Searching for accountability in a government without boundaries

Canadian Public Administration

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 1-26

  Savoie, Donald I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONCTON   (Canada)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 2442636214     PISSN: 00084840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-7121.2004.tb01968.x     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Peter Aucoin, "Accountability: The Key to Restoring Public Confidence in Governments." Paper presented at The Timlin Lecture, University of Saskatchewan, November 1997.
2. Consultation with a senior Treasury Board Secretariat official, Ottawa, 22 October 2002.
3. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Democratic Governance (London: The Free Press, 1995), p. 160.
4. John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (New York: Harper, 1869), p. 100.
5. J.R. Mallory, The Structure of Canadian Government (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1971), p. 122.
6. Donald J. Savoie, Thatcher, Reagan, Mulroney: In Search of a New Bureaucracy (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994), p. 26.
7. See Herman Finer, The British Civil Service (London: Allen and Unwin, 1937), p. 196; and Sharon Sutherland, "Responsible government and ministerial responsibility: Every reform is its own problem," Canadian Journal of Political Science 24, no. 1 (March 1991), p. 100.
8. See Herman Finer, The British Civil Service (London: Allen and Unwin, 1937), p. 196; and Sharon Sutherland, "Responsible government and ministerial responsibility: Every reform is its own problem," Canadian Journal of Political Science 24, no. 1 (March 1991), p. 100.
9. See, among others, Sir Edward Bridges, Portrait of a Profession: The Civil Service Tradition. The Rede Lecture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953).
10. Quoted in Henry Parris, Constitutional Bureaucracy (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1969), p. 80.
11. J.E. Hodgetts, Pioneer Public Service: An Administrative History of the United Canadas 1841-1867 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969); and J. E. Hodgetts, The Canadian Public Service: A Physiology of Government, 1867-1970 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), Chapter 2.
12. J.E. Hodgetts, Pioneer Public Service: An Administrative History of the United Canadas 1841-1867 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969); and J. E. Hodgetts, The Canadian Public Service: A Physiology of Government, 1867-1970 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), Chapter 2.
13. Luther Gulick, "Notes on the Theory of Organization," in Luther Gulick and L. Urwick, eds., Notes on the Theory of Organization (New York: Institute of Public Administration, 1937).
14. Jacques Bourgault and Stéphane Dion, The Changing Profile of Federal Deputy Ministers (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Management Development, 1991), pp. v and 39.
15. Donald J. Savoie, Governing from the Centre: The Concentration of Power in Canadian Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), p. 217.
16. J.L. Granatstein, The Ottawa Men: The Civil Service Mandarins, 1935-57 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982), p. 281.
17. For a discussion on how the process worked, see Savoie, Governing from the Centre, Chapter 2.
18. See Granatstein, The Ottawa Men; and Gordon Robertson, Memoirs of a Very Civil Servant (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000).
19. See Granatstein, The Ottawa Men; and Gordon Robertson, Memoirs of a Very Civil Servant (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000).
20. R.G. Robertson, "The changing role of the Privy Council Office," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 14, no. 4 (Winter 1975), p. 488.
21. Peter Aucoin, "Organizational change in the machinery of Canadian government: From rational management to brokerage politics," Canadian Journal of Political Science 19, no. 1 (March 1986), p. 8.
22. Donald J. Savoie, "The rise of court government in Canada," Canadian Journal of Political Science 32, no. 4 (December 1999), pp. 636-64.
23. Consultations with a former senior official with the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa, 22 May 2003.
24. Marcel Massé, "Partners in the Management of Canada: The Changing Roles of Government and the Public Service." Paper presented at the 1993 John L. Manion Lecture, Canadian Centre for Management Development, Ottawa, pp. 5 and 8.
25. Jocelyne Bourgon, Management in the New Public Sector Culture (Ottawa: Public Policy Forum, 1993), p. 10.
26. See Alan C. Cairns, Charter Versus Federalism (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992).
27. Tom Parklington, "Against Inflating Human Rights," The Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice (Windsor, Ont.: University of Windsor, 1982), p. 85.
28. Janice Tibbetts, "Canadians Challenging Authority, Report Says: Supreme Court Stressed," National Post (Toronto), 21 January 2002, p. A2.
29. See, for example, Paul Tellier, First Annual Report to the Prime Minister on the Public Service of Canada (Ottawa: Privy Council Office, 1992).
30. Jocelyne Bourgon, Fifth Annual Report to the Prime Minister on the Public Service of Canada (Ottawa: Privy Council Office, 1998), pp. 10-11.
31. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Government of the Future (Paris: OECD, 2000), p. 32.
32. Canada, Task Force on Program Review Private Sector Advisory Committee, News Release, 11 March 1986 (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1986); and Erik Nielsen, The House is Not a Home: An Autobiography (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1989).
33. Canada, Task Force on Program Review Private Sector Advisory Committee, News Release, 11 March 1986 (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1986); and Erik Nielsen, The House is Not a Home: An Autobiography (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1989).
34. This is not to suggest, however, that the two authors think that the federal government has been successful in its consultation efforts. See Mark C. Baetz and Brian Tanguay, "Damned if you do, damned if you don't: Government and the conundrum of consultation in the environmental sector," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 41, no. 3 (Fall 1998), p. 396.
35. Arthur Kroeger, "Reflection on Being A Deputy Minister." Speech to the Canadian Club, Ottawa, 25 January 1991, p. 3. See also Evert A. Lindquist, who made a similar observation earlier in "Public managers and policy communities: Learning to meet new challenges," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 35, no. 2 (Summer 1992), pp. 127-59.
36. Arthur Kroeger, "Reflection on Being A Deputy Minister." Speech to the Canadian Club, Ottawa, 25 January 1991, p. 3. See also Evert A. Lindquist, who made a similar observation earlier in "Public managers and policy communities: Learning to meet new challenges," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 35, no. 2 (Summer 1992), pp. 127-59.
37. See, for example, Paul Martin's 2001 Budget Speech. See also Evert A. Lindquist, "A Quarter Century of Canadian Think Tanks: Evolving Institutions, Conditions and Strategies," in Diane Stone et al., eds., Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), pp. 129-44.
38. See, for example, Paul Martin's 2001 Budget Speech. See also Evert A. Lindquist, "A Quarter Century of Canadian Think Tanks: Evolving Institutions, Conditions and Strategies," in Diane Stone et al., eds., Think Tanks Across Nations: A Comparative Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), pp. 129-44.
39. L.A. Pal, Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction (Toronto: Methuen, 1987), p. 95.
40. G. Bruce Doern and Richard Phidd, Canadian Public Policy: Ideas, Structure, Process (Scarborough, Ont.: Nelson Canada, 1992), pp. 542-43.
41. John W. Langford and K. Lorne Brownsey, "Think Tanks and Modern Governances," in John W. Langford and K. Lorne Brownsey, eds., Think Tanks and Governance in the Asia Pacific Region (Halifax: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1991), p. 3.
42. See www.ppforum.com for a history of the Public Policy Forum.
43. One example is the role the forum played in the government's handling of a request for financial support of Canada's National Hockey League teams.
44. Canadian Policy Research Networks, Annual Review, 1999-2000: Transformation (Ottawa: CPRN, 2001), p. 29.
45. www.cprn.com. See also "Annual Report 1998-1999 Momentum" and "Annual Report 1999-2000 Transformation" at the web site's documents link.
46. Herbert Kaufman, "Emerging conflicts in the doctrines of public administration," American Political Science Review 50, no. 4 (December 1972), p. 1060.
47. James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), p. 231.
48. Kroeger, "Reflections on Being a Deputy Minister." [speech], p. 6.
49. Jeffrey Simpson, The Friendly Dictatorship (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2002), p. 174.
50. See, for example, Ignace Snellen, "Public Service in an Information Society," in B. Guy Peters and Donald J. Savoie, eds., Governance in the Twenty-first Century: Revitalizing the Public Service (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001), pp. 297-43.
51. See, among others, Reg Alcock and Donald G. Lenihan, Opening the E-Government File: Governing in the 21st Century (Ottawa: Centre for Collaborative Government, 2001), p. 8.
52. Quoted in Joseph S. Nye Jr. "Navigation in the Internet Age," John F. Kennedy School of Government, Op Ed [web site] (Cambridge, Mass.: President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2004), at http://www.ksg-harvard.edu/news/opeds/2000/nye_internet_ft.htm.
53. Quoted in Darin Barney, Prometheus Wired: The Hope for Democracy in the Age of Network Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), p. 21.
54. Ibid., pp. 8 and 11.
55. See, for example, [n.a.], "Caught in the Net," The Economist, 24 March 2001, p. 26.
56. Mel Cappe, "Remarks to the Arthur Kroeger College of Public Affairs, Leadership Forum Awards Dinner." Ottawa, Privy Council Office, 6 February 2002, p. 7.
57. Mel Cappe, Eighth Annual Report to the Prime Minister on the Public Service of Canada (Ottawa: Privy Council Office, 2001), p. 3.
58. Alcock and Lenihan, Opening the E-Government File, p. 18.
59. Quoted in Barney, Prometheus Wired, p. 238.
60. Glen Milne, Making Policy: A Guide to the Federal Government's Policy Process (Ottawa: Glen Milne, 1999), p. 32.
61. Ibid., p. 4.
62. nd Session, 12 October 1999 (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 1999), p. 14.
63. See the supplementary issue from The Economist magazine, A Survey of Government and the Internet, 24 June 2001.
64. Johnson, "The role of the deputy minister: III," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 4, no. 4 (December 1961), p. 367.
65. I b i d.
66. See Savoie, Thatcher, Reagan, Mulroney.
67. See, for example, Paul Tellier, "Public Service 2000: The renewal of the public service." CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 33, no. 2 (Summer 1990), p. 131.
68. V. Peter Harder, "The Public Service of Canada: A Key Partner in Productivity." A presentation to the SUMMA Forum on Productivity, 16 March 1999, p. 3 [mimeo].
69. Ralph Heintzman, "The Effects of Globalization on Management Practices: Should the Public Sector Operate on Different Parameters?" Paper presented to the IPAC National Conference, Fredericton, New Brunswick, 31 August 1999, pp. 7-9.
70. David Osborne and Ted Gaebler, Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector From Schoolhouse to State House, City Hall to Pentagon (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1992).
71. Quoted in Louis C. Gawthrop, Public Service and Democracy: Ethical Imperatives for the 21st Century (New York: Chatham House Publishers, 1998), p. 11.
72. Andrew Stark, "What is the new public management?," Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 12, no. 1 (January 2002), p. 146.
73. See, among others, John M. Kamensky, "The role of the reinventing government movement in federal management reform," Public Administration Review 56, no. 3 (May/June 1996), p. 252; and Savoie, Thatcher, Reagan, Mulroney.
74. See, among others, John M. Kamensky, "The role of the reinventing government movement in federal management reform," Public Administration Review 56, no. 3 (May/June 1996), p. 252; and Savoie, Thatcher, Reagan, Mulroney.
75. An example is the advisory board to the Atlantic Innovation Fund, which reviews and recommends all proposed projects. See Canada, Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency at www.acoa-apeca.gc.ca.
76. Others include the Canada Health Services Research Foundation, Genome Canada, Canada Foundation for Sustainable Development Technology, Canada Health Infoway, Inc.
77. Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, Evidence, 3 April 2001 (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2001), p. 8.
78. Consultation with a senior Treasury Board Secretariat official, Ottawa, 22 October 2002.
79. Alasdair Robarts, "Administrative discretion and the access to Information Act: An internal law on open government?, CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 45, no. 2 (Summer 2002), p. 175.
80. See Savoie, Thatcher, Reagan, Mulroney, p. 341.
81. B. Ostry, "Making Deals: The Public Official as Politician," in John W. Langford, ed., Fear and Ferment: Public Sector Management Today (Toronto: Institute of Public Administration of Canada, 1987), p. 171.
82. The observation was made by a senior line department official at a CCMD sponsored seminar held in 1996 to review papers produced for the book edited by B. Guy Peters and Donald J. Savoie, Taking Stock: Assessing Public Sector Reforms (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
83. Johnson, "The role of the deputy minister: III," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, p. 373.
84. George Anderson, "The new focus on the policy capacity of the federal government: I," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 39, no. 4 (Winter 1996), p. 471.
85. Bourgault and Dion, The Changing Profile of Federal Deputy Ministers 1867-1988.
86. Jacques Bourgault, Le rôle et les défis contemporains des sous-ministres du Gouvernement fédéral du Canada (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Management Development, 2002), pp. 15-40.
87. Jacques Bourgault, La satisfaction des ministres du gouvernement Mulroney face à leur sous-ministre, 1984-1993 (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Management Development, 1988), p. 41. See also Savoie, Governing from the Centre, Chapter 8.
88. Jacques Bourgault, La satisfaction des ministres du gouvernement Mulroney face à leur sous-ministre, 1984-1993 (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Management Development, 1988), p. 41. See also Savoie, Governing from the Centre, Chapter 8.
89. See, among others, Savoie, Thatcher, Reagan, Mulroney, Chapter 8. See also Barbara Wake Carroll and David Siegel, Service in the Field: The World of Front-Line Public Servants. Canadian Public Administration Series (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
90. See, among others, Savoie, Thatcher, Reagan, Mulroney, Chapter 8. See also Barbara Wake Carroll and David Siegel, Service in the Field: The World of Front-Line Public Servants. Canadian Public Administration Series (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999).
91. Canada, Task Force on Public Service Values and Ethics, Discussion Paper (Ottawa: Privy Council Office, 1996), p. 57.
92. James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
93. I b i d.
94. See, for example, Robert D. Behn, Rethinking Democratic Accountability (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001).
95. Marsh and Olsen, Democratic Governance, p. 59.
96. Anthony Downs, Inside Bureaucracy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967) p. 84.
97. See, among others, Mark Considini, "The end of the line? Accountable governance in the age of networks, partnerships, and joined-up services," Governance 15, no. 1 (January 2002), p. 22.
98. On the work of the accounting officer in Britain, see C.E.S. Franks, The Parliament of Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987).