The declining contribution of socioeconomic disparities to the racial gap in infant mortality rates, 1920-1970

Southern Economic Journal

Volumn 70, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 746-776

  Collins, William J ^a   Thomasson, Melissa A ^b  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MIAMI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2442534060     PISSN: 00384038     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4135271     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Almond, Douglas V., Kenneth Y. Chay, and Michael Greenstone. 2001. Civil rights, the war on poverty, and black-white convergence in infant mortality rates in Mississippi. Working paper, August 2001, University of California, Berkeley.
2. Alston, Lee J., and Joseph P. Ferrie. 1999. Southern paternalism and the American welfare state. New York: Cambridge University Press.
3. Atack, Jeremy, and Peter Passell. 1994. A new economic view of American history: From colonial times to 1940, 2nd edition. New York: Norton.
4. Beardsley, Edward H. 1987. A history of neglect: Health care for blacks and mill workers in the twentieth-century South. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.
5. Berger, Mark C., and J. Paul Leigh. 1989. Schooling, self-selection, and health. Journal of Human Resources 24:433-55.
6. Bradbury, Dorothy E. 1956. Four decades of action for children: A short history of the Children's Bureau. Washington, DC: Children's Bureau Publication No. 358.
7. Bradbury, Dorothy E. 1974. Five decades of action for children: A history of the Children's Bureau. In Children and youth: Social problems and social policy, edited by Robert H. Bremner. New York: Amo Press, pp. 1-126.
8. Burns, David M., Lora Lee, Larry Z. Shen, Elizabeth Gilpin, H. Dennis Tolley, Jerry Vaughn, and Thomas G. Shanks. 1997. Cigarette smoking behavior in the United States. In Monograph 8: Changes in cigarette-related disease risks and their implications for prevention and control, edited by David M. Burns, Lawrence Garfinkel, and Jonathan M. Samet. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, chapter 2.
9. Byrd, W. Michael, and Linda A. Clayton. 2002. An American health dilemma, volume II: Race, medicine, and health care in the United States 1900-2000. New York: Routledge.
10. Center for Disease Control. 1999. Achievements in public health, 1900-1999: Healthier mothers and babies. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48:849-58.
11. Chase, Helen C. 1972. A study of infant mortality from linked records: Comparison of neonatal mortality from two cohort studies, United States, January-March 1950 and 1960. DHEW Publication No. (HSM) 72-1056. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service. Series 20, No. 13. June 1972.
12. Chase, Helen C., and Mary E. Byrnes. 1972. Trends in 'Prematurity', United States: 1950-67. DHEW Publication No. (HSM) 72-1030. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service. Series 3, No. 15. January 1972.
13. Chay, Kenneth Y., and Michael Greenstone. 1999. The impact of air pollution on infant mortality: Evidence from geographic variation in pollution shocks induced by a recession. NBER Working Paper No. 7442.
14. Chay, Kenneth Y., and Michael Greenstone. 2001. Air quality, infant mortality, and the Clean Air Act of 1970. Working paper, July 2001, University of California, Berkeley.
15. Cone, Thomas E. 1985. History of the care and feeding of the premature infant. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
16. Corwin, E. H. L. 1952. Infant and maternal care in New York City. Committee on Public Health Relations, New York Academy of Medicine. New York: Columbia University Press.
17. Costa, Dora L. 1998. Unequal at birth: A long-term comparison of income and birth weight. Journal of Economic History 38:987-1009.
18. Costa, Dora L., and Richard H. Steckel. 1997. Long-term trends in health, welfare, and economic growth in the United States. In Health and welfare during industrialization, edited by R. Steckel and R. Floud. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 47-89.
19. Currie, Janet, and Jonathan Gruber. 1997. The technology of birth: Health insurance, medical interventions, and infant health. Cambridge, MA: NBER Working Paper No. 5985.
20. Currie, Janet, and Rosemary Hyson. 1999. Is the impact of health shocks cushioned by socioeconomic status? The case of low birthweight. American Economic Review 89:245-50.
21. Cutler, David M., and Ellen Meara. 2003. The rise in the ratio of black to white infant mortality since 1960. Presentation at the Allied Social Science Association Meetings, Washington, DC.
22. David, Richard J., and James W. Collins, Jr. 1997. Differing birth weight among infants of U.S.-born blacks, African-born blacks, and U.S.-born whites. New England Journal of Medicine 337:1209-14.
23. Demeny, Paul, and Paul Gingrich. 1967. A reconsideration of Negro-White mortality differentials in the United States. Demography 4:820-37.
24. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). 2000. Racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality. Available: http://www.raceandhealth.hhs.gov/3rdpgblue/infant/red.htm.
25. Donohue, John H., and James Heckman. 1991. Continuous versus episodic change: The impact of Civil Rights policy on the economic status of blacks. Journal of Economic Literature 29: 1603-43.
26. Edwards, Linda N., and Michael Grossman. 1979. The relationship between children's health and intellectual development. In Health: What is it worth? edited by Selma Mushkin and David Dunlop. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, pp. 273-314.
27. Ewbank, Douglas C. 1987. History of black mortality and health before 1940. Milbank Quarterly 65:100-28.
28. Ewbank, Douglas C., and Samuel H. Preston. 1990. Personal health behavior and the decline in infant and child mortality: The United States, 1900-1930. In What we know about health transition: The cultural, social, and behavioral determinants of health, edited by John Caldwell, et al. Canberra: Health Transition Centre, Australian National University, pp. 116-49.
29. Flegg, A. T. 1982. Inequality of income, illiteracy, and medical care as determinants of infant mortality in underdeveloped countries. Population Studies 36:441-58.
30. Forste, Renata, Jessica Weiss, and Emily Lippincott. 2001. The decision to breastfeed in the United States: Does race matter? Pediatrics 108:291-6.
31. Giovino, Gary A., M. W. Schooley, S. P. Zhu, J. H. Chrismon, S. L. Tomar, J. P. Peddicord, R. K. Merritt, C. G. Husten, and M. P. Ericksen. 1994. Surveillance for selected tobacco use behaviors: United States, 1900-1994. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 43:1-43.
32. Goldman, Dana, and Darius Lakdawalla. 2001. Understanding health disparities across education groups. NBER Working Paper No. 8328.
33. Greene, William H. 1993. Econometric analysis. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
34. Grossman, Michael. 1972. On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. Journal of Political Economy 80:223-55.
35. Grossman, Michael. 1975. The correlation between health and schooling. In Household production and consumption, edited by Nestor E. Terleckyj. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 147-211.
36. Grossman, Michael, and Steven Jacobowitz. 1981. Variations in infant mortality rates among counties of the United States: The roles of public policies and programs. Demography 18:695-713.
37. Grove, Robert D., and Alice M. Hetzel. 1968. Vital statistics rates in the United States, 1940-1960. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service.
38. Gruber, Jonathan. 2000. Medicaid. NBER Working Paper No. 7829.
39. Haenszel, William, Michael B. Shimkin, and Herman P. Miller. 1956. Tobacco smoking patterns in the United States. Washington, DC: Public Health Service, Monograph 45.
40. Haines, Michael R. 2001. The urban mortality transition in the United States, 1800-1940. NBER Working Paper No. H0134
41. Hecht, Pamela K., and Phillips Cutright. 1979. Racial differences in infant mortality rates: United States, 1969. Social Forces 57:1180-93.
42. Hirschman, Charles, and Gerry E. Hendershot. 1979. Trends in breast feeding among American mothers. Washington, DC: Public Health Service, series 23, number 3.
43. Hobcraft, J. N., J. W. McDonald, and S. O. Rutstein. 1984. Socio-economic factors in infant mortality: A cross-national comparison. Population Studies 38:193-223.
44. Hobcraft, J. N., J. W. McDonald, and S. O. Rutstein. 1985. Demographic determinants of infant and early childhood mortality: A comparative analysis. Population Studies 39:363-85.
45. Hoffmann, Carolanne H. 1964. Health insurance coverage. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics, series 10, number 11.
46. Jiobu, Robert M. 1972. Urban determinants of racial differentiation in infant mortality. Demography 9:603-15.
47. Johnson, Joseph L. 1949. Supply of Negro health personnel - Physicians. Journal of Negro Education 18:346-56.
48. Kempe, Allison, Paul H. Wise, and Susan E. Barkan, et al. 1992. Clinical determinants of the racial disparity in very low birth weight. New England Journal of Medicine 327:969-73.
49. Kenkel, Donald S. 1991. Health behavior, health knowledge, and schooling. Journal of Political Economy 99:287-305.
50. Lave, Judith R., and Lester B. Lave. 1974. The hospital construction act: An evaluation of the Hill-Burton program, 1948-1973. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
51. Lemons, J. Stanley. 1969. The Sheppard-Towner Act: Progressivism in the 1920s. Journal of American History 55:776-86.
52. Levine, Robert S., James E. Foster, Robert E. Fullilove, Mindy T. Fullilove, Nathaniel C. Briggs, Pamela C. Hull, A. Husiani, and Charles H. Hennekens. 2001. Black-White inequalities in mortality and life expectancy, 1933-1999: Implications for healthy people 2010. Public Health Reports 116:474-83.
53. Linder, Forrest E., and Robert D. Grove. 1943. Vital statistics rates in the United States, 1900-1940. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office (GPO).
54. Loudon, Irvine. 1991. On maternal and infant mortality 1900-1960. Social History of Medicine 4:29-73.
55. Maloney, Thomas N., and Warren C. Whatley. 1995. Making the effort: The contours of racial discrimination in Detroit's labor markets, 1920-1940. Journal of Economic History, 55:465-93.
56. Margo, Robert A. 1986. Race, educational attainment, and the 1940 census. Journal of Economic History 46:189-98.
57. Margo, Robert A. 1990. Race and schooling in the South, 1880-1950. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
58. Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy A. Denton. 1993. American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
59. Meara, Ellen. 2001. Why is health related to socioeconomic status? The case of pregnancy and low birth weight. NBER Working Paper No. 8231.
60. Meckel, Richard A. 1998. Save the babies: American public health reform and the prevention of infant mortality, 1850-1929. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
61. Miller, Doug. 2001. What underlies the Black-White infant mortality gap? The importance of birthweight, behavior, environment, and health care. Working paper, University of California at Berkeley.
62. Mitchener, Kris James, and Ian W. McLean. 1999. U.S. regional growth and convergence, 1880-1980. Journal of Economic History 59:1016-42.
63. National Center for Health Statistics. 2001. Health, United States, 2001, with urban and rural health chartbook. Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control.
64. Oaxaca, Ronald. 1973. Male-Female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review 14:693-709.
65. Pampel, Jr., Fred C., and Vijayan K. Pillai. 1986. Patterns and determinants of infant mortality in developed nations, 1950-1975. Demography 23:525-42.
66. Preston, Samuel H. 1996. Population studies of mortality. Population Studies 50:525-36.
67. Pritchett, Lant, and Lawrence H. Summers. 1997. Wealthier is healthier. Journal of Human Resources 31:841-68.
68. Rochester, Anna. 1923. Infant mortality: Results of a field study in Baltimore, MD, based on births in one year. U.S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau. Bureau Publication 119. Washington, DC: GPO.
69. Rosenzweig, Mark R., and T. Paul Schultz. 1983. Estimating a household production function: Heterogeneity, the demand for health inputs, and their effects on birth weight. Journal of Political Economy 91:723-46.
70. Ruggles, Steven, and Matthew Sobek. 1997. Integrated public use microdata series. Minneapolis, MN: Historical Census Projects, University of Minnesota.
71. Seham, Max. 1964. Discrimination against Negroes in hospitals. New England Journal of Medicine 271:940-3.
72. Shapiro, Sam, Edward R. Schlesinger, and Robert E. L. Nesbitt, Jr. 1968. Infant, perinatal, maternal, and childhood mortality in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
73. Shin, Eui Hang. 1975. Black-White differentials in infant mortality in the South, 1940-1970. Demography 12:1-19.
74. Sinai, Nathan, and Odin W. Anderson. 1948. EMIC: A study of administrative experience. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan School of Public Health.
75. Smith, David Barton. 1999. Health care divided: Race and healing a nation. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
76. Smith, James P. 1984. Race and human capital. American Economic Review 74:685-98.
77. Speert, Harold. 1980. Obstetrics and gynecology in America: A history. Chicago: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
78. State of Tennessee, Department of Public Health. 1941. Annual bulletin of vital statistics. Nashville, TN: State of Tennessee.
79. Stockwell, Edward G. 1962. Infant mortality and socio-economic status: A changing relationship. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 40:101-111.
80. Subbarao, K., and Laura Raney. 1995. Social gains from female education: A cross-national study. Economic Development and Cultural Change 44:105-28.
81. Tandy, Elizabeth C. 1937. Infant and maternal mortality among Negroes. Journal of Negro Education July:322-49.
82. Thomasson, Melissa A. 2002. From sickness to health: The twentieth century development of U.S. health insurance. Explorations in Economic History 39:233-53.
83. United States Bureau of the Census. Various years. Vital statistics of the United States. Washington, DC: GPO.
84. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1975. Historical statistics of the United States, colonial times to 1970. Washington, DC: GPO.
85. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1973. The national air monitoring program: Air quality and emissions trends: Annual report, volume 1. Springfield, VA: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service.
86. Wertz, Richard W., and Dorothy C. Wertz. 1989. Lying in: A history of childbirth in America. New Haven: Yale University Press.
87. Wolff, Edward J. 1998. Recent trends in the size distribution of household wealth. Journal of Economic Perspectives 12: 131-150.
88. Wolpaw Reyes, Jessica. 2001. The impact of prenatal lead exposure on infant health. Working paper, 2001, Harvard University.
89. Woodbury, Robert M. 1925. Causal factors in infant mortality. Children's Bureau Publication No. 142. Washington, DC: GPO.