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Volumn 2, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-31

Prophecy and politics in Istanbul: Charles V, Sultan Suleyman, and the Habsburg embassy of 1533-1534

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EID: 2442617135     PISSN: 13853783     EISSN: 15700658     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157006598X00072     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (26)

References (189)
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    • 3 vols.,Vienna
    • This is an amplified French version of the Latin report presented by Schepper and his colleague, Hieronymous of Zara, to Ferdinand I on 20 September 1533, and published in Anton von Gévay, Urkunden und Actenstücke zur Geschichte der Verhältnisse zwischen Österreich, Ungern, und der Pforte im XVI und XVII Jahrhunderte. Gesandtschaft Konig Ferdinands I. an Sultan Suleiman I. (1527-1541), 3 vols. (Vienna, 1838-1842), vol. 2, pt. 1, 3-48.
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    • A lo accordo fra il re di Romani [Ferdinand] et il Vayvoda [Zápolyai] se atende et si spera debba riuscire, perchè li imperiali et il Vayvoda lo desiderano, et Nostro Signore [Pope Clement VII] et il re di Polonia [Sigismund I] vi si affaticano molto, perchè non seguendo saria ruina di la Christianità
    • 58 vols.,Venice
    • A Mantuan ambassador in Rome in 1532 reported, "A lo accordo fra il re di Romani [Ferdinand] et il Vayvoda [Zápolyai] se atende et si spera debba riuscire, perchè li imperiali et il Vayvoda lo desiderano, et Nostro Signore [Pope Clement VII] et il re di Polonia [Sigismund I] vi si affaticano molto, perchè non seguendo saria ruina di la Christianità." Marino Sanuto, I Diarii di Marino Sanuto, 58 vols., ed. Rinaldo Fulin, et al. (Venice, 1879-1903), vol. 55, 407.
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    • The Life of an Imperial Monument: Hagia Sophia after Byzantium
    • ed. Robert Mark and Ahmet Ş. Çakmak,Cambridge
    • The question of the titles properly belonging to Charles and Süleyman was a matter of contention in the early 1530s (see below, note 46). Both monarchs claimed the title of "emperor," Charles by virtue of election in 1519 and Süleyman because Mehmet II had assumed the title of "Roman Caesar" or "Sultan of Rum" (Kayser-I Rum) after taking Constantinople in 1453 (cf. Gülru Necipoǧlu, "The Life of an Imperial Monument: Hagia Sophia after Byzantium," in Hagia Sophia from the age of Justinian to the present, ed. Robert Mark and Ahmet Ş. Çakmak (Cambridge, 1992), 197-98).
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    • Norman, OK
    • Süleyman regarded himself as the imperial heir of Constantine and Justinian, but he replaced the title "Sultan of Rum" with Padishah-I Islam, "Emperor of Islam," since the sultans had extended their domination to the Persians and Arabs. Bernard Lewis, Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire (Norman, OK, 1963), 44-45. Only Charles shall be referred to here as "emperor" because it was European usage in diplomatic documents of the time.
    • (1963) Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire , pp. 44-45
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    • Joannes Dantiscus to King Sigismund i of Poland, Burgos
    • 20 February 1528,Poznań
    • On Schepper's book, see Joannes Dantiscus to King Sigismund I of Poland, Burgos, 20 February 1528, Acta Tomiciana, ed. Zygmunt Celichowski (Poznań, 1876-1906), vol. 10, no. 84, 87-90. I am grateful to James D. Tracy for information on Schepper's publication.
    • (1876) Acta Tomiciana , vol.10 , Issue.84 , pp. 87-90
    • Celichowski, Z.1
  • 10
    • 79958567018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sixteenth-Century Millenarianism from the Tagus to the Ganges
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    • Sanjay Subrahmanyam, "Sixteenth-Century Millenarianism from the Tagus to the Ganges," Working Papers in Early Modern History, Department of History, University of Minnesota, 1-36.
    • Working Papers in Early Modern History , pp. 1-36
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    • 79958615959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Arturo Segre
    • "ogni minimo effecto et ogni cossa procieda dala voluntade divina, quanto magis le grandi et rare mutatione di Stadi, et queste grande et diverse permutatione et moveste ... cum magiore inclinatione dela voluntade superna debianno prociedere et cauxare dal supremo motore." Girolamo Priuli, I Diarii di Girolamo Priuli, ed. Arturo Segre (vol. 1)
    • I Diarii di Girolamo Priuli , vol.1
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    • vols. 2 and 4,Bologna,4
    • and Roberto Cessi (vols. 2 and 4) Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, vol. 24, pt. 3 (Bologna, 1912-1938), vol. 4, 29.
    • (1912) Rerum Italicarum Scriptores , vol.24 , Issue.PART 3 , pp. 29
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    • Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus's 'Enterprise of the Indies
    • Pauline Moffitt Watts, "Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus's 'Enterprise of the Indies,'" The American Historical Review 90/1 (1985): 73-102;
    • (1985) The American Historical Review , vol.90 , Issue.1 , pp. 73-102
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    • Christopher Columbus and the Millennial Vision of the New World
    • July-October
    • Leonard W. Sweet, "Christopher Columbus and the Millennial Vision of the New World," Catholic Historical Review 72 (July-October 1986): 369-82;
    • (1986) Catholic Historical Review , vol.72 , pp. 369-382
    • Sweet, L.W.1
  • 16
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    • Factions, interests and messianism: The politics of Portuguese expansion in the east, 1500-1521
    • Luís Filipe F. R. Thomaz, "Factions, interests and messianism: the politics of Portuguese expansion in the east, 1500-1521," The Indian Economic and Social History Review 28/1 (1991): 97-109;
    • (1991) The Indian Economic and Social History Review , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 97-109
    • Thomaz, L.F.F.R.1
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    • Crisis and Crusade in the Mediterranean: Venice, Portugal, and the Cape Route to India
    • Robert Finlay, "Crisis and Crusade in the Mediterranean: Venice, Portugal, and the Cape Route to India (1498-1509)," Studi veneziani 28 (1994): 72-76.
    • (1994) Studi Veneziani , vol.28 , pp. 72-76
    • Finlay, R.1
  • 22
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    • ... vociferando molto che provedendo a queste cosse [segregating Jews in Venice], Idio prosperà questa Republica contra soi inimici
    • "... vociferando molto che provedendo a queste cosse [segregating Jews in Venice], Idio prosperà questa Republica contra soi inimici." Sanuto, I Diarri, vol., 22, 97-98;
    • Sanuto, i Diarri , vol.22 , pp. 97-98
  • 23
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    • The Foundation of the Ghetto: Venice, the Jews, and the War of the League of Cambrai
    • see Robert Finlay, "The Foundation of the Ghetto: Venice, the Jews, and the War of the League of Cambrai," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 126/2 (1982): 140-54.
    • (1982) Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , vol.126 , Issue.2 , pp. 140-154
    • Finlay, R.1
  • 27
    • 79958573170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Schepper's assertion about Gritti's power, see Collection des voyages, vol. 3, 464.
    • Collection des Voyages , vol.3 , pp. 464
  • 28
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    • Andreae Gritti, Principis Venetiarum,Venice
    • On Andrea, see Nicolò Barbarigo's sixteenth-century biography, Andreae Gritti, Principis Venetiarum (Venice, 1792);
    • (1792) Sixteenth-century Biography
    • Barbarigo, N.1
  • 30
    • 79958624692 scopus 로고
    • Shipping and Spying in the Early Career of a Venetian Doge
    • James C. Davis, "Shipping and Spying in the Early Career of a Venetian Doge," Studi veneziani 16 (1974): 97-108.
    • (1974) Studi Veneziani , vol.16 , pp. 97-108
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    • On Alvise, see Giovio, Gli elogi, 443-44;
    • Gli Elogi , pp. 443-444
    • Giovio1
  • 33
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    • Politics and the Family in Renaissance Venice: The Election of Doge Andrea Gritti
    • Robert Finlay, "Politics and the Family in Renaissance Venice: The Election of Doge Andrea Gritti," Studi veneziani 2 (1978): 97-117.
    • (1978) Studi Veneziani , vol.2 , pp. 97-117
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    • Barbarigo, Andreae Gritti, 54
    • On the use of Beyoglu, see Barbarigo, Andreae Gritti, 54.
  • 37
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    • Narrazione di Francesco della Valle Padovano della grandezza, virtu, valore, ed infelice morte dell'Illustrissimo Signor Conte Aloise Gritti, del Serenissimo Signor Andrea Gritti, Principe di Venezia ...
    • published in "Gritti Alajost illetö emlékiratok" [Documents on Alvise Gritti]
    • For what follows, see the memoir of Gritti by Francesco della Valle, his secretary, "Narrazione di Francesco della Valle Padovano della grandezza, virtu, valore, ed infelice morte dell'Illustrissimo Signor Conte Aloise Gritti, del Serenissimo Signor Andrea Gritti, Principe di Venezia ...," published in "Gritti Alajost illetö emlékiratok" [Documents on Alvise Gritti], Magyar Történelmi Tár, Hungarian History Collection 3 (1857), 18-20.
    • (1857) Magyar Történelmi Tár, Hungarian History Collection , vol.3 , pp. 18-20
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    • 84868825826 scopus 로고
    • Constantinople-Istanbul
    • Constantinople remained the correct literary designation for the city until modern times, although "Istanbul" was popular in Greek usage from the ninth century and was employed by Muslims from the fifteenth century. Steven Runciman, "Constantinople-Istanbul," Revue des études sud-est européennes, 7 (1969): 205-08. The city, comprising Istan-Galata-Pera, was not officially termed "Istanbul" until 1930, at which time the popular toponym "Beyoglu" came to designate the district of Pera.
    • (1969) Revue des Études Sud-est Européennes , vol.7 , pp. 205-208
    • Runciman, S.1
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    • Paris, note 2; 77-78
    • e siècle (Paris, 1962), 22, note 2; 77-78.
    • (1962) e Siècle , pp. 22
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    • Aloisio Gritti în Slujba Sultanului Soliman Kanunî, dupǎ unele Documente Turceşti inedite (1533-1534)
    • Aurel Decei, "Aloisio Gritti în Slujba Sultanului Soliman Kanunî, dupǎ unele Documente Turceşti inedite (1533-1534)," Studii si Materiale de Istorie Medie 7 (1974): 157.
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    • Vivea con una mirabil grandezza, perche non segli potea parlare, se prima non si passava per due mandi guardie, non gia per suspetto alcuno di havesse ma per Regal pompa. della Valle, Narrazione, 19
    • "Vivea con una mirabil grandezza, perche non segli potea parlare, se prima non si passava per due mandi guardie, non gia per suspetto alcuno di havesse ma per Regal pompa." della Valle, "Narrazione," 19;
  • 45
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    • Giovio, Gli elogi, 443
    • cf. Giovio, Gli elogi, 443.
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    • 366, 445, 505-507
    • On Ibrahim's marriage, see Sanuto, I Diarri, vol. 36, 338-339, 366, 445, 505-507.
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    • Oxford,notes 1 and 5
    • There is, however, some disagreement about whether Ibrahim was an in-law of the sultan: see A. D. Alderson, The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty (Oxford, 1956), 97-98, notes 1 and 5;
    • (1956) The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty , pp. 97-98
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    • See the assertions about Ibrahim's power in Sanuto, I Diarri, vol. 53, 444,
    • I Diarri , vol.53 , pp. 444
    • Sanuto1
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    • Girolamo Aleandro to Pietro Carnesecchi
    • Venice, 14 March 1534,2 vols.,Rome
    • as well as in Girolamo Aleandro to Pietro Carnesecchi, Venice, 14 March 1534, Nunziature di Venezia, 2 vols., ed. Franco Gaeta (Rome, 1958), vol. 1, 185.
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    • Relazione dell'impero ottomano
    • 15 vols., ed. E. Alberi,Florence
    • Daniello de' Ludovisi, "Relazione dell'impero ottomano," Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al senato, 15 vols., ed. E. Alberi (Florence, 1839-61), vol. 1, 30;
    • (1839) Relazioni Degli Ambasciatori Veneti Al Senato , vol.1 , pp. 30
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    • Giovio, Gli elogi, 443-44
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    • 40, 274-75
    • "... et disse amar molto la Signoria nostra per esser nassudo soto il so' dominio ..." Sanuto, I Diarri, vol. 35, 259; vol. 40, 274-75.
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    • Sanuto1
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    • The Venetian consul in Istanbul reported that a pasha said "essendo Imbrain vostro venitian la Signoria li doveria donar ditti zuchari. ..." Sanuto, I Diarri, vol. 40, 699; cf. vol. 35, 176; vol. 41, 526; vol. 54, 117.
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    • Sanuto1
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    • 3 vols., ed. Silvana Seidel Menchi,Turin
    • The classic account is Francesco Guicciardini's Storia d'Italia, 3 vols., ed. Silvana Seidel Menchi (Turin, 1971).
    • (1971) Storia d'Italia
    • Guicciardini, F.1
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    • Guicciardini, 3, 1383-91
    • On the resumption of war in 1521, see Guicciardini, vol. 3, 1383-91.
  • 67
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    • Ottoman Policy towards Hungary, 1520-1541
    • The victory at Mohács was made possible by Süleyman capturing the fortress of Belgrade, the gateway to the plains of central Hungary, during his first invasion of Hungary in 1521: see Pál Fodor, "Ottoman Policy towards Hungary, 1520-1541," Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 45/2-3 (1991): 277.
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    • Konszolidációs kisérlet Magyarországon a mohácsi csatavesztés után: Szapolyai János király kormányzása 1526 november-1527 augusztus
    • G. Barta, "Konszolidációs kisérlet Magyarországon a mohácsi csatavesztés után: Szapolyai János király kormányzása 1526 november-1527 augusztus" [Attempts at consolidation in Hungary after the disaster of Mohács: The reign of King János Zápolyai from November 1526 to August 1527], Századok 111/4 (1977): 635-77;
    • (1977) Századok , vol.111 , Issue.4 , pp. 635-677
    • Barta, G.1
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    • An d'illusions (Notes sur la double élection de rois après la défaite de Mohács)
    • "An d'illusions (Notes sur la double élection de rois après la défaite de Mohács)," Acta Historica 24 (1978): 1-40.
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    • Acta et Epistolae relationum Transylvaniae Hungariaque cum Moldavia et Valachia
    • Budapest
    • Hieronimo Laski to King János Zápolyai, Istanbul, 23 January 1528, Acta et Epistolae relationum Transylvaniae Hungariaque cum Moldavia et Valachia (Fontes rerum transylvanicarum, vol. 4), ed. Andreas Veress (Budapest, 1914), 156-57;
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    • Genova e Andrea Doria nella fase critica del conflitto franco-asburgico
    • Giuseppe Oreste, "Genova e Andrea Doria nella fase critica del conflitto franco-asburgico," Atti della società ligure di storia patria 72/2 (1958): 25-30;
    • (1958) Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria , vol.72 , Issue.2 , pp. 25-30
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    • Alonso Sanchez to Charles V, Mirandola, 21 September 1528, Cal. S.P. Spanish, III, ii, no. 552, 793
    • Alonso Sanchez to Charles V, Mirandola, 21 September 1528, Cal. S.P. Spanish, III, ii, no. 552, 793.
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    • Come? Vui sè fiol del Serenissimo e andè! che dirà l'imperatori' Lui li rispose: 'Son servitor del Signor turco
    • "'Come? Vui sè fiol del Serenissimo e andè! che dirà l'imperatori' Lui li rispose: 'Son servitor del Signor turco.'" Sanuto, I Diarri, vol. 53, 360.
    • Sanuto, i Diarri , vol.53 , pp. 360
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    • Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Consiglio di Dieci, Parti Secrete, Reg. 2, ff. 84r-84v, 24 November 1528
    • For Doge Gritti's letter, see Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Consiglio di Dieci, Parti Secrete, Reg. 2, ff. 84r-84v, 24 November 1528.
  • 85
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    • Girolamo da Pesaro, a member of the Collegio, the executive council of the Senate, "disse poche parole, che non è homo che non creda la Signoria habbi fatto venir il Turk in Alemagna per divertir, maxime havendo messer Alvise Griti fiol del Serenissimo con lui ..." Sanuto, I Diarri, vol. 51, 45.
    • I Diarri , vol.51 , pp. 45
    • Sanuto1
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    • Al servizio del sultano: Venezia, i Turchi e il mondo cristiano
    • ed. Manfredo Tafuri Rome
    • On the danger to Venice of Alvise's actions, see Robert Finlay, "Al servizio del sultano: Venezia, i Turchi e il mondo cristiano, 1523-1538," in "Renovatio Urbis": Venezia nell'età di Andrea Gritti (1523-1538), ed. Manfredo Tafuri (Rome, 1984), 85-88.
    • (1984) Renovatio Urbis: Venezia nell'Età di Andrea Gritti (1523-1538) , pp. 85-88
    • Finlay, R.1
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    • Hellert J.J., 18 vols.,Paris,445-54
    • On the 1529 invasion, see Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Histoire de l'empire ottoman, 18 vols., trans. J. J. Hellert (Paris, 1835-43), vol. 5, 112-29, 445-54;
    • (1835) Histoire de l'Empire Ottoman , vol.5 , pp. 112-129
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    • Ludovicus Gritti magyar kormányzósága, 1531-1534
    • Gábor Barta, "Ludovicus Gritti magyar kormányzó sága, 1531-1534" [Ludovicus Gritti as governor of Hungary, 1531-1534] Történelmi Szemle [Historical Review] 14 (1971): 289-317.
    • (1971) Történelmi Szemle [Historical Review] , vol.14 , pp. 289-317
    • Barta, G.1
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    • Count of Nogarola, and Joseph von Lamberg in von Gévay
    • See the report to
    • See the report to Ferdinand by Leonardo, Count of Nogarola, and Joseph von Lamberg in Von Gévay, Urkunden und Actenstücke, vol. 1, pt. 4, 27-42.
    • Urkunden und Actenstücke , vol.1 , Issue.PART. 4 , pp. 27-42
    • By Leonardo, F.1
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    • "Spagna è come una luserta, hora in quà in là la beca un poco di herba e alle volte qualche grano che la trova in terra, el nostro Signor è come un drago che quando l'averzirà boca ingiotirà il mondo ..." Sanuto, I Diarri, vol. 58, 635.
    • I Diarri , vol.58 , pp. 635
    • Sanuto1
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    • 50, 175; 56, 190, 707; 58, 96, 635
    • For more on Süleyman's grievances against Charles V, see Sanuto, I Diarri, vol. 47, 119; vol. 50, 175; vol. 56, 190, 707; vol. 58, 96, 635;
    • I Diarri , vol.47 , pp. 119
    • Sanuto1
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    • Sahibkiran und Mahdi: Türkische Endzeiterwartungen im ersten Jahrzehnt der Regierung Süleymans
    • ed. György Kara,Budapest
    • On Süleyman's outrage at the sack of Rome, see Barbara Flemming, "Sahibkiran und Mahdi: Türkische Endzeiterwartungen im ersten Jahrzehnt der Regierung Süleymans," in Between the Danube and the Caucasus, ed. György Kara (Budapest, 1987), 43-62.
    • (1987) Between the Danube and the Caucasus , pp. 43-62
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    • Süleyman the Magnificent and the Representation of Power in the Context of Ottoman-Hapsburg-Papal Rivalry
    • Sept.
    • On what follows, see Gülru Necipoǧlu, "Süleyman the Magnificent and the Representation of Power in the Context of Ottoman-Hapsburg-Papal Rivalry," The Art Bulletin 71 (Sept. 1989): 401-27;
    • (1989) The Art Bulletin , vol.71 , pp. 401-427
    • Necipoǧlu, G.1
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    • A gold helmet made in Venice for Sultan Sulayman the Magnificent, 1532
    • Nov.
    • cf. Otto Kurz, "A gold helmet made in Venice for Sultan Sulayman the Magnificent, 1532," Gazette des Beaux-Arts 74 (Nov. 1969): 249-58.
    • (1969) Gazette des Beaux-Arts , vol.74 , pp. 249-258
    • Kurz, O.1
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    • Giovio, Gli elogi, 443
    • On Gritti and the helmet, see Giovio, Gli elogi, 443;
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    • Libri tre delle cose de Turchi
    • ed. G. B. Ramusio,Venice
    • cf. Benedetto Ramberti, "Libri tre delle cose de Turchi," in Viaggi fatti da Vinetia alla Tana, ed. G. B. Ramusio (Venice, 1543), 309-11.
    • (1543) Viaggi Fatti da Vinetia Alla Tana , pp. 309-311
    • Ramberti, B.1
  • 103
    • 79958591282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 358-359, 364, and 403
    • Sanuto, I Diarri, vol. 56, 10-11, 358-359, 364, and 403, notes that the helmet was valued at 144,000 ducats.
    • I Diarri , vol.56 , pp. 10-11
    • Sanuto1
  • 104
  • 105
    • 79958673521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For descriptions of the coronation, see Sanuto, I Diarri, vol. 52, 603-652;
    • I Diarri , vol.52 , pp. 603-652
    • Sanuto1
  • 107
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    • London
    • Süleyman's display in 1532 won European renown by means of German woodcuts and pamphlets, thereby significantly contributing to the sultan's reputation for splendor. It was such displays which later in the sixteenth century earned Süleyman the title of "the Magnificent": see J. M. Rogers and R. M. Ward, Süleyman the Magnificent, exhibition catalog (London, 1988), 25-28.
    • (1988) Süleyman the Magnificent, Exhibition Catalog , pp. 25-28
    • Rogers, J.M.1    Ward, R.M.2
  • 108
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    • Nikola Jurišić to King Ferdinand, Köszeg, 22 August 1532
    • Zagreb
    • On the siege of Köszeg, see Nikola Jurišić to King Ferdinand, Köszeg, 22 August 1532, Monumenta spectantia historiam slavorum meridionalium, ed. Emilij, (Zagreb, 1916), vol. 38, no. 136, 122-25.
    • (1916) Monumenta Spectantia Historiam Slavorum Meridionalium , vol.38 , Issue.136 , pp. 122-125
    • Emilij1
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    • Piero Paolo Vergerio to Pietro Carnesecchi, Prague, 11 May 1534
    • Gotha, repr. Frankfurt am Main
    • Piero Paolo Vergerio to Pietro Carnesecchi, Prague, 11 May 1534, Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland nebst ergänzenden Aktenstücken, vol 1: Nuntiaturen des Vergerio 1533-1536, ed. Walter Friedensburg (Gotha, 1892, repr. Frankfurt am Main, 1968), 228. On Doria's capture of Corone, see Sanuto, I Diarri, vol. 56, 700, 915, 921, 931, 970, 988, 1006-1007, 1015, 1019-1021; vol. 57, 5-6, 18, 25-26, 31, 41, 51, 54-55, 77-78, 79-80, 81, 83, 93-95, 134-135, 181-183, 227-232, 666-667;
    • (1892) Nuntiaturberichte Aus Deutschland Nebst Ergänzenden Aktenstücken, 1: Nuntiaturen des Vergerio 1533-1536 , pp. 228
    • Friedensburg, W.1
  • 117
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    • Joannes Dantiscus to King Sigismund I, Bologna
    • 2 February
    • Joannes Dantiscus to King Sigismund I, Bologna, 2 February 1530, Acta Tomiciana, vol. 12, no. 39, 43-44.
    • (1530) Acta Tomiciana , vol.12 , Issue.39 , pp. 43-44
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    • Cornelius Schepper to Nicolai Oláh, Vienna
    • 2 April 1533,Nicolai Oláh, Codex Epistolaris, MDXXVI-MDXXXVIII, Budapest
    • Cornelius Schepper to Nicolai Oláh, Vienna, 2 April 1533, in Nicolai Oláh, Codex Epistolaris, MDXXVI-MDXXXVIII, ed. Arnoldus Ipolyi; Monumenta Hungariae Historica, vol. 25 (Budapest, 1876), 339.
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    • Die Pfortendolmetscher zur Herrschaftszeit Süleymans des Prächtigen
    • On Yunus Bey, see Josef Matuz, "Die Pfortendolmetscher zur Herrschaftszeit Süleymans des Prächtigen," Südost- Forschungen 34 (1975): 42-46.
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    • In nome del Gran Signore
    • Venice,152-53
    • M. P. Pedani, In nome del Gran Signore. Inviati ottomani a Venezia dalla caduta di Costantinopoli alla guerra di Candia (Venice, 1994), 147-49, 152-53. Despite their enmity, Yunus Bey and Gritti collaborated on a short description of Ottoman government and finances, which was published in Venice in 1533 and 1537.
    • (1994) Inviati Ottomani A Venezia Dalla Caduta di Costantinopoli Alla Guerra di Candia , pp. 147-149
    • Pedani, M.P.1
  • 123
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    • Benedetto Ramberti, Guilluame Postel and Francesco Sansovino, thereby helping to form the European image of the Ottomans: See Lybyer
    • Much of their information was later incorporated into works by Giovio
    • Much of their information was later incorporated into works by Giovio, Benedetto Ramberti, Guilluame Postel and Francesco Sansovino, thereby helping to form the European image of the Ottomans: see Lybyer, The Government of the Ottoman Empire, 316;
    • The Government of the Ottoman Empire , pp. 316
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    • De la collection de voyages à l'histoire universelle: La Historia Universale de' Turchi de Francesco Sansovino
    • Stéphane Yérasimos, "De la collection de voyages à l'histoire universelle: La Historia Universale de' Turchi de Francesco Sansovino," Turcica 20 (1988): 22-24;
    • (1988) Turcica , vol.20 , pp. 22-24
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    • I primi studi in Occidente sull'origine e la potenza dei Turchi
    • and A. Pertusi, "I primi studi in Occidente sull'origine e la potenza dei Turchi," Studi veneziani 12 (1970): 465-552.
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    • Pertusi, A.1
  • 126
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    • The Habsburg envoys had four meetings with Gritti and four with Ibrahim Pasha during their stay in Istanbul; toward the end of their mission, they had one audience with Süleyman. For more detail on the negotiations, which included the terms of the sultan's repayment of the dowry of Mary of Hungary, the widow of Lajos II, see Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 373-82.
    • The Papacy and the Levant , pp. 373-382
    • Setton1
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    • Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry: The European Perspective
    • ed. Halil İnalcik and Cemal Kafadar Istanbul
    • John Elliott, "Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry: The European Perspective," in Süleymân the Second and his Time, ed. Halil İnalcik and Cemal Kafadar (Istanbul, 1993), 158;
    • (1993) Süleymân the Second and His Time , pp. 158
    • Elliott, J.1
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    • Schepper to Nicolai Oláh, Istanbul, 8 July 1533, Codex Epistolaris, 385
    • Schepper to Nicolai Oláh, Istanbul, 8 July 1533, Codex Epistolaris, 385.
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    • Kizil Elma: Die grosse türkische Geschichtssage im Licht der Geschichte und der Volkskunde
    • Karl Teply, "Kizil Elma: Die grosse türkische Geschichtssage im Licht der Geschichte und der Volkskunde," Südost-Forschungen 36 (1977): 78-108;
    • (1977) Südost-Forschungen , vol.36 , pp. 78-108
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    • Ungarn und Wien in der Osmanischen Eroberungsideologie
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    • Die türkischen Transkriptionstexte des Bartholomaeus Georgievits aus den Jahren 1544-1548
    • Leipzig
    • I have not been able to consult W. Heffening's Die türkischen Transkriptionstexte des Bartholomaeus Georgievits aus den Jahren 1544-1548. Ein Beitrag zur historischen Grammatik des Osmanisch-Türkischen (Leipzig, 1942).
    • (1942) Ein Beitrag Zur Historischen Grammatik des Osmanisch-Türkischen
    • Heffening, W.1
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    • Machiavelli, Discorsi, I, ch. 56
    • and Machiavelli, Discorsi, I, ch. 56.
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    • New Haven,17-18,37-41
    • On Machiavelli's view of celestial signs, see Anthony J. Parel, The Machiavellian Cosmos (New Haven, 1992), 1-10, 17-18, 37-41.
    • (1992) The Machiavellian Cosmos , pp. 1-10
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    • The Kings of the Dead on the Battlefield of Agnadello
    • ed. Edward Muir and Guido Ruggiero, trans. Eren Branch,Baltimore, especially 88, 91
    • Ottavia Niccoli, "The Kings of the Dead on the Battlefield of Agnadello," in Microhistory and the Lost Peoples of Europe, ed. Edward Muir and Guido Ruggiero, trans. Eren Branch (Baltimore, 1991), 71-100, especially 88, 91.
    • (1991) Microhistory and the Lost Peoples of Europe , pp. 71-100
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    • The Habsburg World Empire and the Revival of Ghibellinism
    • John M. Headley, "The Habsburg World Empire and the Revival of Ghibellinism," Medieval and Renaissance Studies 7 (1975): 104;
    • (1975) Medieval and Renaissance Studies , vol.7 , pp. 104
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    • Teatro del poder en la España del siglo XVI: la imagen del Emperador Carlos V
    • ed. Pedro M. Piñero Ramirez and Christian Wentzlaff-Eggebert, Seville
    • On the significance of Pavia for the image of the emperor, see José M. Díez Borque, "Teatro del poder en la España del siglo XVI: la imagen del Emperador Carlos V," in Sevilla en el imperio de Carlos V: encrucijada entre dos mundos y dos épocas, ed. Pedro M. Piñero Ramirez and Christian Wentzlaff-Eggebert (Seville, 1991), 163-84.
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    • trans. Beth Archer,Princeton, 78-90
    • On the sack of Rome as a fulfillment of prophecies, see André Chastel, The Sack of Rome, 1527, trans. Beth Archer (Princeton, 1983), 76, 78-90.
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    • The Infidel Scourge of God: The Turkish Menace as seen by German pamphleteers of the Reformation Era
    • 37
    • and John W. Bohnstedt, "The Infidel Scourge of God: The Turkish Menace as seen by German pamphleteers of the Reformation Era," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 58/9 (1968): 13-14, 37.
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    • The lawgiver as Messiah: The Making of the Imperial Image in the Reign of Süleymân
    • For what follows, see Cornell H. Fleischer, "The lawgiver as Messiah: The Making of the Imperial Image in the Reign of Süleymân, " in Soliman le Magnifique et sons temps, 159-77.
    • Soliman le Magnifique et Sons Temps , pp. 159-177
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    • Lynch, J.1
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    • Sanuto, I Diarri, vol. 41, 95.
    • I Diarri , vol.41 , pp. 95
    • Sanuto1
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    • 79958559665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vergerio to Jacopo Salviati, 22 September 1533, Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland, 122
    • Vergerio to Jacopo Salviati, 22 September 1533, Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland, 122;
  • 166
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    • ... et chequelli del governo stavanno d'un malissimo animo, havendo quella tanta mortalità pro sinistro augurio allo imperio loro
    • Vienna, 13 October, Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland
    • "... et che quelli del governo stavanno d'un malissimo animo, havendo quella tanta mortalità pro sinistro augurio allo imperio loro." Vergerio to Pope Clement VII, Vienna, 13 October 1533, Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland, 133;
    • (1533) Vergerio to Pope Clement VII , pp. 133
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    • Vienna, 22 September
    • see also, Vergerio to Jacopo Salviati, Vienna, 22 September 1533, 122.
    • (1533) Vergerio to Jacopo Salviati , pp. 122
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    • 154
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    • Pest,314, 321
    • Georgius Sirimiensis, Epistola de perdicione regni Hungororum; Monumenta Hungariae Historica, vol. 1 (Pest, 1857), 308-09, 314, 321.
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    • Dramma satirico carnevalesco su Alvise Gritti, governatore dell'Ungheria, 1532
    • ed. Vittore Branca,Florence
    • Sirimiensis's contemporary narrative is the principal source for Tibor Kardos, "Dramma satirico carnevalesco su Alvise Gritti, governatore dell'Ungheria, 1532," in Venezia e Ungheria nel Rinascimento, ed. Vittore Branca (Florence, 1973), 397-427.
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    • Istanbul
    • Leiden
    • On the population of religious groups in Istanbul, see Halil İnalcik, "Istanbul," in Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1978), vol. 4, 243.
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    • Gritti to Charles V, Istanbul
    • 7 June
    • cf. Gritti to Charles V, Istanbul, 7 June 1534, Collection des voyages, vol. 3, 544.
    • (1534) Collection des Voyages , vol.3 , pp. 544
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    • Poitiers
    • Gritti's assertion about the weakness of Istanbul was later echoed by Guillaume Postel, De la republique des Turcs (Poitiers, 1560), 54, who claimed that Charles V in 1534 lost the best opportunity that a Christian leader would ever have to conquer the Ottoman capital.
    • (1560) De la Republique des Turcs , pp. 54
    • Postel, G.1
  • 175
    • 60949947379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postel accompanied a French diplomatic mission to Istanbul in 1535 and gathered information from persons who had known Gritti; hence it is likely that Postel incorporated Gritti's view into his own account (see Lybyer, The Government of the Ottoman Empire, 316).
    • The Government of the Ottoman Empire , pp. 316
    • Lybyer1
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    • The Navy of Süleyman the Magnificent
    • and C. H. Imber, "The Navy of Süleyman the Magnificent," Archivum Ottomanicum 6 (1980): 248-49.
    • (1980) Archivum Ottomanicum , vol.6 , pp. 248-249
    • Imber, C.H.1
  • 178
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    • Vergerio to Pietro Carnesecchi, Prague
    • 5, 13 March and 3 August,194, 289-90
    • Vergerio to Pietro Carnesecchi, Prague, 5, 13 March and 3 August 1534, Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland, 190, 194, 289-90.
    • (1534) Nuntiaturberichte Aus Deutschland , pp. 190
  • 179
    • 84868754208 scopus 로고
    • Schepper to Nicolai Oláh
    • Prague, 30 July
    • Schepper to Nicolai Oláh, Prague, 30 July 1534, Codex Epistolaris, 517.
    • (1534) Codex Epistolaris , pp. 517
  • 181
    • 79958595219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vergerio to Jacopo Salviati, Vienna, 22 September 1533;
    • Vergerio to Jacopo Salviati, Vienna, 22 September 1533;
  • 182
    • 79958556757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vergerio to Pope Clement VII, Vienna, 13 October 1533
    • Vergerio to Pope Clement VII, Vienna, 13 October 1533;
  • 183
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    • The following account is based on della Valle, "Narrazione," 48-51;
    • Narrazione , pp. 48-51
    • Valle1
  • 185
    • 79958542466 scopus 로고
    • De Rebus in Hungaria Gestis ab Illustrissimo et Magnifico Ludovico Gritti, Deque eius Obitu Epistola
    • ed. F. Banfi, December
    • Tranquillus Andronicus, "De Rebus in Hungaria Gestis ab Illustrissimo et Magnifico Ludovico Gritti, Deque eius Obitu Epistola," ed. F. Banfi, Archivio storico per la Dalmazia 18 (December 1934), 430-64;
    • (1934) Archivio Storico per la Dalmazia , vol.18 , pp. 430-464
    • Andronicus, T.1
  • 186
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    • Fr. Augustini Musei Tarvisini de expugnatione Megghes cui interfuit ad Franciscum Contarenum oratorem
    • and "Fr. Augustini Musei Tarvisini de expugnatione Megghes cui interfuit ad Franciscum Contarenum oratorem," Magyar Történelmi Tár 3 (1857): 61-74.
    • (1857) Magyar Történelmi Tár , vol.3 , pp. 61-74


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