take place within companies.
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60
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2542451571
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note
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Interview with human resources manager at Delphi-MTC, Ciudad Juárez, March 2002.
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61
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2542419612
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note
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To work with a related unit is viewed as limiting the business unit to an adverse position for negotiating [59, p. 400]. This friction presents itself especially when business units are more limited in changing from one internal client to another, for example, than when an external client is involved. In this situation the costs involved in internal transactions are greater than those in external transactions.
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62
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2542498423
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note
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As pointed out by one engineer at Delphi: "Although some regions' management believed the design for the manufacturability process (DFM) was a cost saving and quality improvement tool, they were somewhat reluctant to add full time DFM engineers to accomplish this task." [49].
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63
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2542502175
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note
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Frequently managers identify more with the business units than with the corporation.
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2542420554
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note
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Research by Carrillo and Hualde [56], Lara [45] and Dutrenit et al. [65]. All of them reconstructed the MTC, particularly emphasizing its internal autonomy. In this article we have sought to reconstruct the MTC, incorporating the functions performed in addition to R&D, especially coordination activities, from an evolutional perspective.
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65
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2542430860
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Monografía del proyecto Aprendizaje tecnológico y escalamiento industrial: perspectivas para la generación de capacidades tecnológicas en empresas maquiladoras de la frontera norte
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Dutrenit, G., Vera-Cruz, A.O. Alvarez, J. and Rodríguez, L. (2001) Estrategia Tecnológica y Demanda de Investigación básica: El Caso de Dos Empresas en México, Monografía del proyecto Aprendizaje tecnológico y escalamiento industrial: perspectivas para la generación de capacidades tecnológicas en empresas maquiladoras de la frontera norte.
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(2001)
Estrategia Tecnológica y Demanda de Investigación Básica: El Caso de Dos Empresas en México
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Dutrenit, G.1
Vera-Cruz, A.O.2
Alvarez, J.3
Rodríguez, L.4
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67
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2542418650
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note
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Before the expansion the total area was 203,000 square feet, and with the expansion it increased to 447,000 square feet.
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68
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2542503130
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note
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R&D functions such as: engineering and development; computational analysis; design; materials engineering; test vehicle fleet; electronics laboratories; and process development. In terms of engineering and development, they have high-tech infrastructure for carrying out "tests" in developing technological components and subsystems.
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69
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2542431759
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note
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The technical centers are located primarily in the United States, France, Luxemburg, Germany, Poland, Japan, Singapore, India, Brazil and Mexico.
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71
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2542446877
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Delphi Automotive Systems
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Hissam, M. (2001) Delphi in Mexico, Delphi Automotive Systems.
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(2001)
Delphi in Mexico
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Hissam, M.1
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72
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2542422471
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Asociación Mexicana de la Industria Automotriz, A.C., Mexico, December
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AMIA (2002) Boletín Mensual, Asociación Mexicana de la Industria Automotriz, A.C., No. 433, Mexico, December.
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(2002)
Boletín Mensual
, Issue.433
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76
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Arquitectura modular y evolución de sistemas complejos: El caso del sector automotriz
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Flores, J. and Tirado, R. (Eds.): Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Xochimilco, Mexico
-
Lara, A. (2001) 'Arquitectura modular y evolución de sistemas complejos: el caso del sector automotriz', in Flores, J. and Tirado, R. (Eds.): Economía Industrial y Agrícola en México, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Xochimilco, Mexico.
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(2001)
Economía Industrial y Agrícola en México
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Lara, A.1
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77
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2542459885
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note
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Delphi Corporation, Mexico, 2001. From 2000 to 2001 the number of patents and innovations produced by Delphi doubled, since in 2000, Delphi had registered 71 inventions, and had applied for 21 patents. MTC - Delphi, 2000.
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78
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2542500265
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note
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Battenberg points out: "We're trying to get our mechanical engineers to think out of the box, not only in terms of getting rid of wiring, but also hydraulics so we can move to brake by wire, steer by wire - actuation by wire." [79].
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80
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2542460850
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note
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Of which more than 5000 engineers work in the areas of electronics and software.
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