Relic or Springboard? A note on the 'rebirth' of Portuguese Hughli, ca. 1632-1820

Indian Economic and Social History Review

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 381-395

  Flores, Jorge Manuel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO   (Portugal)

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EID: 2442609885     PISSN: 00194646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/001946460203900403     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (91)

1. Frank Broeze, ed., Brides of the sea. Port cities of Asia from the 16th-20th centuries, Honolulu, 1989; Broeze, ed., Gateways of Asia. Port cities of Asia in the 13th-20th centuries, New York, 1997. Also see Indu Banga, ed., Ports and their hinterlands in India, 1700-1950, New Delhi, 1992.
2. Frank Broeze, ed., Brides of the sea. Port cities of Asia from the 16th-20th centuries, Honolulu, 1989; Broeze, ed., Gateways of Asia. Port cities of Asia in the 13th-20th centuries, New York, 1997. Also see Indu Banga, ed., Ports and their hinterlands in India, 1700-1950, New Delhi, 1992.
3. Frank Broeze, ed., Brides of the sea. Port cities of Asia from the 16th-20th centuries, Honolulu, 1989; Broeze, ed., Gateways of Asia. Port cities of Asia in the 13th-20th centuries, New York, 1997. Also see Indu Banga, ed., Ports and their hinterlands in India, 1700-1950, New Delhi, 1992.
4. Cf. John F. Richards, 'European city states on the Coromandel Coast', in P.M. Joshi and M.A. Nayeem, eds, Studies in the foreign relationships of India (from the earliest times to 1947). Prof. H.K. Sherwani Felicitation Volume, Hyderabad, 1975. On Calcutta, see Farhat Hasan, 'Indigenous cooperation and the birth of a colonial city: Calcutta, c. 1698-1750', Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 26(1), 1992, pp. 65-82; and P.J. Marshall, 'Eighteenth century Calcutta', in Robert Ross and G.J. Telkamp, eds, Colonial Cities. Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context, Leiden, 1985, pp. 87-104.
5. Cf. John F. Richards, 'European city states on the Coromandel Coast', in P.M. Joshi and M.A. Nayeem, eds, Studies in the foreign relationships of India (from the earliest times to 1947). Prof. H.K. Sherwani Felicitation Volume, Hyderabad, 1975. On Calcutta, see Farhat Hasan, 'Indigenous cooperation and the birth of a colonial city: Calcutta, c. 1698-1750', Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 26(1), 1992, pp. 65-82; and P.J. Marshall, 'Eighteenth century Calcutta', in Robert Ross and G.J. Telkamp, eds, Colonial Cities. Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context, Leiden, 1985, pp. 87-104.
6. Cf. John F. Richards, 'European city states on the Coromandel Coast', in P.M. Joshi and M.A. Nayeem, eds, Studies in the foreign relationships of India (from the earliest times to 1947). Prof. H.K. Sherwani Felicitation Volume, Hyderabad, 1975. On Calcutta, see Farhat Hasan, 'Indigenous cooperation and the birth of a colonial city: Calcutta, c. 1698-1750', Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 26(1), 1992, pp. 65-82; and P.J. Marshall, 'Eighteenth century Calcutta', in Robert Ross and G.J. Telkamp, eds, Colonial Cities. Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context, Leiden, 1985, pp. 87-104.
7. In addition to M.N. Pearson's research on this topic in his Coastal Western India, New Delhi, 1981, see Teotónio R. de Souza, Medieval Goa. A Socio-Economic History, New Delhi, 1979. For the city as a capital, see Catarina Madeira Santos, «Goa é a chave de toda a india». Perfil político da capital do Estado da Índia (1505-1570), Lisbon, 1999.
8. In addition to M.N. Pearson's research on this topic in his Coastal Western India, New Delhi, 1981, see Teotónio R. de Souza, Medieval Goa. A Socio-Economic History, New Delhi, 1979. For the city as a capital, see Catarina Madeira Santos, «Goa é a chave de toda a india». Perfil político da capital do Estado da Índia (1505-1570), Lisbon, 1999.
9. In addition to M.N. Pearson's research on this topic in his Coastal Western India, New Delhi, 1981, see Teotónio R. de Souza, Medieval Goa. A Socio-Economic History, New Delhi, 1979. For the city as a capital, see Catarina Madeira Santos, «Goa é a chave de toda a india». Perfil político da capital do Estado da Índia (1505-1570), Lisbon, 1999.
10. Walter Rossa, Indo-Portuguese Cities. A Contribution to the study of Portuguese Urbanism in the Western Hindustan, Lisbon, 1997. Artur Teodoro de Matos, ed., Os espaços de um império (exhibition catalogue, Oporto, 1999), 2 vols, Lisbon, 1999, tries to combine both perspectives.
11. Walter Rossa, Indo-Portuguese Cities. A Contribution to the study of Portuguese Urbanism in the Western Hindustan, Lisbon, 1997. Artur Teodoro de Matos, ed., Os espaços de um império (exhibition catalogue, Oporto, 1999), 2 vols, Lisbon, 1999, tries to combine both perspectives.
12. See Thomaz, 'Estrutura Política e administrativa do Estado da Índia no século XVI', in his De Ceuta a Timor, Lisbon, 1994, Ch. VI, especially pp. 230-31.
13. Biblioteca da Ajuda, Lisbon, cod. 49-V-24, fls. 303-303v.
14. To cite just three examples, this was what Sanjay Subrahmanyam did with respect to Porto Novo in the last quarter of the seventeenth century ('Staying On: The Portuguese of Southern Coromandel in the late seventeenth century', in Improvising Empire. Portuguese trade and settlement in the Bay of Bengal, 1500-1700, New Delhi, 1990, Ch. X, pp. 216 et seq.); also see George Bryan Souza on Macao's reaction to the loss of trade with Japan (The survival of Empire. Portuguese trade and society in China and the South China Sea, 1630-1754, Cambridge, 1986); and Jacky Doumenjou, who has looked into the activities of the Portuguese interlopers in the Southeast Asian islands after the fall of Melaka to the Dutch (Recherche sur les communautés interlopes portugaises dans l'Archipel Insulindien au lendemain de la chute de Malacca, unpublished MA dissertation, University of Leiden, 1992).
15. To cite just three examples, this was what Sanjay Subrahmanyam did with respect to Porto Novo in the last quarter of the seventeenth century ('Staying On: The Portuguese of Southern Coromandel in the late seventeenth century', in Improvising Empire. Portuguese trade and settlement in the Bay of Bengal, 1500-1700, New Delhi, 1990, Ch. X, pp. 216 et seq.); also see George Bryan Souza on Macao's reaction to the loss of trade with Japan (The survival of Empire. Portuguese trade and society in China and the South China Sea, 1630-1754, Cambridge, 1986); and Jacky Doumenjou, who has looked into the activities of the Portuguese interlopers in the Southeast Asian islands after the fall of Melaka to the Dutch (Recherche sur les communautés interlopes portugaises dans l'Archipel Insulindien au lendemain de la chute de Malacca, unpublished MA dissertation, University of Leiden, 1992).
16. To cite just three examples, this was what Sanjay Subrahmanyam did with respect to Porto Novo in the last quarter of the seventeenth century ('Staying On: The Portuguese of Southern Coromandel in the late seventeenth century', in Improvising Empire. Portuguese trade and settlement in the Bay of Bengal, 1500-1700, New Delhi, 1990, Ch. X, pp. 216 et seq.); also see George Bryan Souza on Macao's reaction to the loss of trade with Japan (The survival of Empire. Portuguese trade and society in China and the South China Sea, 1630-1754, Cambridge, 1986); and Jacky Doumenjou, who has looked into the activities of the Portuguese interlopers in the Southeast Asian islands after the fall of Melaka to the Dutch (Recherche sur les communautés interlopes portugaises dans l'Archipel Insulindien au lendemain de la chute de Malacca, unpublished MA dissertation, University of Leiden, 1992).
17. Subrahmanyam, 'Through the Looking Glass: Some comments on Asian views of the Portuguese in Asia, 1500-1700', in A. Teodoro de Matos and L.F. Thomaz, eds, As relações entre a Índia portuguesa, a Ásia do Sueste e o Extremo Oriente. Actas do VI Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa, Macao-Lisbon, 1993, esp. pp. 396-401. Chahar Chaman, by Chandar Bhan should be added to the Persian sources (cf. Sri Ram Sharma, A bibliography of Mughal India [1526-1707 AD], rep., Philadelphia, 1977, p. 92).
18. Subrahmanyam, 'Through the Looking Glass: Some comments on Asian views of the Portuguese in Asia, 1500-1700', in A. Teodoro de Matos and L.F. Thomaz, eds, As relações entre a Índia portuguesa, a Ásia do Sueste e o Extremo Oriente. Actas do VI Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa, Macao-Lisbon, 1993, esp. pp. 396-401. Chahar Chaman, by Chandar Bhan should be added to the Persian sources (cf. Sri Ram Sharma, A bibliography of Mughal India [1526-1707 AD], rep., Philadelphia, 1977, p. 92).
19. Milo C. Beach and Ebba Koch, eds, King of the World. The Padshahnama. An Imperial Mughal manuscript from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle, London, 1997
20. Published in Rome (1649 and 1653) in Castilian. Luís da Silveira, ed., (from the 1653 edition), 2 vols, Lisbon, 1946, Vol. II, Chs LXXVIII-LXXXI, pp. 337 et seq. English translation by E. Luard and H. Hosten, Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique, 1629-1643, 2 vols, London, 1927.
21. Published in Rome (1649 and 1653) in Castilian. Luís da Silveira, ed., (from the 1653 edition), 2 vols, Lisbon, 1946, Vol. II, Chs LXXVIII-LXXXI, pp. 337 et seq. English translation by E. Luard and H. Hosten, Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique, 1629-1643, 2 vols, London, 1927.
22. Instituto dos Arquivos Nacionais/Torre do Tombo, Lisbon, (hereafter IAN/TT), Manuscritos da Livraria, No. 1699, especially Chs 13-15, fls. 38v-49v.
23. Ceylon, 12.11.1633; Rome, Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, Goa No. 49, fls. 48-57. Published in English translation by Luard and Hosten as an appendix to Manrique, Itinerário (Travels, II, pp. 391-424).
24. Published in English translation by Luard and Hosten as an appendix to Manrique, Itinerário (Travels, II, pp. 391-424).
25. Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Ásia Portuguesa, published in 3 vols between 1666 and 1675. I have used the Oporto edition, 1945-1947, in 6 vols; VI, p. 433 (Vol. III, part IV, Ch. XIV).
26. António Bocarro, Livro das Plantas de todas as Fortalezas, Cidades e Povoações do Estado da Índia Oriental, ed. Isabel Cid, 3 vols, Lisbon, 1992, Vol. II, p. 80.
27. The king to the viceroy, Lisbon, 12.12.1633, Historical Archives of Goa (hereafter HAG), Goa, Livros das Monções (hereafter LM), book 19A, fl. 124. Also in IAN/TT, LM, book 31, fl. 135, published by Subrahmanyam in the Portuguese version of Improvising Empire (Comércio e Conflito. A Presença Portuguesa no Golfo de Bengala, 1500-1700, Lisbon, 1994, doc. VIII, pp. 268-69); the viceroy to the king, Goa, 1.XII.1634, HAG, LM, 20, book 20, fls. 28-29; Sobre a perda do Golim e estado em que ficavão as cousas do Bemgalla, Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, (hereafter BGUC) Reservados, No. 459, fls. 370-71.
28. The king to the viceroy, Lisbon, 12.12.1633, Historical Archives of Goa (hereafter HAG), Goa, Livros das Monções (hereafter LM), book 19A, fl. 124. Also in IAN/TT, LM, book 31, fl. 135, published by Subrahmanyam in the Portuguese version of Improvising Empire (Comércio e Conflito. A Presença Portuguesa no Golfo de Bengala, 1500-1700, Lisbon, 1994, doc. VIII, pp. 268-69); the viceroy to the king, Goa, 1.XII.1634, HAG, LM, 20, book 20, fls. 28-29; Sobre a perda do Golim e estado em que ficavão as cousas do Bemgalla, Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, (hereafter BGUC) Reservados, No. 459, fls. 370-71.
29. The king to the viceroy, Lisbon, 12.12.1633, Historical Archives of Goa (hereafter HAG), Goa, Livros das Monções (hereafter LM), book 19A, fl. 124. Also in IAN/TT, LM, book 31, fl. 135, published by Subrahmanyam in the Portuguese version of Improvising Empire (Comércio e Conflito. A Presença Portuguesa no Golfo de Bengala, 1500-1700, Lisbon, 1994, doc. VIII, pp. 268-69); the viceroy to the king, Goa, 1.XII.1634, HAG, LM, 20, book 20, fls. 28-29; Sobre a perda do Golim e estado em que ficavão as cousas do Bemgalla, Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, (hereafter BGUC) Reservados, No. 459, fls. 370-71.
30. The king to the viceroy, Lisbon, 12.12.1633, Historical Archives of Goa (hereafter HAG), Goa, Livros das Monções (hereafter LM), book 19A, fl. 124. Also in IAN/TT, LM, book 31, fl. 135, published by Subrahmanyam in the Portuguese version of Improvising Empire (Comércio e Conflito. A Presença Portuguesa no Golfo de Bengala, 1500-1700, Lisbon, 1994, doc. VIII, pp. 268-69); the viceroy to the king, Goa, 1.XII.1634, HAG, LM, 20, book 20, fls. 28-29; Sobre a perda do Golim e estado em que ficavão as cousas do Bemgalla, Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, (hereafter BGUC) Reservados, No. 459, fls. 370-71.
31. The king to the viceroy, Lisbon, 12.12.1633, Historical Archives of Goa (hereafter HAG), Goa, Livros das Monções (hereafter LM), book 19A, fl. 124. Also in IAN/TT, LM, book 31, fl. 135, published by Subrahmanyam in the Portuguese version of Improvising Empire (Comércio e Conflito. A Presença Portuguesa no Golfo de Bengala, 1500-1700, Lisbon, 1994, doc. VIII, pp. 268-69); the viceroy to the king, Goa, 1.XII.1634, HAG, LM, 20, book 20, fls. 28-29; Sobre a perda do Golim e estado em que ficavão as cousas do Bemgalla, Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, (hereafter BGUC) Reservados, No. 459, fls. 370-71.
32. Pero da Silva to Philip IV, 2.12.1636; IAN/TT, LM, book 37, fl. 17, published by Subrahmanyam in Comércio e Conflito, Lisbon, 1994, doc. IX, pp. 269-70. The Augustinian chronicle from 1669 (supra, n. 11) also records Asaf Khan's intercession on behalf of the Portuguese, dissuading Shahjahan from going ahead with the forced conversion of the Hughli captives: '. . . Sofacam, greatly beloved by the Portuguese, and with whom the Count of Linhares had dealt closely, and who held the Portuguese in high esteem' (fl. 43v). The same text notes that an Ottoman ambassador at the Mughal court, who had been welcomed by the Portuguese in Kung, Masqat and Sind, had also made efforts to persuade Shahjahan to release the prisoners (fls. 45v-48).
33. Pero da Silva to Philip IV, 2.12.1636; IAN/TT, LM, book 37, fl. 17, published by Subrahmanyam in Comércio e Conflito, Lisbon, 1994, doc. IX, pp. 269-70. The Augustinian chronicle from 1669 (supra, n. 11) also records Asaf Khan's intercession on behalf of the Portuguese, dissuading Shahjahan from going ahead with the forced conversion of the Hughli captives: '. . . Sofacam, greatly beloved by the Portuguese, and with whom the Count of Linhares had dealt closely, and who held the Portuguese in high esteem' (fl. 43v). The same text notes that an Ottoman ambassador at the Mughal court, who had been welcomed by the Portuguese in Kung, Masqat and Sind, had also made efforts to persuade Shahjahan to release the prisoners (fls. 45v-48).
34. Pero da Silva to Philip IV, 2.12.1636; IAN/TT, LM, book 37, fl. 17, published by Subrahmanyam in Comércio e Conflito, Lisbon, 1994, doc. IX, pp. 269-70. The Augustinian chronicle from 1669 (supra, n. 11) also records Asaf Khan's intercession on behalf of the Portuguese, dissuading Shahjahan from going ahead with the forced conversion of the Hughli captives: '. . . Sofacam, greatly beloved by the Portuguese, and with whom the Count of Linhares had dealt closely, and who held the Portuguese in high esteem' (fl. 43v). The same text notes that an Ottoman ambassador at the Mughal court, who had been welcomed by the Portuguese in Kung, Masqat and Sind, had also made efforts to persuade Shahjahan to release the prisoners (fls. 45v-48).
35. Pero da Silva to Philip IV, 2.12.1636; IAN/TT, LM, book 37, fl. 17, published by Subrahmanyam in Comércio e conflito, Lisbon, 1994, doc. IX, pp. 269-70. The Augustinian chronicle from 1669 (supra, n. 11) also records Asaf Khan's intercession on behalf of the Portuguese, dissuading Shahjahan from going ahead with the forced conversion of the Hughli captives: '. . . Sofacam, greatly beloved by the Portuguese, and with whom the Count of Linhares had dealt closely, and who held the Portuguese in high esteem' (fl. 43v). The same text notes that an Ottoman ambassador at the Mughal court, who had been welcomed by the Portuguese in Kung, Masqat and Sind, had also made efforts to persuade Shahjahan to release the prisoners (fls. 45v-48).
36. Pero da Silva to Philip IV, 2.12.1636; IAN/TT, LM, book 37, fl. 17, published by Subrahmanyam in Comércio e conflito, Lisbon, 1994, doc. IX, pp. 269-70. The Augustinian chronicle from 1669 (supra, n. 11) also records Asaf Khan's intercession on behalf of the Portuguese, dissuading Shahjahan from going ahead with the forced conversion of the Hughli captives: '. . . Sofacam, greatly beloved by the Portuguese, and with whom the Count of Linhares had dealt closely, and who held the Portuguese in high esteem' (fl. 43v). The same text notes that an Ottoman ambassador at the Mughal court, who had been welcomed by the Portuguese in Kung, Masqat and Sind, had also made efforts to persuade Shahjahan to release the prisoners (fls. 45v-48).
37. Privilegios, que o Imperador Mogol concedeo á caza do Bandel de Ugoly dos Padres Augustinianos da Congregação da India Oriental, O Chronista de Tissuary, No. 32, August 1868, pp. 60-62. Also in J.F.J. Biker, Collecção de tratados e concertos de pazes que o Estado da India Portugueza, Vol. XII, Lisbon, 1886, pp. 12-17; and J.H. da Cunha Rivara, as an appendix to Memórias sobre as Possessões Portuguezas na Asia, by Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira Pinto, Nova Goa, 1859. English translation by H. Hosten, 'A week at the Bandel Convent, Hugli', Bengal Past and Present, Vol. X(1), January-March 1915, pp. 36-120 (especially 106-111).
38. Privilegios, que o Imperador Mogol concedeo á caza do Bandel de Ugoly dos Padres Augustinianos da Congregação da India Oriental, O Chronista de Tissuary, No. 32, August 1868, pp. 60-62. Also in J.F.J. Biker, Collecção de tratados e concertos de pazes que o Estado da India Portugueza, Vol. XII, Lisbon, 1886, pp. 12-17; and J.H. da Cunha Rivara, as an appendix to Memórias sobre as Possessões Portuguezas na Asia, by Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira Pinto, Nova Goa, 1859. English translation by H. Hosten, 'A week at the Bandel Convent, Hugli', Bengal Past and Present, Vol. X(1), January-March 1915, pp. 36-120 (especially 106-111).
39. Privilegios, que o Imperador Mogol concedeo á caza do Bandel de Ugoly dos Padres Augustinianos da Congregação da India Oriental, O Chronista de Tissuary, No. 32, August 1868, pp. 60-62. Also in J.F.J. Biker, Collecção de tratados e concertos de pazes que o Estado da India Portugueza, Vol. XII, Lisbon, 1886, pp. 12-17; and J.H. da Cunha Rivara, as an appendix to Memórias sobre as Possessões Portuguezas na Asia, by Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira Pinto, Nova Goa, 1859. English translation by H. Hosten, 'A week at the Bandel Convent, Hugli', Bengal Past and Present, Vol. X(1), January-March 1915, pp. 36-120 (especially 106-111).
40. Privilegios, que o Imperador Mogol concedeo á caza do Bandel de Ugoly dos Padres Augustinianos da Congregação da India Oriental, O Chronista de Tissuary, No. 32, August 1868, pp. 60-62. Also in J.F.J. Biker, Collecção de tratados e concertos de pazes que o Estado da India Portugueza, Vol. XII, Lisbon, 1886, pp. 12-17; and J.H. da Cunha Rivara, as an appendix to Memórias sobre as Possessões Portuguezas na Asia, by Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira Pinto, Nova Goa, 1859. English translation by H. Hosten, 'A week at the Bandel Convent, Hugli', Bengal Past and Present, Vol. X(1), January-March 1915, pp. 36-120 (especially 106-111).
41. Copia da carta que de Bengala escreveo hum Thome Vaz Garrido, n.d. (1637); IAN/TT; LM, book. 40, fls. 349-51. This document was included in the appendix of the unpublished doctoral thesis of Maria Manuela Sobral Blanco, O Estado Português da Índia. Da rendição de Ormuz à perda de Cochim (1622-1663), 2 vols, Lisbon, 1992, Vol. II, doc. LXXXVI, pp. 351-56.
42. Copia da carta que de Bengala escreveo hum Thome Vaz Garrido, n.d. (1637); IAN/TT; LM, book. 40, fls. 349-51. This document was included in the appendix of the unpublished doctoral thesis of Maria Manuela Sobral Blanco, O Estado Português da Índia. Da rendição de Ormuz à perda de Cochim (1622-1663), 2 vols, Lisbon, 1992, Vol. II, doc. LXXXVI, pp. 351-56.
43. Copia da carta que de Bengala escreveo hum Thome Vaz Garrido, n.d. (1637); IAN/TT; LM, book. 40, fls. 349-51. This document was included in the appendix of the unpublished doctoral thesis of Maria Manuela Sobral Blanco, O Estado Português da Índia. Da rendição de Ormuz à perda de Cochim (1622-1663), 2 vols, Lisbon, 1992, Vol. II, doc. LXXXVI, pp. 351-56.
44. C.R. Boxer, 'Portuguese and Spanish projects for the conquest of Southeast Asia', in his Portuguese conquest and commerce in Southern Asia, 1500-1750, London, 1990, III, pp. 118-36; Subrahmanyam, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700. A political and economic history, London/New York, 1993, pp. 122 et seq.
45. C.R. Boxer, 'Portuguese and Spanish projects for the conquest of Southeast Asia', in his Portuguese conquest and commerce in Southern Asia, 1500-1750, London, 1990, III, pp. 118-36; Subrahmanyam, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700. A political and economic history, London/New York, 1993, pp. 122 et seq.
46. Relação que dá o Pe Fr. Niculao da Conceição a El-Rei Nosso Senhor que Deos Guarde, das couzas de Bengala (1644), Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, |AHU|, Lisbon, Índia. box, doc. 67. Included in the appendix of the unpublished doctoral dissertation of Maria Ana Marques Guedes, A História Birmano-Portuguesa para além das relações oficiais. Assimilação e aculturação nos séculos XVII e XVIII, Lisbon, 1999, doc. III, pp. 463-79.
47. Relação que dá o Pe Fr. Niculao da Conceição a El-Rei Nosso Senhor que Deos Guarde, das couzas de Bengala (1644), Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, |AHU|, Lisbon, Índia. box, doc. 67. Included in the appendix of the unpublished doctoral dissertation of Maria Ana Marques Guedes, A História Birmano-Portuguesa para além das relações oficiais. Assimilação e aculturação nos séculos XVII e XVIII, Lisbon, 1999, doc. III, pp. 463-79.
48. Cf. Aniruddha Ray, Adventurers, landowners and rebels. Bengal, c. 1575-c. 1715, New Delhi, 1998; Tapan Raychaudhuri, Bengal under Akbar and Jahangir. An introductory study in social history, rep., New Delhi, 1969; Richard M. Eaton, The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204-1760, rep., New Delhi, 1997.
49. Cf. Aniruddha Ray, Adventurers, landowners and rebels. Bengal, c. 1575-c. 1715, New Delhi, 1998; Tapan Raychaudhuri, Bengal under Akbar and Jahangir. An introductory study in social history, rep., New Delhi, 1969; Richard M. Eaton, The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204-1760, rep., New Delhi, 1997.
50. Cf. Aniruddha Ray, Adventurers, landowners and rebels. Bengal, c. 1575-c. 1715, New Delhi, 1998; Tapan Raychaudhuri, Bengal under Akbar and Jahangir. An introductory study in social history, rep., New Delhi, 1969; Richard M. Eaton, The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204-1760, rep., New Delhi, 1997.
51. AHU, Índia, box 28, doc. 109. This grant was renewed in 1653 (HAG; Mercês Gerais, book 6, fl. 36).
52. AHU, Índia, box 28, doc. 109. This grant was renewed in 1653 (HAG; Mercês Gerais, book 6, fl. 36).
53. Dated 31.07.1640; HAG, Mercês Gerais, book 1, fl. 88.
54. Cf. S. Chaudhuri, 'The rise and decline of Hughli - a port in Mediaeval Bengal', Bengal Past and Present, Vol. 86(1), January-June 1967, pp. 33-67.
55. See above, note 11, fls. 48v-49.
56. Goa, 18/09/1667; HAG, Reis Vizinhos, book II, fl. 68v. See also a certificate, dated 3 December of the same year, for Francisco Cabreira de Seixas, 'captain (...) for His Majesty in this Bandel of Ugulim, lands of the Great Mughal' (IAN/TT, Manuscritos da Livraria, No. 731, fls. 508-508v, published by Subrahmanyam, Comércio e conflito, doc. XII, pp. 274-75).
57. Goa, 18/09/1667; HAG, Reis Vizinhos, book II, fl. 68v. See also a certificate, dated 3 December of the same year, for Francisco Cabreira de Seixas, 'captain (...) for His Majesty in this Bandel of Ugulim, lands of the Great Mughal' (IAN/TT, Manuscritos da Livraria, No. 731, fls. 508-508v, published by Subrahmanyam, Comércio e conflito, doc. XII, pp. 274-75).
58. Goa, 18/09/1667; HAG, Reis Vizinhos, book II, fl. 68v. See also a certificate, dated 3 December of the same year, for Francisco Cabreira de Seixas, 'captain (...) for His Majesty in this Bandel of Ugulim, lands of the Great Mughal' (IAN/TT, Manuscritos da Livraria, No. 731, fls. 508-508v, published by Subrahmanyam, Comércio e conflito, doc. XII, pp. 274-75).
59. Goa, 18/09/1667; HAG, Reis Vizinhos, book II, fl. 68v. See also a certificate, dated 3 December of the same year, for Francisco Cabreira de Seixas, 'captain (...) for His Majesty in this Bandel of Ugulim, lands of the Great Mughal' (IAN/TT, Manuscritos da Livraria, No. 731, fls. 508-508v, published by Subrahmanyam, Comércio e conflito, doc. XII, pp. 274-75).
60. For all the above, including the criticism of Chaudhuri's view, see Subrahmanyam, 'Staying On', in Improvising Empire, especially pp. 237-38. See also the still useful account in J.J.A. Campos, History of the Portuguese in Bengal, rep., New Delhi, 1979, pp. 141-53.
61. For all the above, including the criticism of Chaudhuri's view, see Subrahmanyam, 'Staying On', in Improvising Empire, especially pp. 237-38. See also the still useful account in J.J.A. Campos, History of the Portuguese in Bengal, rep., New Delhi, 1979, pp. 141-53.
62. Petition by the residents of the bandel of Ugolim to the king of Portugal, September 1697; HAG, LM, book 62, fls. 197-98 and AHU, Índia, box 72, doc. 5. Maria Ana Marques Guedes's introduction to the edition of the extremely rare text by Sebastião Manrique, Breve Relação dos reinos de Pegu, Arração, Brama e dos Impérios de Calaminhã, Siammon e Grão Mogol, (1st edn Rome, 1648) Lisbon, 1997, examines this question in a broader context and reveals other sources (see in particular pp. 27-29).
63. Petition by the residents of the bandel of Ugolim to the king of Portugal, September 1697; HAG, LM, book 62, fls. 197-98 and AHU, Índia, box 72, doc. 5. Maria Ana Marques Guedes's introduction to the edition of the extremely rare text by Sebastião Manrique, Breve Relação dos reinos de Pegu, Arração, Brama e dos Impérios de Calaminhã, Siammon e Grão Mogol, (1st edn Rome, 1648) Lisbon, 1997, examines this question in a broader context and reveals other sources (see in particular pp. 27-29).
64. Petition by the residents of the bandel of Ugolim to the king of Portugal, September 1697; HAG, LM, book 62, fls. 197-98 and AHU, Índia, box 72, doc. 5. Maria Ana Marques Guedes's introduction to the edition of the extremely rare text by Sebastião Manrique, Breve Relação dos reinos de Pegu, Arração, Brama e dos Impérios de Calaminhã, Siammon e Grão Mogol, (1st edn Rome, 1648) Lisbon, 1997, examines this question in a broader context and reveals other sources (see in particular pp. 27-29).
65. Petition by the residents of the bandel of Ugolim to the king of Portugal, September 1697; HAG, LM, book 62, fls. 197-98 and AHU, Índia, box 72, doc. 5. Maria Ana Marques Guedes's introduction to the edition of the extremely rare text by Sebastião Manrique, Breve Relação dos reinos de Pegu, Arração, Brama e dos Impérios de Calaminhã, Siammon e Grão Mogol, (1st edn Rome, 1648) Lisbon, 1997, examines this question in a broader context and reveals other sources (see in particular pp. 27-29).
66. See the general ban imposed on the Hughli bandel by D. Francisco Laynes on 14 July 1714 and its lifting on 8 October of the same year (Levy Maria Jordão, Bullarium Patronatus Portugalliae Regum in Ecclesiis Africae, Asiae atquae Oceaniae, 4 vols, Lisbon, 1868-79, Vol. III, pp. 135-38).
67. The conflict with the 'brown Christians' is evident in the chronicle of Friar Jorge da Presentação (1748); cf. Arnulf Hartmann, OSA, ed., 'Historia das Missões dos Padres Augustinianos na India nos principios do 18° seculo, escripta pelo P. Fr. Jorge da Presentação missionario', Analecta Augustiniana, Vol. LVII, 1994, pp. 193-341.
68. The conflict with the 'brown Christians' is evident in the chronicle of Friar Jorge da Presentação (1748); cf. Arnulf Hartmann, OSA, ed., 'Historia das Missões dos Padres Augustinianos na India nos principios do 18° seculo, escripta pelo P. Fr. Jorge da Presentação missionario', Analecta Augustiniana, Vol. LVII, 1994, pp. 193-341.
69. The studies by P.J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: The British in Bengal in the Eighteenth century, Oxford, 1976; Bengal, the British Bridgehead: Eastern India, 1740-1828, Vol. II. 2 The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge, 1988, are fundamental for this question. On the Dutch situation, see Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720, Princeton, 1985.
70. The studies by P.J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: The British in Bengal in the Eighteenth century, Oxford, 1976; Bengal, the British Bridgehead: Eastern India, 1740-1828, Vol. II. 2 The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge, 1988, are fundamental for this question. On the Dutch situation, see Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720, Princeton, 1985.
71. The studies by P.J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: The British in Bengal in the Eighteenth century, Oxford, 1976; Bengal, the British Bridgehead: Eastern India, 1740-1828, Vol. II. 2 The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge, 1988, are fundamental for this question. On the Dutch situation, see Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720, Princeton, 1985.
72. Fr. João S. Nicolau de Sá to the Augustinian provincial, Goa, 28 February 1785, published in J.E. de Souza Vellozo, 'Noticia historica acerca da feitoria de Bandel Ugoly (Hoogly)', O Oriente Português, Vol. III, 1906, pp. 38-48 (especially p. 46). On this question, also see Max-Jean Zins, 'La politique des rites publics et du protocole de l'Empire britannique des Indes', in Yves Deloye et al., eds, Le protocole ou la mise en forme de l'ordre politique, Paris, 1996, pp. 81-106; M.H. Fisher, 'The resident in Court Ritual, 1764-1858', Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 24(3), July 1990.
73. Fr. João S. Nicolau de Sá to the Augustinian provincial, Goa, 28 February 1785, published in J.E. de Souza Vellozo, 'Noticia historica acerca da feitoria de Bandel Ugoly (Hoogly)', O Oriente Português, Vol. III, 1906, pp. 38-48 (especially p. 46). On this question, also see Max-Jean Zins, 'La politique des rites publics et du protocole de l'Empire britannique des Indes', in Yves Deloye et al., eds, Le protocole ou la mise en forme de l'ordre politique, Paris, 1996, pp. 81-106; M.H. Fisher, 'The resident in Court Ritual, 1764-1858', Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 24(3), July 1990.
74. Fr. João S. Nicolau de Sá to the Augustinian provincial, Goa, 28 February 1785, published in J.E. de Souza Vellozo, 'Noticia historica acerca da feitoria de Bandel Ugoly (Hoogly)', O Oriente Português, Vol. III, 1906, pp. 38-48 (especially p. 46). On this question, also see Max-Jean Zins, 'La politique des rites publics et du protocole de l'Empire britannique des Indes', in Yves Deloye et al., eds, Le protocole ou la mise en forme de l'ordre politique, Paris, 1996, pp. 81-106; M.H. Fisher, 'The resident in Court Ritual, 1764-1858', Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 24(3), July 1990.
75. Vellozo, 'Noticia historica', pp. 129-34. English version in J.J.A. Campos, History of the Portuguese in Bengal, pp. 258-62.
76. Vellozo, 'Noticia historica', pp. 129-34. English version in J.J.A. Campos, History of the Portuguese in Bengal, pp. 258-62.
77. Biblioteca Nacional, Lisbon (hereafter BNL). cod. 8841. Catalogued under the title: 'Mughals of Delhi. Privileges granted to the Portuguese'. All the following references are from the original folio numbers in the manuscript, which I intend to publish shortly.
78. On the Danish involvement in the Bengal trade during this period, See Øle Feldbaek, India trade under the Danish Flag, 1772-1808, Copenhagen, 1969; Stephan Diller, Die Dänen in Indien, Südostasien und China (1620-1845), Wiesbaden, 1999.
79. On the Danish involvement in the Bengal trade during this period, See Øle Feldbaek, India trade under the Danish Flag, 1772-1808, Copenhagen, 1969; Stephan Diller, Die Dänen in Indien, Südostasien und China (1620-1845), Wiesbaden, 1999.
80. In fact, in the 1780s, exports of Madeira wine to Bengal and Coromandel in British ships represented around one third of the total exports (Albert Silbert, Uma Encruzilhada do Atlântico, Madeira (1640-1820), Funchal, 1997, pp. 109-10).
81. Michael Fisher, The travels of Dean Mahomet. An eighteenth-century journey through India, Berkeley, 1997, p. 98. Also the account by the Count of Modave in the 1770s: 'Malgré tout cela, Ougli est encore dans le bas Bengale d'une assés grande considération, surtout pour les musulmans' (Jean Deloche, ed., Voyage en Inde du Comte de Modave, 1773-1778, Paris, 1971, p. 85).
82. Michael Fisher, The travels of Dean Mahomet. An eighteenth-century journey through India, Berkeley, 1997, p. 98. Also the account by the Count of Modave in the 1770s: 'Malgré tout cela, Ougli est encore dans le bas Bengale d'une assés grande considération, surtout pour les musulmans' (Jean Deloche, ed., Voyage en Inde du Comte de Modave, 1773-1778, Paris, 1971, p. 85).
83. Jorge Santos Alves, 'O triângulo Madeira/Achém/Macau - Um projecto transoceânico de comércio de ópio (1808-1816)', in Um porto entre dois impérios. Estudos sobre Macau e as relações luso-chinesas, Macao, 1999, Ch. 5, p. 163 et seq.
84. The Academy was founded in 1720 by King Jõao V and also supposed to focus on the history of the 'conquests'. Consequently, in the following year, among the 'News asked for from India' are 'the instruments, by which many Princes made themselves vassals and tribute-payers to the kings of Portugal (...) and also the peace treaties signed with Viceroys, and gifts made by some Princes to the Kings of Portugal, or to their Viceroys in his name' (Letter from the secretary of state to the viceroy, Lisbon, 17.04.1721; pub. in O Chronista de Tissuary, Vol. 36, Dec. 1868, pp. 14-16).
85. The Academy was founded in 1720 by King Jõao V and also supposed to focus on the history of the 'conquests'. Consequently, in the following year, among the 'News asked for from India' are 'the instruments, by which many Princes made themselves vassals and tribute-payers to the kings of Portugal (...) and also the peace treaties signed with Viceroys, and gifts made by some Princes to the Kings of Portugal, or to their Viceroys in his name' (Letter from the secretary of state to the viceroy, Lisbon, 17.04.1721; pub. in O Chronista de Tissuary, Vol. 36, Dec. 1868, pp. 14-16).
86. Memórias da Ásia (...) para uso de Frei Vicente Salgado ..., 1801; Biblioteca da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Lisbon, Série Vermelha, cod. 273.
87. The relevant documents were published by Manuel Múrias, Instrução para o Bispo de Pequim e outros documentos para a história de Macau, rep., Macao, 1988. On this issue, see also António Vasconcelos de Saldanha, A 'Memória sobre o estabelecimento dos Portugueses em Macau' do Visconde de Santárém (1854). Os primórdios da discussão da legitimidade da presença dos Portugueses em Macau, Macao, 1995.
88. The relevant documents were published by Manuel Múrias, Instrução para o Bispo de Pequim e outros documentos para a história de Macau, rep., Macao, 1988. On this issue, see also António Vasconcelos de Saldanha, A 'Memória sobre o estabelecimento dos Portugueses em Macau' do Visconde de Santárém (1854). Os primórdios da discussão da legitimidade da presença dos Portugueses em Macau, Macao, 1995.
89. Cf. supra, n. 17.
90. W.G. Clarence-Smith coined this expression in The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825-1975. A study in economic imperialism, Manchester, 1985.
91. BGUC, Reservados, No. 1635, respectively pp. 120-21 and 29-30. The 'visit to Bandel', between 15 December 1865 and 6 March 1866 is at pp. 1-211 in the archbishop's diary. From then on to p. 287, Amorim Pessoa recounts the 'trip to Calcutta' and his return to Europe.