Contemporary Yamal: Ethnoecological and ethnosocial problems

Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 7-63

  Zen'ko, M A ^a  

^a RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2442556309     PISSN: 10611959     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2753/AAE1061-195942047     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. See, for example, B.O. Dolgikh, Ocherkipo etnicheskoi istorii nentsev i entsev (Moscow, 1970); V.I. Vasil'ev, Problemy formirovaniia severo-samodiiskikh narodnostei (Moscow, 1979); A.V. Golovnev, "Drevnii Iamal v kontekste mifologii i arkheologii," Etnograficheskoe oboirenie, 1998, no. 2, pp. 101-15; A. V. Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia khoziaistva narodov Severo-Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1993); L. V. Khomich, Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii nentsev (Leningrad, 1976); idem, "Eshche raz ob arkticheskom substrate v kul'ture nentsev," Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii (Kemerovo, 1986), pp 99-106. On the culture of the Yamal Nenets see also E.G. Susoi, Iz glubiny vekov (Tiumen, 1994). On the cultures of the Yamal Peninsula: N.V. Fedorova, "Sem'let Iamal'skoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii: itogi proshlogo i zadachi na budushchee," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 5-10; M.A. Zen'ko, "K probleme genezisa nenetskogo olenevodstva," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 66-72.
2. See, for example, B.O. Dolgikh, Ocherkipo etnicheskoi istorii nentsev i entsev (Moscow, 1970); V.I. Vasil'ev, Problemy formirovaniia severo-samodiiskikh narodnostei (Moscow, 1979); A.V. Golovnev, "Drevnii Iamal v kontekste mifologii i arkheologii," Etnograficheskoe oboirenie, 1998, no. 2, pp. 101-15; A. V. Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia khoziaistva narodov Severo-Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1993); L. V. Khomich, Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii nentsev (Leningrad, 1976); idem, "Eshche raz ob arkticheskom substrate v kul'ture nentsev," Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii (Kemerovo, 1986), pp 99-106. On the culture of the Yamal Nenets see also E.G. Susoi, Iz glubiny vekov (Tiumen, 1994). On the cultures of the Yamal Peninsula: N.V. Fedorova, "Sem'let Iamal'skoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii: itogi proshlogo i zadachi na budushchee," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 5-10; M.A. Zen'ko, "K probleme genezisa nenetskogo olenevodstva," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 66-72.
3. See, for example, B.O. Dolgikh, Ocherkipo etnicheskoi istorii nentsev i entsev (Moscow, 1970); V.I. Vasil'ev, Problemy formirovaniia severo-samodiiskikh narodnostei (Moscow, 1979); A.V. Golovnev, "Drevnii Iamal v kontekste mifologii i arkheologii," Etnograficheskoe oboirenie, 1998, no. 2, pp. 101-15; A. V. Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia khoziaistva narodov Severo-Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1993); L. V. Khomich, Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii nentsev (Leningrad, 1976); idem, "Eshche raz ob arkticheskom substrate v kul'ture nentsev," Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii (Kemerovo, 1986), pp 99-106. On the culture of the Yamal Nenets see also E.G. Susoi, Iz glubiny vekov (Tiumen, 1994). On the cultures of the Yamal Peninsula: N.V. Fedorova, "Sem'let Iamal'skoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii: itogi proshlogo i zadachi na budushchee," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 5-10; M.A. Zen'ko, "K probleme genezisa nenetskogo olenevodstva," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 66-72.
4. See, for example, B.O. Dolgikh, Ocherkipo etnicheskoi istorii nentsev i entsev (Moscow, 1970); V.I. Vasil'ev, Problemy formirovaniia severo-samodiiskikh narodnostei (Moscow, 1979); A.V. Golovnev, "Drevnii Iamal v kontekste mifologii i arkheologii," Etnograficheskoe oboirenie, 1998, no. 2, pp. 101-15; A. V. Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia khoziaistva narodov Severo-Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1993); L. V. Khomich, Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii nentsev (Leningrad, 1976); idem, "Eshche raz ob arkticheskom substrate v kul'ture nentsev," Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii (Kemerovo, 1986), pp 99-106. On the culture of the Yamal Nenets see also E.G. Susoi, Iz glubiny vekov (Tiumen, 1994). On the cultures of the Yamal Peninsula: N.V. Fedorova, "Sem'let Iamal'skoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii: itogi proshlogo i zadachi na budushchee," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 5-10; M.A. Zen'ko, "K probleme genezisa nenetskogo olenevodstva," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 66-72.
5. See, for example, B.O. Dolgikh, Ocherkipo etnicheskoi istorii nentsev i entsev (Moscow, 1970); V.I. Vasil'ev, Problemy formirovaniia severo-samodiiskikh narodnostei (Moscow, 1979); A.V. Golovnev, "Drevnii Iamal v kontekste mifologii i arkheologii," Etnograficheskoe oboirenie, 1998, no. 2, pp. 101-15; A. V. Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia khoziaistva narodov Severo-Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1993); L. V. Khomich, Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii nentsev (Leningrad, 1976); idem, "Eshche raz ob arkticheskom substrate v kul'ture nentsev," Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii (Kemerovo, 1986), pp 99-106. On the culture of the Yamal Nenets see also E.G. Susoi, Iz glubiny vekov (Tiumen, 1994). On the cultures of the Yamal Peninsula: N.V. Fedorova, "Sem'let Iamal'skoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii: itogi proshlogo i zadachi na budushchee," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 5-10; M.A. Zen'ko, "K probleme genezisa nenetskogo olenevodstva," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 66-72.
6. See, for example, B.O. Dolgikh, Ocherkipo etnicheskoi istorii nentsev i entsev (Moscow, 1970); V.I. Vasil'ev, Problemy formirovaniia severo-samodiiskikh narodnostei (Moscow, 1979); A.V. Golovnev, "Drevnii Iamal v kontekste mifologii i arkheologii," Etnograficheskoe oboirenie, 1998, no. 2, pp. 101-15; A. V. Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia khoziaistva narodov Severo-Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1993); L. V. Khomich, Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii nentsev (Leningrad, 1976); idem, "Eshche raz ob arkticheskom substrate v kul'ture nentsev," Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii (Kemerovo, 1986), pp 99-106. On the culture of the Yamal Nenets see also E.G. Susoi, Iz glubiny vekov (Tiumen, 1994). On the cultures of the Yamal Peninsula: N.V. Fedorova, "Sem'let Iamal'skoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii: itogi proshlogo i zadachi na budushchee," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 5-10; M.A. Zen'ko, "K probleme genezisa nenetskogo olenevodstva," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 66-72.
7. See, for example, B.O. Dolgikh, Ocherkipo etnicheskoi istorii nentsev i entsev (Moscow, 1970); V.I. Vasil'ev, Problemy formirovaniia severo-samodiiskikh narodnostei (Moscow, 1979); A.V. Golovnev, "Drevnii Iamal v kontekste mifologii i arkheologii," Etnograficheskoe oboirenie, 1998, no. 2, pp. 101-15; A. V. Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia khoziaistva narodov Severo-Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1993); L. V. Khomich, Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii nentsev (Leningrad, 1976); idem, "Eshche raz ob arkticheskom substrate v kul'ture nentsev," Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii (Kemerovo, 1986), pp 99-106. On the culture of the Yamal Nenets see also E.G. Susoi, Iz glubiny vekov (Tiumen, 1994). On the cultures of the Yamal Peninsula: N.V. Fedorova, "Sem'let Iamal'skoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii: itogi proshlogo i zadachi na budushchee," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 5-10; M.A. Zen'ko, "K probleme genezisa nenetskogo olenevodstva," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 66-72.
8. See, for example, B.O. Dolgikh, Ocherkipo etnicheskoi istorii nentsev i entsev (Moscow, 1970); V.I. Vasil'ev, Problemy formirovaniia severo-samodiiskikh narodnostei (Moscow, 1979); A.V. Golovnev, "Drevnii Iamal v kontekste mifologii i arkheologii," Etnograficheskoe oboirenie, 1998, no. 2, pp. 101-15; A. V. Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia khoziaistva narodov Severo-Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1993); L. V. Khomich, Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii nentsev (Leningrad, 1976); idem, "Eshche raz ob arkticheskom substrate v kul'ture nentsev," Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii (Kemerovo, 1986), pp 99-106. On the culture of the Yamal Nenets see also E.G. Susoi, Iz glubiny vekov (Tiumen, 1994). On the cultures of the Yamal Peninsula: N.V. Fedorova, "Sem'let Iamal'skoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii: itogi proshlogo i zadachi na budushchee," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 5-10; M.A. Zen'ko, "K probleme genezisa nenetskogo olenevodstva," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 66-72.
9. See, for example, B.O. Dolgikh, Ocherkipo etnicheskoi istorii nentsev i entsev (Moscow, 1970); V.I. Vasil'ev, Problemy formirovaniia severo-samodiiskikh narodnostei (Moscow, 1979); A.V. Golovnev, "Drevnii Iamal v kontekste mifologii i arkheologii," Etnograficheskoe oboirenie, 1998, no. 2, pp. 101-15; A. V. Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia khoziaistva narodov Severo-Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1993); L. V. Khomich, Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii nentsev (Leningrad, 1976); idem, "Eshche raz ob arkticheskom substrate v kul'ture nentsev," Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoi istorii (Kemerovo, 1986), pp 99-106. On the culture of the Yamal Nenets see also E.G. Susoi, Iz glubiny vekov (Tiumen, 1994). On the cultures of the Yamal Peninsula: N.V. Fedorova, "Sem'let Iamal'skoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii: itogi proshlogo i zadachi na budushchee," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 5-10; M.A. Zen'ko, "K probleme genezisa nenetskogo olenevodstva," Nauchnyi vestnik (Salekhard, 2000), issue 3, pp. 66-72.
10. V.N. Chernetsov, "Drevnaia primorskaia kul'tura na poluostrove Iamal," Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1935, no. 4-5, pp. 109-33, and other works by the same author; N.V. Fedorova, P.A. Kosintsev and W. Fitzhugh, "Ushedshie v kholmy," Kul'tura naseleniia poberezhii severo-zapadnogo Iamala v zheleznom veke (Ekaterinburg, 1998).
11. V.N. Chernetsov, "Drevnaia primorskaia kul'tura na poluostrove Iamal," Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1935, no. 4-5, pp. 109-33, and other works by the same author; N.V. Fedorova, P.A. Kosintsev and W. Fitzhugh, "Ushedshie v kholmy," Kul'tura naseleniia poberezhii severo-zapadnogo Iamala v zheleznom veke (Ekaterinburg, 1998).
12. I.S. Gurvich, B.O. Dolgikh, and A.V. Smoliak, "Khoziaistvo narodov Severa v XVII-XX vekakh," Obshchestvennyi stroi u narodov severnoi Sibiri (Moscow, 1970); L.V. Khomich, Nentsy: Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki (Moscow/Leningrad, 1996) (St. Petersburg, 1995); I.I. Krupnik, "Stanovlenie krupnotabunnogo olenevodstva u tundrovykh nentsev," Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1976, no. 2, pp. 57-69; A.V. Golovnev, "K istorii nenetskogo olenevodstva," Kul'turnye i khoziaistvennye traditsii narodov Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1989), pp. 94-108, and other works.
13. I.S. Gurvich, B.O. Dolgikh, and A.V. Smoliak, "Khoziaistvo narodov Severa v XVII-XX vekakh," Obshchestvennyi stroi u narodov severnoi Sibiri (Moscow, 1970); L.V. Khomich, Nentsy: Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki (Moscow/Leningrad, 1996) (St. Petersburg, 1995); I.I. Krupnik, "Stanovlenie krupnotabunnogo olenevodstva u tundrovykh nentsev," Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1976, no. 2, pp. 57-69; A.V. Golovnev, "K istorii nenetskogo olenevodstva," Kul'turnye i khoziaistvennye traditsii narodov Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1989), pp. 94-108, and other works.
14. I.S. Gurvich, B.O. Dolgikh, and A.V. Smoliak, "Khoziaistvo narodov Severa v XVII-XX vekakh," Obshchestvennyi stroi u narodov severnoi Sibiri (Moscow, 1970); L.V. Khomich, Nentsy: Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki (Moscow/Leningrad, 1996) (St. Petersburg, 1995); I.I. Krupnik, "Stanovlenie krupnotabunnogo olenevodstva u tundrovykh nentsev," Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1976, no. 2, pp. 57-69; A.V. Golovnev, "K istorii nenetskogo olenevodstva," Kul'turnye i khoziaistvennye traditsii narodov Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1989), pp. 94-108, and other works.
15. I.S. Gurvich, B.O. Dolgikh, and A.V. Smoliak, "Khoziaistvo narodov Severa v XVII-XX vekakh," Obshchestvennyi stroi u narodov severnoi Sibiri (Moscow, 1970); L.V. Khomich, Nentsy: Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki (Moscow/Leningrad, 1996) (St. Petersburg, 1995); I.I. Krupnik, "Stanovlenie krupnotabunnogo olenevodstva u tundrovykh nentsev," Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1976, no. 2, pp. 57-69; A.V. Golovnev, "K istorii nenetskogo olenevodstva," Kul'turnye i khoziaistvennye traditsii narodov Zapadnoi Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1989), pp. 94-108, and other works.
16. These works contain information on the economics of these sovkhozv: L.V. Khomich, "Kul'turnye traditsii v trudovoi deiatel'nosti i material'noi kul'ture olenevodov Severa Zapadnoi Sibiri," in Kul'tumye traditsii narodov Sibiri (Leningrad, 1986), pp. 12-41; N. Patrikeev, Iamal: stranitsy bylogo (Salekhard, 1995); V.P. Petrova and G.P. Khariuchi, Nentsy v istorii Iamalo-Nenetskogo avtonomnogo okruga (Tomsk, 1999).
17. These works contain information on the economics of these sovkhozv: L.V. Khomich, "Kul'turnye traditsii v trudovoi deiatel'nosti i material'noi kul'ture olenevodov Severa Zapadnoi Sibiri," in Kul'tumye traditsii narodov Sibiri (Leningrad, 1986), pp. 12-41; N. Patrikeev, Iamal: stranitsy bylogo (Salekhard, 1995); V.P. Petrova and G.P. Khariuchi, Nentsy v istorii Iamalo-Nenetskogo avtonomnogo okruga (Tomsk, 1999).
18. These works contain information on the economics of these sovkhozv: L.V. Khomich, "Kul'turnye traditsii v trudovoi deiatel'nosti i material'noi kul'ture olenevodov Severa Zapadnoi Sibiri," in Kul'tumye traditsii narodov Sibiri (Leningrad, 1986), pp. 12-41; N. Patrikeev, Iamal: stranitsy bylogo (Salekhard, 1995); V.P. Petrova and G.P. Khariuchi, Nentsy v istorii Iamalo-Nenetskogo avtonomnogo okruga (Tomsk, 1999).
19. See A. Snegirev, "Metodom 'ura i trekh kopeek' - ne poluchitsia," Krasnyi Sever, 22 June 2000, no. 73.
20. See O. Lobyzova, "Kholodnaia tundra, goriachie spory (o sertifikatsii zemli na Iamale)," Iamal'skii meridian, 1997, no. 6, pp. 6-7. On current ethnoecological problems of the indigenous population of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, including the Yamal Peninsula in the context of a general analysis of socioeconomic and cultural development by KMNS [Komitet Malochislennykh Narodov Severa: Committee of Minority Peoples of the North - Ed.J, see also Z.P. Sokolova, "Narody Severa SSSR: proshloe, nastoiashchee i budushchee," Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1990, no. 6, pp. 17-32; idem, "Narody Severa: vyzhivanie v usloviiakh rynochnoi ekonomiki," in Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe i kul'turnoe razvitie narodov Severn i Sibiri: traditsii i savremennost' (Moscow, 1995), pp. 265-335; idem, "Etnokul'turnye osnovy sotsial'no-ekonomicheskogo raionirovaniia Rossii," Narody rossiiskogo Severa i Sibiri. Sibirskii etnograficheskii sbornik, issue 9 (Moscow, 1999), pp. 225-99.
21. See O. Lobyzova, "Kholodnaia tundra, goriachie spory (o sertifikatsii zemli na Iamale)," Iamal'skii meridian, 1997, no. 6, pp. 6-7. On current ethnoecological problems of the indigenous population of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, including the Yamal Peninsula in the context of a general analysis of socioeconomic and cultural development by KMNS [Komitet Malochislennykh Narodov Severa: Committee of Minority Peoples of the North - Ed.J, see also Z.P. Sokolova, "Narody Severa SSSR: proshloe, nastoiashchee i budushchee," Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1990, no. 6, pp. 17-32; idem, "Narody Severa: vyzhivanie v usloviiakh rynochnoi ekonomiki," in Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe i kul'turnoe razvitie narodov Severn i Sibiri: traditsii i savremennost' (Moscow, 1995), pp. 265-335; idem, "Etnokul'turnye osnovy sotsial'no-ekonomicheskogo raionirovaniia Rossii," Narody rossiiskogo Severa i Sibiri. Sibirskii etnograficheskii sbornik, issue 9 (Moscow, 1999), pp. 225-99.
22. See O. Lobyzova, "Kholodnaia tundra, goriachie spory (o sertifikatsii zemli na Iamale)," Iamal'skii meridian, 1997, no. 6, pp. 6-7. On current ethnoecological problems of the indigenous population of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, including the Yamal Peninsula in the context of a general analysis of socioeconomic and cultural development by KMNS [Komitet Malochislennykh Narodov Severa: Committee of Minority Peoples of the North - Ed.J, see also Z.P. Sokolova, "Narody Severa SSSR: proshloe, nastoiashchee i budushchee," Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1990, no. 6, pp. 17-32; idem, "Narody Severa: vyzhivanie v usloviiakh rynochnoi ekonomiki," in Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe i kul'turnoe razvitie narodov Severn i Sibiri: traditsii i savremennost' (Moscow, 1995), pp. 265-335; idem, "Etnokul'turnye osnovy sotsial'no-ekonomicheskogo raionirovaniia Rossii," Narody rossiiskogo Severa i Sibiri. Sibirskii etnograficheskii sbornik, issue 9 (Moscow, 1999), pp. 225-99.
23. See O. Lobyzova, "Kholodnaia tundra, goriachie spory (o sertifikatsii zemli na Iamale)," Iamal'skii meridian, 1997, no. 6, pp. 6-7. On current ethnoecological problems of the indigenous population of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, including the Yamal Peninsula in the context of a general analysis of socioeconomic and cultural development by KMNS [Komitet Malochislennykh Narodov Severa: Committee of Minority Peoples of the North - Ed.J, see also Z.P. Sokolova, "Narody Severa SSSR: proshloe, nastoiashchee i budushchee," Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1990, no. 6, pp. 17-32; idem, "Narody Severa: vyzhivanie v usloviiakh rynochnoi ekonomiki," in Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe i kul'turnoe razvitie narodov Severn i Sibiri: traditsii i savremennost' (Moscow, 1995), pp. 265-335; idem, "Etnokul'turnye osnovy sotsial'no-ekonomicheskogo raionirovaniia Rossii," Narody rossiiskogo Severa i Sibiri. Sibirskii etnograficheskii sbornik, issue 9 (Moscow, 1999), pp. 225-99.
24. A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, Tobol'skii Sever, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1995); B.M. Zhitkov, Poluostrov Iamal (St. Petersburg, 1913); G.I. Arteev, "Kochev'ia olenevodov severo-zapadnoi chasti Obdorskogo raiona," Ural, 1926, no. 8, pp. 141-44; V.P. Evladov, Po tundram Iamala k Belomu ostrovu (Tiumen, 1992); B.O. Dolgikh, Rodovoi i plemennoi sostav narodov Sibiri v XVII veke (Moscow, 1960); Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia, 1993; Khomich 1976, 1995; and other authors.
25. A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, Tobol'skii Sever, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1995); B.M. Zhitkov, Poluostrov Iamal (St. Petersburg, 1913); G.I. Arteev, "Kochev'ia olenevodov severo-zapadnoi chasti Obdorskogo raiona," Ural, 1926, no. 8, pp. 141-44; V.P. Evladov, Po tundram Iamala k Belomu ostrovu (Tiumen, 1992); B.O. Dolgikh, Rodovoi i plemennoi sostav narodov Sibiri v XVII veke (Moscow, 1960); Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia, 1993; Khomich 1976, 1995; and other authors.
26. A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, Tobol'skii Sever, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1995); B.M. Zhitkov, Poluostrov Iamal (St. Petersburg, 1913); G.I. Arteev, "Kochev'ia olenevodov severo-zapadnoi chasti Obdorskogo raiona," Ural, 1926, no. 8, pp. 141-44; V.P. Evladov, Po tundram Iamala k Belomu ostrovu (Tiumen, 1992); B.O. Dolgikh, Rodovoi i plemennoi sostav narodov Sibiri v XVII veke (Moscow, 1960); Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia, 1993; Khomich 1976, 1995; and other authors.
27. A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, Tobol'skii Sever, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1995); B.M. Zhitkov, Poluostrov Iamal (St. Petersburg, 1913); G.I. Arteev, "Kochev'ia olenevodov severo-zapadnoi chasti Obdorskogo raiona," Ural, 1926, no. 8, pp. 141-44; V.P. Evladov, Po tundram Iamala k Belomu ostrovu (Tiumen, 1992); B.O. Dolgikh, Rodovoi i plemennoi sostav narodov Sibiri v XVII veke (Moscow, 1960); Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia, 1993; Khomich 1976, 1995; and other authors.
28. A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, Tobol'skii Sever, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1995); B.M. Zhitkov, Poluostrov Iamal (St. Petersburg, 1913); G.I. Arteev, "Kochev'ia olenevodov severo-zapadnoi chasti Obdorskogo raiona," Ural, 1926, no. 8, pp. 141-44; V.P. Evladov, Po tundram Iamala k Belomu ostrovu (Tiumen, 1992); B.O. Dolgikh, Rodovoi i plemennoi sostav narodov Sibiri v XVII veke (Moscow, 1960); Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia, 1993; Khomich 1976, 1995; and other authors.
29. A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, Tobol'skii Sever, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1995); B.M. Zhitkov, Poluostrov Iamal (St. Petersburg, 1913); G.I. Arteev, "Kochev'ia olenevodov severo-zapadnoi chasti Obdorskogo raiona," Ural, 1926, no. 8, pp. 141-44; V.P. Evladov, Po tundram Iamala k Belomu ostrovu (Tiumen, 1992); B.O. Dolgikh, Rodovoi i plemennoi sostav narodov Sibiri v XVII veke (Moscow, 1960); Golovnev, Istoricheskaia tipologiia, 1993; Khomich 1976, 1995; and other authors.
30. Khomich, Kul'turnye traditsii, pp. 15-20; idem, Nentsy (St. Petersburg, 1995).
31. Khomich, Kul'turnye traditsii, pp. 15-20; idem, Nentsy (St. Petersburg, 1995).
32. See previously unpublished information from the expedition of G.N. Tarasenkov (1935) describing Yamal Nenets migratory routes, cited by A.P. Zen'ko in the collection Iamal - znakomyi i neizvestnyi (Tiumen, 1995), pp. 29-47.
33. Ibid., pp. 36-37.
34. This brigade's routes and its ecological problems were described for the first time in magazine and other publications by the prominent British photojournalist A. Bryan, who did his best Yamal photographs while traveling with S. Sérotétto's brigade. Particularities in the traditional economic development of the Yamal Nenets amid oil and gas prospecting are the subject of creative works (including audio, photographic, and video) by V. Gasperini, a frequent guest of Brigade No. 8, and many other journalists, both foreign and Russian.
35. See V.P. Evladov, Po tundram Iamala, pp. 254-55. Evladov refers also to the absence of lichens (reindeer moss) necessary on the return (autumn) trips to feed the reindeer at the outermost areas closest to the western shore of the peninsula. This demonstrates again the advisability and practicality of current routes of the northern brigades of the Yarsalinsk Sovkhoz, as well as the impossibility of shifting them to eastern areas (occupied to the north by reindeer herders from the Seiakhinsk Tundra) or the "lichenless" areas further west. Green feed, which experts consider plentiful on the peninsula and which during the summertime is sufficient even for the numbers of the Yamal herd today (approximately 200,000 reindeer) by autumn (due to early frosts) is already wilting. Then the need for "improved" food for the reindeer - lichen - arises.
36. Zhitkov, Poluostrov Iamal, pp. 267-68.
37. Due to this situation in the district, a program to preserve and raise to previous levels the reindeer population and reindeer herding for 2000-2005 was supposed to be developed. For more about this, see V. Rafikova, "Za mesiats s lishnim pogiblo 20,000 olenei," Poliarnyi krug, 24 June 1999.
38. The reindeer herders of this brigade managed to avoid losses during the winter of 1997-98 as well. See I. Andreev, "Posle zimovki - v 'rodnye penaty,'" Vremia Iamala, 3 April 1998.
39. For more detail on these and other traditions of the nomads of the Yamal, see Susoi, Iz glubiny vekov; Khomich, Kul'turnye traditsii.
40. For more detail on these and other traditions of the nomads of the Yamal, see Susoi, Iz glubiny vekov; Khomich, Kul'turnye traditsii.
41. N. Kirpichev, O vremeni i o sehe (Salekhard, 1997), p. 65.
42. See photographs in Zemlia Iamal. Al'bom Iamal'skikh ekspeditsii V.P. Evladova, comp. T.I. Pika, introductory article by I. Krupnika (Moscow, 1998).
43. On such relations, with poor reindeer breeders hired by the rich, see M.M. Brodnev, "Iz istorii zemel'nykh i imushchestvennykh otnoshenii u Iamal'skikh nentsev," Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1959, no. 6, pp. 75-76, 78.
44. See Brodnev, "Iz istorii zemel'nykh i imushchestvennykh otnoshenii u Iamal'skikh nentsev"; Evladov, Po tundram Iamala; V.I. Vasil'ev, "Vozniknovenie elementov chastnosobstvennicheskogo uklada u samodiiskikh narodov Obsko-Eniseiskogo Severa," Stanovlenie klassov i gosudarstva (Moscow, 1976), and other works.
45. See Brodnev, "Iz istorii zemel'nykh i imushchestvennykh otnoshenii u Iamal'skikh nentsev"; Evladov, Po tundram Iamala; V.I. Vasil'ev, "Vozniknovenie elementov chastnosobstvennicheskogo uklada u samodiiskikh narodov Obsko-Eniseiskogo Severa," Stanovlenie klassov i gosudarstva (Moscow, 1976), and other works.
46. See Brodnev, "Iz istorii zemel'nykh i imushchestvennykh otnoshenii u Iamal'skikh nentsev"; Evladov, Po tundram Iamala; V.I. Vasil'ev, "Vozniknovenie elementov chastnosobstvennicheskogo uklada u samodiiskikh narodov Obsko-Eniseiskogo Severa," Stanovlenie klassov i gosudarstva (Moscow, 1976), and other works.
47. That fact is referenced in A.G. Brunitsyna's and K.A. Oshchepkov's, "Pamiatniki arkheologii Srednego Iamala," Drevnosti Iamala, issue 1 (Ekaterinburg-Salekhard), 2000, p. 81.
48. For example, in 1911 alone some 100,000 reindeer died of Siberian ulcers in the district; during early collectivization, 120,000 reindeer were expropriated by Soviet authorities on the collectives here (Petrova and Khariuchi 1999). Tundra dwellers who lived nomadically in the Priural'sk tundras and the contiguous area in the southern Yamal Region, as well as those who passed through these lands while moving to winter grazing lands and Yamal Nenets who came to Salekhard for trade suffered significantly during these two periods.
49. See S. Istomin, "I vytashchil rybak nevod," Krasnyi Sever, 22 June 2000.
50. Regarding the legal status of grazing, hunting, and fishing lands in the ethnographic literature, see Sokolova, Narody Severa, 1995; A.M. Siazi, "Sokhranenie samobytnoi kul'tury korennykh narodov Severa i territorii traditsionnogo prirodopol'zovaniia," Severnye narody na puti v novoe tysiacheletie (Moscow, 2000), pp. 183-87; A.N. Iamskov, "Prava malochislennykh narodov rossiiskogo Severa na territorii traditsionnogo prirodopol'zovaniia: vladenie ili pol'zovanie?" Obychnoe pravo i pravovoi pliuralizm, eds. N.I. Novikov and V.A. Tishkov (Moscow, 1999), pp. 119-26, and other works. Note that the issue of allocating and officially establishing grazing, hunting, and fishing lands is of greatest concern today to ethnographers, the Northem indigenous peoples themselves, and their national activists. In the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, as in numerous other regions of Russia that are "advanced" in this regard, the issue of creating grazing, hunting, and fishing lands after the well-known presidential decree in 1992 "On Emergency Measures to Protect the Areas Where Minority Peoples of the North Live and Work" is in the phase of active appeal (and official adoption of "halfway" decisions). For example, in 1997 the district law "On Regulation of Land Relations in Areas Where Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North Live and Engage in Traditional Economic Activity Within the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District" was adopted. In the near term, concerning the hunting, grazing, and fishing lands issue is a plan to develop and consider draft laws "On Defining Lands for Traditional Economic Activity and Allocating Land Parcels from Other Land Categories in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District," "On the Status of Clan Lands of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District" and "On the Legal Status of Reindeer-Grazing Lands in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District." The implementation of the 1997 law of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District within the district remains at the level of a Russia-wide process of implementing laws on the rights of indigenous minorities. Delineation of hunting, fishing, and grazing lands has been carried out and, obviously, continues in the district. Officially the full establishment and confirmation of the boundaries of such territories has taken place only in Magadan Oblast and in part in the Chukotka Autonomous District. On this, see A.V. Besiatskii, "Vystuplenie," Korennye malochislennye narody na poroge XXI veka: problemy, perspektivy, prioritety. Materiaty Vserossiiskogo kongressa (Moscow, 1999), pp. 155-56.
51. Regarding the legal status of grazing, hunting, and fishing lands in the ethnographic literature, see Sokolova, Narody Severa, 1995; A.M. Siazi, "Sokhranenie samobytnoi kul'tury korennykh narodov Severa i territorii traditsionnogo prirodopol'zovaniia," Severnye narody na puti v novoe tysiacheletie (Moscow, 2000), pp. 183-87; A.N. Iamskov, "Prava malochislennykh narodov rossiiskogo Severa na territorii traditsionnogo prirodopol'zovaniia: vladenie ili pol'zovanie?" Obychnoe pravo i pravovoi pliuralizm, eds. N.I. Novikov and V.A. Tishkov (Moscow, 1999), pp. 119-26, and other works. Note that the issue of allocating and officially establishing grazing, hunting, and fishing lands is of greatest concern today to ethnographers, the Northem indigenous peoples themselves, and their national activists. In the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, as in numerous other regions of Russia that are "advanced" in this regard, the issue of creating grazing, hunting, and fishing lands after the well-known presidential decree in 1992 "On Emergency Measures to Protect the Areas Where Minority Peoples of the North Live and Work" is in the phase of active appeal (and official adoption of "halfway" decisions). For example, in 1997 the district law "On Regulation of Land Relations in Areas Where Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North Live and Engage in Traditional Economic Activity Within the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District" was adopted. In the near term, concerning the hunting, grazing, and fishing lands issue is a plan to develop and consider draft laws "On Defining Lands for Traditional Economic Activity and Allocating Land Parcels from Other Land Categories in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District," "On the Status of Clan Lands of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District" and "On the Legal Status of Reindeer-Grazing Lands in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District." The implementation of the 1997 law of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District within the district remains at the level of a Russia-wide process of implementing laws on the rights of indigenous minorities. Delineation of hunting, fishing, and grazing lands has been carried out and, obviously, continues in the district. Officially the full establishment and confirmation of the boundaries of such territories has taken place only in Magadan Oblast and in part in the Chukotka Autonomous District. On this, see A.V. Besiatskii, "Vystuplenie," Korennye malochislennye narody na poroge XXI veka: problemy, perspektivy, prioritety. Materiaty Vserossiiskogo kongressa (Moscow, 1999), pp. 155-56.
52. Regarding the legal status of grazing, hunting, and fishing lands in the ethnographic literature, see Sokolova, Narody Severa, 1995; A.M. Siazi, "Sokhranenie samobytnoi kul'tury korennykh narodov Severa i territorii traditsionnogo prirodopol'zovaniia," Severnye narody na puti v novoe tysiacheletie (Moscow, 2000), pp. 183-87; A.N. Iamskov, "Prava malochislennykh narodov rossiiskogo Severa na territorii traditsionnogo prirodopol'zovaniia: vladenie ili pol'zovanie?" Obychnoe pravo i pravovoi pliuralizm, eds. N.I. Novikov and V.A. Tishkov (Moscow, 1999), pp. 119-26, and other works. Note that the issue of allocating and officially establishing grazing, hunting, and fishing lands is of greatest concern today to ethnographers, the Northem indigenous peoples themselves, and their national activists. In the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, as in numerous other regions of Russia that are "advanced" in this regard, the issue of creating grazing, hunting, and fishing lands after the well-known presidential decree in 1992 "On Emergency Measures to Protect the Areas Where Minority Peoples of the North Live and Work" is in the phase of active appeal (and official adoption of "halfway" decisions). For example, in 1997 the district law "On Regulation of Land Relations in Areas Where Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North Live and Engage in Traditional Economic Activity Within the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District" was adopted. In the near term, concerning the hunting, grazing, and fishing lands issue is a plan to develop and consider draft laws "On Defining Lands for Traditional Economic Activity and Allocating Land Parcels from Other Land Categories in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District," "On the Status of Clan Lands of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District" and "On the Legal Status of Reindeer-Grazing Lands in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District." The implementation of the 1997 law of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District within the district remains at the level of a Russia-wide process of implementing laws on the rights of indigenous minorities. Delineation of hunting, fishing, and grazing lands has been carried out and, obviously, continues in the district. Officially the full establishment and confirmation of the boundaries of such territories has taken place only in Magadan Oblast and in part in the Chukotka Autonomous District. On this, see A.V. Besiatskii, "Vystuplenie," Korennye malochislennye narody na poroge XXI veka: problemy, perspektivy, prioritety. Materiaty Vserossiiskogo kongressa (Moscow, 1999), pp. 155-56.
53. Regarding the legal status of grazing, hunting, and fishing lands in the ethnographic literature, see Sokolova, Narody Severa, 1995; A.M. Siazi, "Sokhranenie samobytnoi kul'tury korennykh narodov Severa i territorii traditsionnogo prirodopol'zovaniia," Severnye narody na puti v novoe tysiacheletie (Moscow, 2000), pp. 183-87; A.N. Iamskov, "Prava malochislennykh narodov rossiiskogo Severa na territorii traditsionnogo prirodopol'zovaniia: vladenie ili pol'zovanie?" Obychnoe pravo i pravovoi pliuralizm, eds. N.I. Novikov and V.A. Tishkov (Moscow, 1999), pp. 119-26, and other works. Note that the issue of allocating and officially establishing grazing, hunting, and fishing lands is of greatest concern today to ethnographers, the Northem indigenous peoples themselves, and their national activists. In the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, as in numerous other regions of Russia that are "advanced" in this regard, the issue of creating grazing, hunting, and fishing lands after the well-known presidential decree in 1992 "On Emergency Measures to Protect the Areas Where Minority Peoples of the North Live and Work" is in the phase of active appeal (and official adoption of "halfway" decisions). For example, in 1997 the district law "On Regulation of Land Relations in Areas Where Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North Live and Engage in Traditional Economic Activity Within the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District" was adopted. In the near term, concerning the hunting, grazing, and fishing lands issue is a plan to develop and consider draft laws "On Defining Lands for Traditional Economic Activity and Allocating Land Parcels from Other Land Categories in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District," "On the Status of Clan Lands of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District" and "On the Legal Status of Reindeer-Grazing Lands in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District." The implementation of the 1997 law of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District within the district remains at the level of a Russia-wide process of implementing laws on the rights of indigenous minorities. Delineation of hunting, fishing, and grazing lands has been carried out and, obviously, continues in the district. Officially the full establishment and confirmation of the boundaries of such territories has taken place only in Magadan Oblast and in part in the Chukotka Autonomous District. On this, see A.V. Besiatskii, "Vystuplenie," Korennye malochislennye narody na poroge XXI veka: problemy, perspektivy, prioritety. Materiaty Vserossiiskogo kongressa (Moscow, 1999), pp. 155-56.
54. The author's field materials, Yamal, 1998-99. (The author is deeply grateful to M.N. Okotetto, who provided detailed information on traditional occupations in Yamal and about aspects of the daily life of nomadic tundra reindeer herders.)
55. This and subsequent information is from publications by M. Okotetto in the local press received from him personally, and also confirmed by assessments and calculations of other professional reindeer herders of the Yamal tundra. In previously published works, for example, P.N. Vostriakov and M.M. Brodnev, Olenevodstvo Iamala, (Sverdlovsk, 1964), a lower "necessary minimum" of reindeer per average tundra Nenets family is indicated - 200-250 reindeer, with minimum food requirements figured in. (Periods of "no fish" and "no game" and other periods were not taken into account, being less typical prior to the period of industrial expansion on the peninsula,) Wild reindeer hunting and marine hunting were, several decades ago, more productive for a comparable average-size chum (not counting the elderly, guests, and the growing children in the family), excluding barter and gifts.
56. "Dolgii put'k znaniiam," Poliarnyi krug, 14 September 2000.
57. These and other facts cited here on the history of Yamal (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District) and the Yamal Peninsula (Yamal Region) are taken from N.B. Patrikeev, Iamal: stranitsy bylogo (Salekhard, 1995); V.A. Greb, G.S. Zaitsev, K.A. Oshchepkov, N.V. Fedorova, and A.I. Chepiga, Ocherki istorii Iar-Sale (Tiumen, 1997).
58. These and other facts cited here on the history of Yamal (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District) and the Yamal Peninsula (Yamal Region) are taken from N.B. Patrikeev, Iamal: stranitsy bylogo (Salekhard, 1995); V.A. Greb, G.S. Zaitsev, K.A. Oshchepkov, N.V. Fedorova, and A.I. Chepiga, Ocherki istorii Iar-Sale (Tiumen, 1997).
59. On this subject, see "Pervym delom, pervym delom, vertolety. Nu a zhiteli?..." Krasnyi Sever, 10 July 1999; "Zakryli nebo nad Iamalom," Krasnyi Sever, 22 June 2000.
60. On this subject, see "Pervym delom, pervym delom, vertolety. Nu a zhiteli?..." Krasnyi Sever, 10 July 1999; "Zakryli nebo nad Iamalom," Krasnyi Sever, 22 June 2000.
61. What is meant here is a level of development and integration of communications systems on the peninsula, including the transportation network, which determine in equal degree its relationship to the traditional and industrial sectors of the economy. In this "relationship" it is impossible to see the railroad under construction as a type of transportation system mat could aid the preservation of traditional industries providing subsistence for many Nenets families. This is why the Nenets view this "impending" solution to their transport and other problems with bitter humor ("by train, without reindeer... "). Another example: The winter road from Salekhard to Nadym cuts across the migration routes of reindeer herds belonging to two Yamal concerns in the Nadym Tundra. At the same time, these are viewed as a partial solution to subsistence issues affecting the community in areas contiguous to the peninsula. In 1997 up to 1,500 cars traveled this road daily (!) (V. Nikolaev, "Trassabudushchego,"Iamal'skii meridian, 1998, no. 2, p. 13).
62. For more on this fact, widely known in the ethnographic community: Iu.B. Simchenko, "Narody Severa Rossii. Problemy. Prognoz. Rekomendatsii," Issledovaniia po prikladnoi i neotlozhnoi etnologii, Document No. 112 (Moscow, 1998), p. 5.
63. Regarding "ethnic" and other features of Nenets reindeer-herding concerns: A.A. Iuzhakov and A.D. Mukhachev, Etnicheskie osobennosti olenevodstva nentsev (St. Petersburg, 2000).
64. See, for example, N. Dudnikov, "Laiushchii volk ruk ne lizhet," Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 1, pp. 20-22.
65. V.Z. Koltun, A.K. Dranishnikov, A.M. Oleshchenko, and E.V. Kaigorodtseva, "Osnovnye problemy zdorov'ia korennogo naseleniia v sviazi s osvoeniem gazokondensatnykh mestorozhdehii," Iamal - problemy razvltlia (Tiumen, 1993), pp. 92-104; B.M. Raengulov and L.A. Nechepurenko, "Epidemiologiia upravliaemykh infektsii, problemy vaktsinoprofilaktiki v Iamalo-Nenetskom avtonomnom okruge," Nauchnyi vestnik, issue 1 (Salekhard, 2000), pp. 4-22.
66. V.Z. Koltun, A.K. Dranishnikov, A.M. Oleshchenko, and E.V. Kaigorodtseva, "Osnovnye problemy zdorov'ia korennogo naseleniia v sviazi s osvoeniem gazokondensatnykh mestorozhdehii," Iamal - problemy razvltlia (Tiumen, 1993), pp. 92-104; B.M. Raengulov and L.A. Nechepurenko, "Epidemiologiia upravliaemykh infektsii, problemy vaktsinoprofilaktiki v Iamalo-Nenetskom avtonomnom okruge," Nauchnyi vestnik, issue 1 (Salekhard, 2000), pp. 4-22.
67. See Iamalo-Nenetskil natsional'nyi okrug (ekonomiko-geograficheskaia kharakteristika) (Moscow, 1965); V.V. Bakulin and V.V. Kozin, Geografiia Tiumenskoi oblasti (Ekaterinburg, 1996).
68. See Iamalo-Nenetskil natsional'nyi okrug (ekonomiko-geograficheskaia kharakteristika) (Moscow, 1965); V.V. Bakulin and V.V. Kozin, Geografiia Tiumenskoi oblasti (Ekaterinburg, 1996).
69. Information from a publication put out by the Russian Ecology Policy Center: Rossiiskaia Arktika: naporoge katastrofy (Moscow, 1996), pp. 90, 113, 151.
70. For information on the ecological and environmental protection issues of the northern territories see also A. Evseev, "Diskomfortnaia sreda," Iamal'skli meridian, 1998, no. 2, pp. 43-45.
71. Geografiia Tiumenskoi oblasti, p. 66. The fact that when reindeer eat an outgrowth of reindeer moss, they do not consume all of it, leaving its top, strikes the author as well as Nenets reindeer herders as an indication that they are "ecologically wise" animals. This does not contradict the point that large numbers of the animals can damage the tundra's vegetative covering through overgrazing. To avoid this, experienced reindeer herders try not to keep the herd in one place for too long, to spread the impact evenly along the migration route. In this context the issue of shrinking grazing lands, being removed at ever greater rates to be used for industrial construction and energy production and being polluted by them, is increasingly urgent.
72. See O. Orekhov, "Pasport poluostrova Iamal," Iamal'ska meridian, 1993, no. 2, pp. 64-65.
73. From an interview by V. Severtsev with the general director of Nadymgazprom L. Chugunov, "Energiia preodoleniia," Mir Severa, 1997, no. 4, p. 17.
74. Rossiiskaiia Arktika, 1996, p. 150.
75. The author's field materials, 1998, 1999.
76. Geografiia, 1996; T.N. Martyshin, "Iamal-Krai zemli," Nentsy Iamala (Tiumen, 1994), pp. 19-64.
77. Geografiia, 1996; T.N. Martyshin, "Iamal-Krai zemli," Nentsy Iamala (Tiumen, 1994), pp. 19-64.
78. The author's field materials, Yamal, 1999; on the problems of the "Northern" brigades in the Bovanenkovo area: Kh. Iaungad, "Mania 'Nenie Nenetsiama,'" Iamal'skii meridian, 1998, no. 2, p. 89 (in the Nenets language).
79. Clearly such appropriation of land where indigenous minority peoples reside in the district is not a rare occurrence, as indicated by the content of section I of "The Concept of Development of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District," confirmed by the State Duma of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District 23 February 1999 (Decree No. 866).
80. "Bezdorozh'e - sebe dorozhe," Iamal'skii meridian, 1999, no. 2, pp. 6-8.
81. V.V. Stepanov, ed., Metody etnoekologicheskoi ekspertizy. A publication of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, 1999), pp. 70-86.
82. At present no Specially Protected Natural Territories are functioning. The project for the Yamal national park, drafted by specialists in 1991 (to include two parcels of land in Yamal - in northern Yamal and in southern Yamal - and one in Gydansk, in the Tazovo Region, total area 500,000 hectares, see Geografiia, p. 202), approved by the local community and supported by the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District Administration, was virtually "torpedoed" by the Russian Ministry of the Environment. For more on this, see Rossiiskaia Arktika, pp. 145, 147; Geograflia Tiumenskoi oblast, pp. 202-3. See also I. Prokrovskaia, "Okhraniaemye prirodnye territorii i traditsionnoe prirodopol'zovanie: zachem oni nuzhny drug drugu," Zhivaia Arktika, 1996, no. 4, pp. 6-7, 19 (according to Zhivaia Arktika, the total area of the national park to be equal to 900,000 hectares).
83. At present no Specially Protected Natural Territories are functioning. The project for the Yamal national park, drafted by specialists in 1991 (to include two parcels of land in Yamal - in northern Yamal and in southern Yamal - and one in Gydansk, in the Tazovo Region, total area 500,000 hectares, see Geografiia, p. 202), approved by the local community and supported by the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District Administration, was virtually "torpedoed" by the Russian Ministry of the Environment. For more on this, see Rossiiskaia Arktika, pp. 145, 147; Geograflia Tiumenskoi oblast, pp. 202-3. See also I. Prokrovskaia, "Okhraniaemye prirodnye territorii i traditsionnoe prirodopol'zovanie: zachem oni nuzhny drug drugu," Zhivaia Arktika, 1996, no. 4, pp. 6-7, 19 (according to Zhivaia Arktika, the total area of the national park to be equal to 900,000 hectares).
84. At present no Specially Protected Natural Territories are functioning. The project for the Yamal national park, drafted by specialists in 1991 (to include two parcels of land in Yamal - in northern Yamal and in southern Yamal - and one in Gydansk, in the Tazovo Region, total area 500,000 hectares, see Geografiia, p. 202), approved by the local community and supported by the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District Administration, was virtually "torpedoed" by the Russian Ministry of the Environment. For more on this, see Rossiiskaia Arktika, pp. 145, 147; Geograflia Tiumenskoi oblast, pp. 202-3. See also I. Prokrovskaia, "Okhraniaemye prirodnye territorii i traditsionnoe prirodopol'zovanie: zachem oni nuzhny drug drugu," Zhivaia Arktika, 1996, no. 4, pp. 6-7, 19 (according to Zhivaia Arktika, the total area of the national park to be equal to 900,000 hectares).
85. At present no Specially Protected Natural Territories are functioning. The project for the Yamal national park, drafted by specialists in 1991 (to include two parcels of land in Yamal - in northern Yamal and in southern Yamal - and one in Gydansk, in the Tazovo Region, total area 500,000 hectares, see Geografiia, p. 202), approved by the local community and supported by the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District Administration, was virtually "torpedoed" by the Russian Ministry of the Environment. For more on this, see Rossiiskaia Arktika, pp. 145, 147; Geograflia Tiumenskoi oblast, pp. 202-3. See also I. Prokrovskaia, "Okhraniaemye prirodnye territorii i traditsionnoe prirodopol'zovanie: zachem oni nuzhny drug drugu," Zhivaia Arktika, 1996, no. 4, pp. 6-7, 19 (according to Zhivaia Arktika, the total area of the national park to be equal to 900,000 hectares).
86. Territories of Traditional Land Use, as is well known, have yet to receive legal status in Russian legislation. They do not fall under the category of Specially Protected Natural Territories due to their differing functional capabilities and organizational objectives (See Federal Law, 14 March 1995 "On Specially Protected Natural Territories.") At the same time, both these categories (and types) of territories have or must have "a regulated regime of economic activity" and their location should be taken into account "in the development of territorial integrated plans, land-use plans, and regional planning." The significance and status of Territories of Traditional Resource Use should be determined, first of all, in part 1, article 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and in other legal regulations and regulatory statutes of the Russian Federation. In the early 1990s, a plan allotted up to 64 percent of the total area of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District for the creation of priority natural resource management (meaning Territories of Traditional Resource Use) "in areas where minority peoples and ethnic groups reside and engage in economic activity," see Z.P. Sokolova, Narody Severa, SSSR, p. 30.
87. Rossiiskaia Arktika, pp. 91-92, 111.
88. Evdalov, Po tundram Iamala, pp. 253, 256.
89. Rossiiskaia Arktika, pp. 60-61. See also V.N. Komlev, "Otvetstvennost' pokelenii i vybor mest podzemnogo razmeshcheniia potentsial'nogo superopasnykh ob"ektov: nekotorye aspekty," Zhivaia Arktika, 1999, no. 1, pp. 34-43; A. Bol'shakov, "Ob"ekt gosudarstvennoi tainy," Iamal'skii meridian, 1997, no. 6, pp. 14-16; Iu. Morozov, "Klimat doveriia," Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 2, pp. 60-65. Here are cited proposals of the interagency expert commission to assess radiation and seismic safety during underground nuclear testing at the Russian Federation central test site.
90. Rossiiskaia Arktika, pp. 60-61. See also V.N. Komlev, "Otvetstvennost' pokelenii i vybor mest podzemnogo razmeshcheniia potentsial'nogo superopasnykh ob"ektov: nekotorye aspekty," Zhivaia Arktika, 1999, no. 1, pp. 34-43; A. Bol'shakov, "Ob"ekt gosudarstvennoi tainy," Iamal'skii meridian, 1997, no. 6, pp. 14-16; Iu. Morozov, "Klimat doveriia," Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 2, pp. 60-65. Here are cited proposals of the interagency expert commission to assess radiation and seismic safety during underground nuclear testing at the Russian Federation central test site.
91. Rossiiskaia Arktika, pp. 60-61. See also V.N. Komlev, "Otvetstvennost' pokelenii i vybor mest podzemnogo razmeshcheniia potentsial'nogo superopasnykh ob"ektov: nekotorye aspekty," Zhivaia Arktika, 1999, no. 1, pp. 34-43; A. Bol'shakov, "Ob"ekt gosudarstvennoi tainy," Iamal'skii meridian, 1997, no. 6, pp. 14-16; Iu. Morozov, "Klimat doveriia," Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 2, pp. 60-65. Here are cited proposals of the interagency expert commission to assess radiation and seismic safety during underground nuclear testing at the Russian Federation central test site.
92. Rossiiskaia Arktika, pp. 60-61. See also V.N. Komlev, "Otvetstvennost' pokelenii i vybor mest podzemnogo razmeshcheniia potentsial'nogo superopasnykh ob"ektov: nekotorye aspekty," Zhivaia Arktika, 1999, no. 1, pp. 34-43; A. Bol'shakov, "Ob"ekt gosudarstvennoi tainy," Iamal'skii meridian, 1997, no. 6, pp. 14-16; Iu. Morozov, "Klimat doveriia," Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 2, pp. 60-65. Here are cited proposals of the interagency expert commission to assess radiation and seismic safety during underground nuclear testing at the Russian Federation central test site.
93. V.N. Komlev, "Otvetstvennost' pokolenii," pp. 40-41.
94. Rossiiskaia Arktika, p. 33.
95. Interview by R. Rugina with the head of the administration of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, Iu. V. Neelov; "Na takoi bogatoi zemle stydno zhit' bedno," Iamal'skii meridian, 1999, no. 2, pp. 2-5.
96. Ibid., p. 2.
97. "Poliarnyi krug," 14 September 2000, p. 2.
98. See Sbornik zakonov Iamalo-Nenetskogo avtonomnogo okruga, vol. 2 (Gosudarstvennaia Duma, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, 1999), pp. 425-26, 472.
99. See Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District law dated 22 November 1999, "Ob okruzhnom biudzhete na 2000 god," Sbornik zakonov Iamalo-Nenetskogo okrug, pp. 472-74; Iamalo-Nenetskii avtonomnyi okrug naporoge tret'ego tysiacheletiia. Electronic publication on CD (Salekhard: Basko Publishers, 2000).
100. See Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District law dated 22 November 1999, "Ob okruzhnom biudzhete na 2000 god," Sbornik zakonov Iamalo-Nenetskogo okrug, pp. 472-74; Iamalo-Nenetskii avtonomnyi okrug naporoge tret'ego tysiacheletiia. Electronic publication on CD (Salekhard: Basko Publishers, 2000).
101. See the interview by R. Rugin with Iu. V. Neelov, head of the administration of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, p. 4.
102. Ibid., p. 4.
103. Interview with Iu. Neelov, administration head of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District: "Iamal-vorota v Arktiku," Iamal'skii meridian, 1998, no. 2, p. 1.
104. "Olen'ei tropoi - v rynok." Interview with D.O. Khorolia, Yarsalinsk Sovkhoz director and president of the Russian Union of Reindeer Herders, Iamal'skii meridian, 1998, no. 2, p. 24.
105. M. Okotetto, "Ne 'za burgom,' v Sabette," Sevemye prostory, 2000, nos. 2-3, pp. 12-13.
106. Sbornik zakonov, p. 479.
107. Article 8 of the charter of the municipal body of Yamal Region (Registered 5 January 1998), Vremia Iamala, January 1998. Special issue: Articles 5, 6, 7 and 8, Federal Law "O finansovykh osnovakh mestnogo samoupravleniia v Rossiiskoi Federatsii," 25 September 1997: Samoupravlenie v Rossiiskoi Federatsii: prakticheskoe i metodicheskoe posobie. Sbornik federal'nykh zakonov s kommentariiami (Moscow, 1998).
108. See articles 73, 74, 76, 78, and 81 of the Charter (Osnovnogo Zakona) Iamalo-Nenetskogo avtonomnogo okruga, Sbornik Zakonov, pp. 40-43.
109. Ibid. See also Federal Law "Ob obshchikh printsipakh organizatsii mestnogo samoupravleniia v Rossiiskoi Federatsii," 28 August 1995, and subsequent versions of federal laws, Sbornik zakonov Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow, 2000).
110. Ibid. See also Federal Law "Ob obshchikh printsipakh organizatsii mestnogo samoupravleniia v Rossiiskoi Federatsii," 28 August 1995, and subsequent versions of federal laws, Sbornik zakonov Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow, 2000).
111. Article 73 of the Charter of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District.
112. Article 2 of Federal Law "Ob obshchikh printsipakh mestnogo samoupravleniia v Rossiiskoi Federatsii."
113. Published in the newspaper Krasnyi Sever, 19 November 1998, special issue.
114. Regarding a similar proposal see the published text of a speech by A.V. Komarov, executive director of the Russian Union of Reindeer Herders, in the collection Korennye narody Rossii naporoge XXI veka: problemy, perspektivy, prioritety, p. 150. Here other current problems relating to the development of reindeer herding in Russia are considered, and an approach to determining the reasons and possible schema for resolving them is supported by the author.
115. See articles 73 and 77 of the Charter of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, Ustav (Osnovnoi zakon) Iamalo-Nenetskogo avtonomnogo okruga (Salekhard, 1998).
116. Sbornik zakonov Iamalo-Nenetskogo avtonomnogo okruga, p. 502. See also the text of the law: Krasnyi Sever, 19 November 1998.
117. Sbornik zakonov Iamalo-Nenetskogo avtonomnogo okruga, p. 502. See also the text of the law: Krasnyi Sever, 19 November 1998.
118. Text of the law published in Krasnyi Sever, 30 October 1997, special issue.
119. Published in Sobranie zaknodatel'stva RF, 1999, no. 18, article 2208.
120. See report of N. V. Kolesnikova, chair of this committee: "Protiv loma net priema?" Krasnyi Sever, 2 November 2000.
121. The provision on the public environmental expert assessment is contained in article 19-25 of Federal Law "Ob ekologicheskoi ekspertize," 23 November 1995. See Ekologicheskoe pravo Rossii. Sbornik normativnykh pravovykh aktov i dokumentov, ed. A.K. Golichenkov (Moscow, 1997). The most recent major ecology assessment undertaken in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District was organized by the civic ecology organization Yamal-Nenets Committee to Save the Ob. For information on the international ecology expedition "Ob - 90," see Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 1, pp. 14-19. On the need to resolve ecology problems and problems of the indigenous minorities (issues of traditional resource management) together, S.N. Khariuchi, president of the Association of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East of the Russian Federation, has spoken out repeatedly: "My luchshe znaem, kak nam zhit'," Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 1, pp. 6-7; "God nashei nadezhdy," Iamal'skii meridian, 1993, no. 3, pp. 4-6. See also the collection of reports and speeches: S.N. Khariuchi, Sovremennye problemy korennykh narodov Severn (Tomsk, 1999).
122. The provision on the public environmental expert assessment is contained in article 19-25 of Federal Law "Ob ekologicheskoi ekspertize," 23 November 1995. See Ekologicheskoe pravo Rossii. Sbornik normativnykh pravovykh aktov i dokumentov, ed. A.K. Golichenkov (Moscow, 1997). The most recent major ecology assessment undertaken in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District was organized by the civic ecology organization Yamal-Nenets Committee to Save the Ob. For information on the international ecology expedition "Ob - 90," see Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 1, pp. 14-19. On the need to resolve ecology problems and problems of the indigenous minorities (issues of traditional resource management) together, S.N. Khariuchi, president of the Association of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East of the Russian Federation, has spoken out repeatedly: "My luchshe znaem, kak nam zhit'," Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 1, pp. 6-7; "God nashei nadezhdy," Iamal'skii meridian, 1993, no. 3, pp. 4-6. See also the collection of reports and speeches: S.N. Khariuchi, Sovremennye problemy korennykh narodov Severn (Tomsk, 1999).
123. The provision on the public environmental expert assessment is contained in article 19-25 of Federal Law "Ob ekologicheskoi ekspertize," 23 November 1995. See Ekologicheskoe pravo Rossii. Sbornik normativnykh pravovykh aktov i dokumentov, ed. A.K. Golichenkov (Moscow, 1997). The most recent major ecology assessment undertaken in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District was organized by the civic ecology organization Yamal-Nenets Committee to Save the Ob. For information on the international ecology expedition "Ob - 90," see Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 1, pp. 14-19. On the need to resolve ecology problems and problems of the indigenous minorities (issues of traditional resource management) together, S.N. Khariuchi, president of the Association of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East of the Russian Federation, has spoken out repeatedly: "My luchshe znaem, kak nam zhit'," Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 1, pp. 6-7; "God nashei nadezhdy," Iamal'skii meridian, 1993, no. 3, pp. 4-6. See also the collection of reports and speeches: S.N. Khariuchi, Sovremennye problemy korennykh narodov Severn (Tomsk, 1999).
124. The provision on the public environmental expert assessment is contained in article 19-25 of Federal Law "Ob ekologicheskoi ekspertize," 23 November 1995. See Ekologicheskoe pravo Rossii. Sbornik normativnykh pravovykh aktov i dokumentov, ed. A.K. Golichenkov (Moscow, 1997). The most recent major ecology assessment undertaken in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District was organized by the civic ecology organization Yamal-Nenets Committee to Save the Ob. For information on the international ecology expedition "Ob - 90," see Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 1, pp. 14-19. On the need to resolve ecology problems and problems of the indigenous minorities (issues of traditional resource management) together, S.N. Khariuchi, president of the Association of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East of the Russian Federation, has spoken out repeatedly: "My luchshe znaem, kak nam zhit'," Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 1, pp. 6-7; "God nashei nadezhdy," Iamal'skii meridian, 1993, no. 3, pp. 4-6. See also the collection of reports and speeches: S.N. Khariuchi, Sovremennye problemy korennykh narodov Severn (Tomsk, 1999).
125. The provision on the public environmental expert assessment is contained in article 19-25 of Federal Law "Ob ekologicheskoi ekspertize," 23 November 1995. See Ekologicheskoe pravo Rossii. Sbornik normativnykh pravovykh aktov i dokumentov, ed. A.K. Golichenkov (Moscow, 1997). The most recent major ecology assessment undertaken in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District was organized by the civic ecology organization Yamal-Nenets Committee to Save the Ob. For information on the international ecology expedition "Ob - 90," see Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 1, pp. 14-19. On the need to resolve ecology problems and problems of the indigenous minorities (issues of traditional resource management) together, S.N. Khariuchi, president of the Association of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East of the Russian Federation, has spoken out repeatedly: "My luchshe znaem, kak nam zhit'," Iamal'skii meridian, 1992, no. 1, pp. 6-7; "God nashei nadezhdy," Iamal'skii meridian, 1993, no. 3, pp. 4-6. See also the collection of reports and speeches: S.N. Khariuchi, Sovremennye problemy korennykh narodov Severn (Tomsk, 1999).
126. Sobranie zakonodatel'stva RF, 1999, no. 18.
127. Official text, see Rossiiskaia gazeta, 25 July 2000.
128. See L.S. Berezin and A.V. Arteev, "Osnovy kontseptsii sotsial'nogo razvitiia poluostrova Iamal v usloviiakh industrial'nogo osvoeniia," in Iamal - problemy razvitiia (Tiumen, 1993), pp. 3-32.