-
1
-
-
0004081244
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-
London, New York
-
See, for instance, Anthony T. Carter, Elite Politics in Rural India: Political Stratification and Political Alliances in Western Maharatshtra, London, New York, 1974; V. M. Sirsikar, The Rural Elite in a Developing Society: A Study in Political Sociology, New Delhi, 1970; Jayant Lele, Elite Pluralism and Class Rule: Political Development in Maarashtra, India, Toronto, Buffalo, 1981; Mary C. Carras, The Dynamics of Indian Political Factions: A Study of District Councils in the State of Maharashtra, Cambridge Eng., 1972; Livi Rodrigues, Rural Political Protest in Western India, Delhi, New York, 1998. Rodrigues' work, in particular, focuses on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but treats the 'Maratha-Kunbi' category as practically fixed.
-
(1974)
Elite Politics in Rural India: Political Stratification and Political Alliances in Western Maharatshtra
-
-
Carter, A.T.1
-
2
-
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84951041835
-
-
New Delhi
-
See, for instance, Anthony T. Carter, Elite Politics in Rural India: Political Stratification and Political Alliances in Western Maharatshtra, London, New York, 1974; V. M. Sirsikar, The Rural Elite in a Developing Society: A Study in Political Sociology, New Delhi, 1970; Jayant Lele, Elite Pluralism and Class Rule: Political Development in Maarashtra, India, Toronto, Buffalo, 1981; Mary C. Carras, The Dynamics of Indian Political Factions: A Study of District Councils in the State of Maharashtra, Cambridge Eng., 1972; Livi Rodrigues, Rural Political Protest in Western India, Delhi, New York, 1998. Rodrigues' work, in particular, focuses on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but treats the 'Maratha-Kunbi' category as practically fixed.
-
(1970)
The Rural Elite in a Developing Society: A Study in Political Sociology
-
-
Sirsikar, V.M.1
-
3
-
-
0003839711
-
-
India, Toronto, Buffalo
-
See, for instance, Anthony T. Carter, Elite Politics in Rural India: Political Stratification and Political Alliances in Western Maharatshtra, London, New York, 1974; V. M. Sirsikar, The Rural Elite in a Developing Society: A Study in Political Sociology, New Delhi, 1970; Jayant Lele, Elite Pluralism and Class Rule: Political Development in Maarashtra, India, Toronto, Buffalo, 1981; Mary C. Carras, The Dynamics of Indian Political Factions: A Study of District Councils in the State of Maharashtra, Cambridge Eng., 1972; Livi Rodrigues, Rural Political Protest in Western India, Delhi, New York, 1998. Rodrigues' work, in particular, focuses on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but treats the 'Maratha-Kunbi' category as practically fixed.
-
(1981)
Elite Pluralism and Class Rule: Political Development in Maarashtra
-
-
Lele, J.1
-
4
-
-
2442485725
-
-
Cambridge Eng.
-
See, for instance, Anthony T. Carter, Elite Politics in Rural India: Political Stratification and Political Alliances in Western Maharatshtra, London, New York, 1974; V. M. Sirsikar, The Rural Elite in a Developing Society: A Study in Political Sociology, New Delhi, 1970; Jayant Lele, Elite Pluralism and Class Rule: Political Development in Maarashtra, India, Toronto, Buffalo, 1981; Mary C. Carras, The Dynamics of Indian Political Factions: A Study of District Councils in the State of Maharashtra, Cambridge Eng., 1972; Livi Rodrigues, Rural Political Protest in Western India, Delhi, New York, 1998. Rodrigues' work, in particular, focuses on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but treats the 'Maratha-Kunbi' category as practically fixed.
-
(1972)
The Dynamics of Indian Political Factions: A Study of District Councils in the State of Maharashtra
-
-
Carras, M.C.1
-
5
-
-
0141812449
-
-
Delhi, New York
-
See, for instance, Anthony T. Carter, Elite Politics in Rural India: Political Stratification and Political Alliances in Western Maharatshtra, London, New York, 1974; V. M. Sirsikar, The Rural Elite in a Developing Society: A Study in Political Sociology, New Delhi, 1970; Jayant Lele, Elite Pluralism and Class Rule: Political Development in Maarashtra, India, Toronto, Buffalo, 1981; Mary C. Carras, The Dynamics of Indian Political Factions: A Study of District Councils in the State of Maharashtra, Cambridge Eng., 1972; Livi Rodrigues, Rural Political Protest in Western India, Delhi, New York, 1998. Rodrigues' work, in particular, focuses on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but treats the 'Maratha-Kunbi' category as practically fixed.
-
(1998)
Rural Political Protest in Western India
-
-
Rodrigues, L.1
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6
-
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0003952709
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-
Delhi
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The most important works in this regard are Bernard Cohn, An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays, Delhi, 1987; Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age, New York, 1999; and Nicholas Dirks, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India, Princeton, 2001.
-
(1987)
An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays
-
-
Cohn, B.1
-
7
-
-
0003894496
-
-
New York
-
The most important works in this regard are Bernard Cohn, An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays, Delhi, 1987; Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age, New York, 1999; and Nicholas Dirks, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India, Princeton, 2001.
-
(1999)
Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age
-
-
Bayly, S.1
-
8
-
-
84890760362
-
-
Princeton
-
The most important works in this regard are Bernard Cohn, An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays, Delhi, 1987; Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age, New York, 1999; and Nicholas Dirks, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India, Princeton, 2001.
-
(2001)
Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India
-
-
Dirks, N.1
-
10
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-
85039537977
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-
Two Volume Edition, New Delhi
-
J.P. Guha, ed., James Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Two Volume Edition, New Delhi, 1971 [1826]; Sir John Malcolm, A Memoir of Central India, London, 1823.
-
(1826)
James Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas
-
-
Guha, J.P.1
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11
-
-
2442515224
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-
London
-
J.P. Guha, ed., James Grant Duff, History of the Mahrattas, Two Volume Edition, New Delhi, 1971 [1826]; Sir John Malcolm, A Memoir of Central India, London, 1823.
-
A Memoir of Central India
, pp. 1823
-
-
Malcolm, J.1
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12
-
-
37249033923
-
-
London
-
Thomas Duer Broughton, Letters Written in a Mahratta Camp During the Year 1809, Descriptive of the Characters, Manners, Domestic Habits, and Religious Ceremonies, of the Mahrattas, London. 1977 [1813], p. 72.
-
(1813)
Letters Written in a Mahratta Camp during the Year 1809, Descriptive of the Characters, Manners, Domestic Habits, and Religious Ceremonies, of the Mahrattas
, pp. 72
-
-
Broughton, T.D.1
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16
-
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2442467825
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-
Cambridge/New York
-
Rosalind O'Hanlon, Caste, Conflict, and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India, Cambridge/New York, 1985, pp. 15-23. An off-quoted Marathi proverb captures this feature of upward mobility in rural society perfectly: kunbi mazla, maratha zhala, meaning, 'When a Kunbi prospers, he becomes a Maratha'. The anthropologist Iravati Karve's characterisation of the Maratha-Kunbi caste groups as a 'cluster' of castes attempts to indicate precisely this mobility between groups that had different ritual and social practices, but displayed nevertheless a certain unity of customs, ties and linkages. See Iravati Karve, Hindu Society: An Interpretation, Pune, 1968.
-
(1985)
Caste, Conflict, and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India
, pp. 15-23
-
-
O'Hanlon, R.1
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17
-
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2442538054
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-
Pune
-
Rosalind O'Hanlon, Caste, Conflict, and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India, Cambridge/New York, 1985, pp. 15-23. An off-quoted Marathi proverb captures this feature of upward mobility in rural society perfectly: kunbi mazla, maratha zhala, meaning, 'When a Kunbi prospers, he becomes a Maratha'. The anthropologist Iravati Karve's characterisation of the Maratha-Kunbi caste groups as a 'cluster' of castes attempts to indicate precisely this mobility between groups that had different ritual and social practices, but displayed nevertheless a certain unity of customs, ties and linkages. See Iravati Karve, Hindu Society: An Interpretation, Pune, 1968.
-
(1968)
Hindu Society: An Interpretation
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Iravati, K.1
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19
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2442513180
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The Marginalization of a Dalit Martial Race in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Western India
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Constable argues that this inclusiveness was gradually eroded in favour of an increasing Kshatriya exclusivity over the eighteenth century, especially under the Brahmanical policies of the Peshwas, but unfortunately fails to discuss contemporary sources that demonstrate such a turn towards Kshatriya jati exclusivity. Philip Constable, 'The Marginalization of a Dalit Martial Race in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Western India', Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 60(2), 2001, pp. 439-78.
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(2001)
Journal of Asian Studies
, vol.60
, Issue.2
, pp. 439-478
-
-
Constable, P.1
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20
-
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2442479520
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-
unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, Tufts University, Ch. 2
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Prachi Deshpande, 'Narratives of Pride: History and Regional Identity in Maharashtra, c187-1960', unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, Tufts University, 2002, Ch. 2.
-
(2002)
Narratives of Pride: History and Regional Identity in Maharashtra, c187-1960
-
-
Deshpande, P.1
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21
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0003748453
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Cambridgeshire
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The most widely cited work is D.H.A. Kolff, Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850, Cambridgeshire, 1990, but see also Stewart Gordon, 'Zones of Military Entrepreneurship in India, 1500-1700', in Stewart Gordon, Marathas, Marauders and State Formation in Eighteenth Century India, New York, 1994, pp. 182-207; Sumit Guha, Environment and Ethnicity in India, pp. 83-107, and Philip Constable, 'The Marginalization or a Dalit Race'.
-
(1990)
Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850
-
-
Kolff, D.H.A.1
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22
-
-
2442540213
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Zones of Military Entrepreneurship in India, 1500-1700
-
Stewart Gordon, New York
-
The most widely cited work is D.H.A. Kolff, Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850, Cambridgeshire, 1990, but see also Stewart Gordon, 'Zones of Military Entrepreneurship in India, 1500-1700', in Stewart Gordon, Marathas, Marauders and State Formation in Eighteenth Century India, New York, 1994, pp. 182-207; Sumit Guha, Environment and Ethnicity in India, pp. 83-107, and Philip Constable, 'The Marginalization or a Dalit Race'.
-
(1994)
Marathas, Marauders and State Formation in Eighteenth Century India
, pp. 182-207
-
-
Gordon, S.1
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23
-
-
0004175532
-
-
The most widely cited work is D.H.A. Kolff, Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850, Cambridgeshire, 1990, but see also Stewart Gordon, 'Zones of Military Entrepreneurship in India, 1500-1700', in Stewart Gordon, Marathas, Marauders and State Formation in Eighteenth Century India, New York, 1994, pp. 182-207; Sumit Guha, Environment and Ethnicity in India, pp. 83-107, and Philip Constable, 'The Marginalization or a Dalit Race'.
-
Environment and Ethnicity in India
, pp. 83-107
-
-
Guha, S.1
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24
-
-
85039535073
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The most widely cited work is D.H.A. Kolff, Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850, Cambridgeshire, 1990, but see also Stewart Gordon, 'Zones of Military Entrepreneurship in India, 1500-1700', in Stewart Gordon, Marathas, Marauders and State Formation in Eighteenth Century India, New York, 1994, pp. 182-207; Sumit Guha, Environment and Ethnicity in India, pp. 83-107, and Philip Constable, 'The Marginalization or a Dalit Race'.
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The Marginalization or a Dalit Race
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Constable, P.1
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25
-
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2442631431
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Pune
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M.S. Kanade, ed., Bhausahebanchi Bakhar, Pune 1975, pp. 84-91. Also, see an excellent English translation of this bakhar in Ian Raeside, Marathi Historical Papers and Chronicles: The Decade of Panipat (1751-61), Bombay 1984, pp. 1-101.
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(1975)
Bhausahebanchi Bakhar
, pp. 84-91
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Kanade, M.S.1
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26
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2442540214
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Bombay
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M.S. Kanade, ed., Bhausahebanchi Bakhar, Pune 1975, pp. 84-91. Also, see an excellent English translation of this bakhar in Ian Raeside, Marathi Historical Papers and Chronicles: The Decade of Panipat (1751-61), Bombay 1984, pp. 1-101.
-
(1984)
Marathi Historical Papers and Chronicles: The Decade of Panipat (1751-61)
, pp. 1-101
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-
Raeside, I.1
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27
-
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2442561392
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State and Caste System (Jati) in the Eighteenth Century Maratha Kingdom
-
The most off-cited work in this regard is Hiroshi Fukazawa, 'State and Caste System (Jati) in the Eighteenth Century Maratha Kingdom'. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, Vol. 9(1), 1968, pp. 32-44.
-
(1968)
Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics
, vol.9
, Issue.1
, pp. 32-44
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-
Fukazawa, H.1
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28
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85039539405
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See Fukazawa, 'State and Caste System', p. 42; P.E. Gavali, Society and Social Disabilities under the Peshwas, Delhi, 1988, pp. 105-13; Sudha Desai, Social Life in Maharashtra under the Peshwas, Bombay, 1980, pp. 30-42.
-
State and Caste System
, pp. 42
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-
Fukazawa1
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29
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85039518534
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Delhi
-
See Fukazawa, 'State and Caste System', p. 42; P.E. Gavali, Society and Social Disabilities under the Peshwas, Delhi, 1988, pp. 105-13; Sudha Desai, Social Life in Maharashtra under the Peshwas, Bombay, 1980, pp. 30-42.
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(1988)
Society and Social Disabilities under the Peshwas
, pp. 105-113
-
-
Gavali, P.E.1
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30
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0005063490
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Bombay
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See Fukazawa, 'State and Caste System', p. 42; P.E. Gavali, Society and Social Disabilities under the Peshwas, Delhi, 1988, pp. 105-13; Sudha Desai, Social Life in Maharashtra under the Peshwas, Bombay, 1980, pp. 30-42.
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(1980)
Social Life in Maharashtra under the Peshwas
, pp. 30-42
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-
Desai, S.1
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33
-
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85039540263
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Gender, Caste and the State in Eighteenth Century Maharashtra
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Uma Chakravarti, New Delhi
-
Uma Chakravarti, 'Gender, Caste and the State in Eighteenth Century Maharashtra', in Uma Chakravarti, Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai, New Delhi, 1998, pp. 3-42.
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(1998)
Rewriting History: The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai
, pp. 3-42
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-
Chakravarti, U.1
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35
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0005002077
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A Dispute between the Pancal Devajna Sonars and the Brahmanas of Pune Regarding Social Rank and Ritual Privileges: A Case of the British Administration of Jati Laws in Maharashtra, 1822-1825
-
N.K. Wagle, ed., London
-
See N.K. Wagle, 'A Dispute between the Pancal Devajna Sonars and the Brahmanas of Pune Regarding Social Rank and Ritual Privileges: A Case of the British Administration of Jati Laws in Maharashtra, 1822-1825', in N.K. Wagle, ed., Images of Maharashtra: A Regional Profile of India, London, 1980, pp. 129-59.
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(1980)
Images of Maharashtra: A Regional Profile of India
, pp. 129-159
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-
Wagle, N.K.1
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38
-
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2442567767
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Chitpavan Brahmans and Politics in Western India
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E.R. Leach and S.N. Mukherjee, eds, Cambridge
-
Gordon Johnson, 'Chitpavan Brahmans and Politics in Western India', in E.R. Leach and S.N. Mukherjee, eds, Elites in South Asia, Cambridge, 1970; Gail Omvedt, Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society: The Non Brahman Movement in Western India, 1873 to 1930, Bombay, 1976, pp. 76-78; Veena Naregal, Language Politics, Elites, and the Public Sphere, New Delhi, 2001; Uma Chakravarti, Rewriting History, pp. 43-106.
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(1970)
Elites in South Asia
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-
Johnson, G.1
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39
-
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0038247515
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Bombay
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Gordon Johnson, 'Chitpavan Brahmans and Politics in Western India', in E.R. Leach and S.N. Mukherjee, eds, Elites in South Asia, Cambridge, 1970; Gail Omvedt, Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society: The Non Brahman Movement in Western India, 1873 to 1930, Bombay, 1976, pp. 76-78; Veena Naregal, Language Politics, Elites, and the Public Sphere, New Delhi, 2001; Uma Chakravarti, Rewriting History, pp. 43-106.
-
(1976)
Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society: The Non Brahman Movement in Western India 1873 to 1930
, pp. 76-78
-
-
Omvedt, G.1
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40
-
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2442535930
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-
New Delhi
-
Gordon Johnson, 'Chitpavan Brahmans and Politics in Western India', in E.R. Leach and S.N. Mukherjee, eds, Elites in South Asia, Cambridge, 1970; Gail Omvedt, Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society: The Non Brahman Movement in Western India, 1873 to 1930, Bombay, 1976, pp. 76-78; Veena Naregal, Language Politics, Elites, and the Public Sphere, New Delhi, 2001; Uma Chakravarti, Rewriting History, pp. 43-106.
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(2001)
Language Politics, Elites, and the Public Sphere
-
-
Naregal, V.1
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41
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0040811837
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Gordon Johnson, 'Chitpavan Brahmans and Politics in Western India', in E.R. Leach and S.N. Mukherjee, eds, Elites in South Asia, Cambridge, 1970; Gail Omvedt, Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society: The Non Brahman Movement in Western India, 1873 to 1930, Bombay, 1976, pp. 76-78; Veena Naregal, Language Politics, Elites, and the Public Sphere, New Delhi, 2001; Uma Chakravarti, Rewriting History, pp. 43-106.
-
Rewriting History
, pp. 43-106
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-
Chakravarti, U.1
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43
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85039515829
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-
Ibid., Ch. 4
-
This claim of Brahman indispensability to the Maratha project was demonstrated most clearly in the elevation of the Brahman poet and contemporary of Shivaji, Samarth Ramdas, as the chief moral force and spiritual guide behind the establishment of Maratha freedom in the writings of many Brahman nationalists. Pamphlets, novels and poetry on Ramdas as Shivaji's guru flooded the printed sphere in the early twentieth century, and were certainly a response to non-Brahman critiques of Brahman narratives on the Maratha past. Ibid., Ch. 4.
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46
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85039531907
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17 Jan
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Din Bandbu, 17 Jan. 1886, Report on Native Newspapers, week ending 23 Jan. 1886.
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(1886)
Din Bandbu
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47
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85039540750
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week ending 23 Jan
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Din Bandbu, 17 Jan. 1886, Report on Native Newspapers, week ending 23 Jan. 1886.
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(1886)
Report on Native Newspapers
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-
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48
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85039517077
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21 Oct
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Din Bandbu, 21 Oct. 1904, quoted in O'Hanlon, Caste, Conflict and Ideology, p. 291.
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(1904)
Din Bandbu
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51
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85039523876
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Ibid., p. 292. This statement was made by a speaker at a meeting of the society, which was founded in August 1882 in Bombay by Tukaramji Haraji Patil Salunkhe.
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Caste, Conflict and Ideology
, pp. 292
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54
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2442522299
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Pune
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Keshavrao Jedhe, Chhatrapati Mela Sangraha (Songs of the Chhatrapati Mela), Pune, 1928, p. 19. For a good, general survey of non-Brahman politics and personalities in the early twentieth century, see Rosalind O'Hanlon, 'Acts of Appropriation: Non-Brahman Radicals and the Congress in Early Twentieth Century Maharashtra', in Mike Shepperdson and Colin Simmons, eds, The Indian National Congress and the Political Economy of India, 1885-1985, Brookfield, 1988, pp. 102-46.
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(1928)
Chhatrapati Mela Sangraha (Songs of the Chhatrapati Mela)
, pp. 19
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Jedhe, K.1
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55
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2442594950
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Acts of Appropriation: Non-Brahman Radicals and the Congress in Early Twentieth Century Maharashtra
-
Mike Shepperdson and Colin Simmons, eds, Brookfield
-
Keshavrao Jedhe, Chhatrapati Mela Sangraha (Songs of the Chhatrapati Mela), Pune, 1928, p. 19. For a good, general survey of non-Brahman politics and personalities in the early twentieth century, see Rosalind O'Hanlon, 'Acts of Appropriation: Non-Brahman Radicals and the Congress in Early Twentieth Century Maharashtra', in Mike Shepperdson and Colin Simmons, eds, The Indian National Congress and the Political Economy of India, 1885-1985, Brookfield, 1988, pp. 102-46.
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(1988)
The Indian National Congress and the Political Economy of India, 1885-1985
, pp. 102-146
-
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O'Hanlon, R.1
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56
-
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84972487569
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The Maharaja of Kolhapur and the Non-Brahmin Movement, 1902-10
-
For an early account of Kolhapur politics and Shahu's interaction with the British government in enforcing policies favourable to non-Brahmans, see Ian Copland, 'The Maharaja of Kolhapur and the Non-Brahmin Movement, 1902-10', Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 7(2), 1973, pp. 209-55, but a more comprehensive study in English is Gail Omvedt, Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society, pp. 124-36. An excellent study in Marathi is Y. D. Phadke, Shahu Chhatrapati ani Lokamanya (Shahu Chhatrapati and the Lokamanya), Pune, 1986.
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(1973)
Modern Asian Studies
, vol.7
, Issue.2
, pp. 209-255
-
-
Copland, I.1
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57
-
-
84972487569
-
-
For an early account of Kolhapur politics and Shahu's interaction with the British government in enforcing policies favourable to non-Brahmans, see Ian Copland, 'The Maharaja of Kolhapur and the Non-Brahmin Movement, 1902-10', Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 7(2), 1973, pp. 209-55, but a more comprehensive study in English is Gail Omvedt, Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society, pp. 124-36. An excellent study in Marathi is Y. D. Phadke, Shahu Chhatrapati ani Lokamanya (Shahu Chhatrapati and the Lokamanya), Pune, 1986.
-
Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society
, pp. 124-136
-
-
Omvedt, G.1
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58
-
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84972487569
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Pune
-
For an early account of Kolhapur politics and Shahu's interaction with the British government in enforcing policies favourable to non-Brahmans, see Ian Copland, 'The Maharaja of Kolhapur and the Non-Brahmin Movement, 1902-10', Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 7(2), 1973, pp. 209-55, but a more comprehensive study in English is Gail Omvedt, Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society, pp. 124-36. An excellent study in Marathi is Y. D. Phadke, Shahu Chhatrapati ani Lokamanya (Shahu Chhatrapati and the Lokamanya), Pune, 1986.
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(1986)
Shahu Chhatrapati ani Lokamanya (Shahu Chhatrapati and the Lokamanya)
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Phadke, Y.D.1
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59
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85039533678
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note
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An official reported in 1919, for instance, that his tea party with Mahars in Nashik had 'a disturbing effect in the neighbourhood and may have caused a rupture among the Marathas of the Maharajah's own caste, as the well-to-do Maratha of the rural area does not move easily with the times and cannot be expected to receive the Mahars with open arms at such short notice'. Maharashtra State Archives (hereafter MSA) Mumbai, Home (Special) Files, No. 363, 1919, 'Brahmans vs. Non-Brahmans'.
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60
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2442542280
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5 Vols., Pune
-
In 1894, Brahmans occupied a total of 104 jobs in Shahu's government, while non-Brahmans occupied 18. No untouchable occupied any government post at this time. By 1922, Brahmans occupied 69 of these jobs, non-Brahmans 168, and one untouchable had been appointed. Similarly, the number of Brahman students in the Kolhapur schools in 1894 was 2,522, with 8,088 non-Brahman students and 264 untouchables. By 1922, however, while the number of Brahman students had increased only to 2,722, the number of non-Brahman students had shot up to 21,027, and that of untouchable students to 2,162. Although these figures do not give us a caste breakdown of Marathas and others in the non-Brahman category, it is worth postulating that the proportion of Marathas was higher, because of the many special educational privileges like hostels, scholarships, etc., that they got, both as part of Shahu's promotion and the numerous Maratha caste organisations. Y.D. Phadke, Visavya Shatakatila Maharashtra (Maharashtra in the Twentieth Century), 5 Vols., Vol. 1, Pune, 1989, p. 216.
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(1989)
Visavya Shatakatila Maharashtra (Maharashtra in the Twentieth Century)
, vol.1
, pp. 216
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-
Phadke, Y.D.1
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61
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85039538093
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MSA Mumbai, Home (Special) Files, No. 363, 'Brahmans vs. Non-Brahmans', B.V. Jadhav to A.L. Robertson, 16 May 1915
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MSA Mumbai, Home (Special) Files, No. 363, 'Brahmans vs. Non-Brahmans', B.V. Jadhav to A.L. Robertson, 16 May 1915.
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-
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62
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85039518284
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Oriental and India Office Collections, (hereafter OIOC), British Library, London, Files of the Indian Franchise Committee, Q/IFC/71 (Bombay) and Q/IFC/ 30 (CP-Berar)
-
Oriental and India Office Collections, (hereafter OIOC), British Library, London, Files of the Indian Franchise Committee, Q/IFC/71 (Bombay) and Q/IFC/ 30 (CP-Berar).
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-
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63
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85039524381
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unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Shivaji University
-
A.R. Bhosale, History of the Freedom Movement in Satara District, 1885-1947, unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Shivaji University, 1978, pp. 195-96.
-
(1978)
History of the Freedom Movement in Satara District, 1885-1947
, pp. 195-196
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-
Bhosale, A.R.1
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64
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-
0038247515
-
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For a detailed description of caste conferences and the politics of local boards and representative politics in this period as part of non-Brahman organisation, see Omvedt, Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society, pp. 171-206.
-
Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society
, pp. 171-206
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Omvedt1
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65
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85039520778
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-
note
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Mukundrao Patil (1886-1953), a Mali, was the son of one of Phule's associates Krishnarao Bhalekar, but was adopted by a relative Ganpatrao Patil and grew up in relative comfort in Ahmednagar. He not only authored popular non-Brahman polemical tracts such as Hindu ani Brahman (Hindus and the Brahman), and Kulkarni Lilamrut (The Kulkarni Saga), but also diligently edited the longest running non-Brahman newspaper Din Mitra from 1910-46.
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-
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67
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2442559101
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Amravati
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Biographical information about Deshmukh has been difficult to trace, but we do know he was a wealthy landed deshmukh in Amravati and financed the publication and advertisement of his books on his own steam. In a 1921 tract, he argued that Brahmans were actually Muslim immigrants from Egypt and the progeny of prostitutes and servants and had subsequently tampered with Vedic texts to place themselves in a position of power. He also added that comparing the Marathas to Shudra castes such as Mahars, Mangs, Gonds and Dhors was atmaghaataki, or a blow to the Kshatriya Marathas' very soul. K.B. Deshmukh, Kshatriya Vaishyancha Brahmananshi Samana (the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas Face Off with the Brahmans), Amravati, 1921, p. 28.
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(1921)
Kshatriya Vaishyancha Brahmananshi Samana (the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas Face off with the Brahmans)
, pp. 28
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Deshmukh, K.B.1
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68
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2442467823
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Jedhe (1896-1959), in fact, represents this growing Maratha/ Maratha-Kunbi presence in the movement. His family, urbanised and upwardly mobile in Pune, claimed descent from the Jedhe deshmukh contemporaries of Shivaji, and provided considerable support and leadership to the movement in Pune. Jedhe went on to be an important Congressman in the 1940s and 1950s, briefly joining the Peasants and Workers Party in the 1950s. Y.D. Phadke's political biography provides an excellent overview of his politics and ideological approach. Phadke, Keshavrao Jedhe. Javalkar (1898-1932) was also a Maratha-Kunbi, but with humbler origins. His fierce anti-Brahman polemic was featured in controversial tracts such as Deshache Dushman (Enemies of the Country). Following a trip to England in 1929-30, he became dissatisfied with non-Brahman caste rhetoric and became increasingly Communist in his orientation, advocating peasant issues before his untimely death in 1932. His writings can be found in Y.D. Phadke, ed., Dinkarrao Javalkar Samagra Vangmaya (The Collected Writings of Dinkarrao Javalkar), Pune 1984.
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Keshavrao Jedhe
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Phadke1
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69
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2442460987
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Pune
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Jedhe (1896-1959), in fact, represents this growing Maratha/ Maratha-Kunbi presence in the movement. His family, urbanised and upwardly mobile in Pune, claimed descent from the Jedhe deshmukh contemporaries of Shivaji, and provided considerable support and leadership to the movement in Pune. Jedhe went on to be an important Congressman in the 1940s and 1950s, briefly joining the Peasants and Workers Party in the 1950s. Y.D. Phadke's political biography provides an excellent overview of his politics and ideological approach. Phadke, Keshavrao Jedhe. Javalkar (1898-1932) was also a Maratha-Kunbi, but with humbler origins. His fierce anti-Brahman polemic was featured in controversial tracts such as Deshache Dushman (Enemies of the Country). Following a trip to England in 1929-30, he became dissatisfied with non-Brahman caste rhetoric and became increasingly Communist in his orientation, advocating peasant issues before his untimely death in 1932. His writings can be found in Y.D. Phadke, ed., Dinkarrao Javalkar Samagra Vangmaya (The Collected Writings of Dinkarrao Javalkar), Pune 1984.
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(1984)
Dinkarrao Javalkar Samagra Vangmaya (the Collected Writings of Dinkarrao Javalkar)
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Phadke, Y.D.1
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70
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85039530580
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MSA Mumbai, Home (Spl) 355 (64) II. 'Mahad Satyagraha', CID Report, 31 Jan. 1928
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MSA Mumbai, Home (Spl) 355 (64) II. 'Mahad Satyagraha', CID Report, 31 Jan. 1928.
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71
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2442622357
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Pune
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Shripatrao Shinde, also a Maratha-Kunbi, was the son of a merchant from Kolhapur. A protégé of Shahu, he combined his work as a Satyashodhak activist with a job as a colonial policeman, but quit the latter job to move to Pune in 1918 and edit the newspaper Viyaji Maratha as a non-Brahman alternative to the hugely popular Kesari, mouthpiece of nationalist brahmans such as Tilak. Bhagwantrao Palekar (1882-1973) also came from a Maratha-Kunbi family which was not well-off, but had Satyashodhak connections; they moved in search of financial opportunities from Nasik to Baroda, where Palekar had some schooling. He worked in several newspaper offices and printing presses in Bombay and Baroda before starting the non-Brahman newspaper Jagruti, which he edited from 1917-49. His editorials and autobiography are available in Sadanand More, ed., Jagrutikar Palekar (Marathi), Pune, 1996.
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(1996)
Jagrutikar Palekar (Marathi)
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More, S.1
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72
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85039523179
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15 Feb
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See Jagruti, 15 Feb. 1919; l'ijayi Maratha, 6 Jan. 1930 for examples.
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(1919)
Jagruti
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73
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85039526630
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6 Jan, for examples
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See Jagruti, 15 Feb. 1919; l'ijayi Maratha, 6 Jan. 1930 for examples.
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(1930)
L'ijayi Maratha
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74
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2442423071
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7 Apr
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Vijayi Maratha, 7 Apr. 1930. See also the advertisement 'Excellent Histories of the Kshatriyas' for a series of books by K.B. Deshmukh of Amravati in Maratha Navjeevan, 7 Apr. 1936, p. 9.
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(1930)
Vijayi Maratha
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75
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2442498349
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Excellent Histories of the Kshatriyas' for a series of books
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Amravati, 7 Apr
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Vijayi Maratha, 7 Apr. 1930. See also the advertisement 'Excellent Histories of the Kshatriyas' for a series of books by K.B. Deshmukh of Amravati in Maratha Navjeevan, 7 Apr. 1936, p. 9.
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(1936)
Maratha Navjeevan
, pp. 9
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Deshmukh, K.B.1
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76
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84976967326
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The Cognitive Status of Caste in Colonial Ethnography: A Review of the Literature on the Northwest Provinces and Awadh
-
Rashmi Pant, 'The Cognitive Status of Caste in Colonial Ethnography: A Review of the Literature on the Northwest Provinces and Awadh', Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. 24(2), 1987, p. 148.
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(1987)
Indian Economic and Social History Review
, vol.24
, Issue.2
, pp. 148
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Pant, R.1
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77
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2442603411
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Castes of the Bombay Presidency
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Quoted in 'Castes of the Bombay Presidency', Indian Antiquary, Vol. 2, 1873, p. 154.
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(1873)
Indian Antiquary
, vol.2
, pp. 154
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78
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85039527546
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9 Vols., London
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W.W. Hunter, ed., The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 2 ed, 9 Vols., Vol. 3, London, 1885, pp. 50-51.
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(1885)
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 2 Ed.
, vol.3
, pp. 50-51
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Hunter, W.W.1
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81
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21344470211
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Calcutta
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H.H. Risley, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Calcutta 1885, quoted in R.V. Russell, The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, London, 1916, p. 201.
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(1885)
The Imperial Gazetteer of India
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Risley, H.H.1
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91
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85039532723
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Enthoven uses extensively a Marathi pamphlet Ksbairavansbsagar (Ocean of Kshatriya Families) 'published by a Maratha of high birth' called Mr Patankar. Enthoven, Tribes and Castes of Bombay, Vol. III, p. 23. I have been unable to locate this tract itself, but it appears to be quite similar to the kind of literature being produced in the 1920s and 1930s by conservative Marathas like K.B. Deshmukh.
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Tribes and Castes of Bombay
, vol.3
, pp. 23
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Enthoven1
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92
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0004052676
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New Delhi
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cf. Sumit Sarkar, Writing Social History, New Delhi, 1997. Sarkar argues persuasively that it is important to recognise that this skillful borrowing of colonial discourses reflects not simply the agency of the colonised, but also elite attempts to perpetuate the very real inequalities that existed within Indian society along the lines of caste and gender.
-
(1997)
Writing Social History
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Sarkar, S.1
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93
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85039518687
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13 Vols
-
V.K. Rajwade (1863-1926) was the pioneer of a modern, nationalist historiography of the Marathas. Between 1898 and 1920 he collected and published, at great personal expense, 20 volumes of original sources from the Maratha administrative record Marathyanchya Itihasachi Sadhane (Sources of Maratha History). He wrote extensively on history and language, but it was his pronouncements on Brahman social leadership and superiority in Maratha history that became the most controversial. Rajwade's collected works are now available in Itihasacarya V. K. Rajavade Samagra Sahitya (The Collected Works of V.K. Rajwade), 13 Vols, 1995-98.
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(1995)
Itihasacarya V. K. Rajavade Samagra Sahitya (the Collected Works of V.K. Rajwade)
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Rajwade1
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94
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85039515015
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New Delhi
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See in particular the articles 'The skin-colour of Aryans in India', 'Our Puranas and the new discoveries in Assyria'. 'Then who are the Brahmans?' and 'The Inclusion of non-Hindus in Hindu society' included in L.S. Joshi, ed., Rajwade Lekhasangraha, (Selected Writings or Rajwade), 4 ed, New Delhi, 1992.
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(1992)
Rajwade Lekhasangraha, (Selected Writings or Rajwade), 4 Ed.
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Joshi, L.S.1
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96
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2442615987
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Mumbai
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K.S. Thackeray, Gramanyacha Sadyanta Itihasa, Arthat, Nokarashahiche Banda (a Comprehensive History of Rebellion), Mumbai, 1919, pp. 32-33. Playwright, journalist and father of the current Shiv Sena chief, Thackeray is better known as 'Prabodhankar' in Maharashtra because of the popular non-Brahman weekly Prabodhan he edited for many years. Although not a Satyashodhak, he spearheaded the non-Brahman critique of Brahman historiography and is famous for his sarcastic and biting language. His collected works are now available in Prabodhanakar Thackeray Samagra Vangmaya (Collected Works of Prabodhankar Thackeray), Mumbai, 1998.
-
(1919)
Gramanyacha Sadyanta Itihasa, Arthat, Nokarashahiche Banda (a Comprehensive History of Rebellion)
, pp. 32-33
-
-
Thackeray, K.S.1
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97
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2442574834
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-
Mumbai
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K.S. Thackeray, Gramanyacha Sadyanta Itihasa, Arthat, Nokarashahiche Banda (a Comprehensive History of Rebellion), Mumbai, 1919, pp. 32-33. Playwright, journalist and father of the current Shiv Sena chief, Thackeray is better known as 'Prabodhankar' in Maharashtra because of the popular non-Brahman weekly Prabodhan he edited for many years. Although not a Satyashodhak, he spearheaded the non-Brahman critique of Brahman historiography and is famous for his sarcastic and biting language. His collected works are now available in Prabodhanakar Thackeray Samagra Vangmaya (Collected Works of Prabodhankar Thackeray), Mumbai, 1998.
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(1998)
Prabodhanakar Thackeray Samagra Vangmaya (Collected Works of Prabodhankar Thackeray)
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-
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98
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2442561394
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Bombay
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Wasudeo Lingoji Birze, Who are the Marathas?, Bombay, 1896 and Kshatriya Ani Tyanche Astitva (the Life of Kshatriyas), 2 ed, Bombay, 1912.
-
(1896)
Who Are the Marathas?
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Birze, W.L.1
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101
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85039518930
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This was an appeal by the Kshatrajagadguru, the Maratha priestly head instituted by Shahu, published in the Satyavadi newspaper in February 1931. Quoted in ibid., p. 134.
-
Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society
, pp. 134
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102
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85039527052
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Calcutta
-
Census of India, Central Provinces, Calcutta, 1921, p. 147; see also Census of India, Central Provinces, Calcutta, 1931, p. 368.
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(1921)
Census of India, Central Provinces
, pp. 147
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-
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103
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85039535072
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Calcutta
-
Census of India, Central Provinces, Calcutta, 1921, p. 147; see also Census of India, Central Provinces, Calcutta, 1931, p. 368.
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(1931)
Census of India, Central Provinces
, pp. 368
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-
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105
-
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85039515846
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-
British Library, London, Files of the Indian Delimitation Committee, Q/IDC/7
-
OIOC, British Library, London, Files of the Indian Delimitation Committee, Q/IDC/7, Report of the Delimitation Committee in Bombay and Sind, 1935; N.C. Surve, Deposition to the Delimitation Committee, 9 Sep. 1935.
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(1935)
Report of the Delimitation Committee in Bombay and Sind
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-
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106
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2442506727
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-
9 Sep
-
OIOC, British Library, London, Files of the Indian Delimitation Committee, Q/IDC/7, Report of the Delimitation Committee in Bombay and Sind, 1935; N.C. Surve, Deposition to the Delimitation Committee, 9 Sep. 1935.
-
(1935)
Deposition to the Delimitation Committee
-
-
Surve, N.C.1
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111
-
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2442487775
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The All India Maratha Conference
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1 Mar
-
'The All India Maratha Conference', Jagruti, 1 Mar. 1919.
-
(1919)
Jagruti
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-
-
115
-
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85039529022
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Non-Brahman Party
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MSA Mumbai, Home (Spl), 143-E-I, Satara District, 31 May
-
MSA Mumbai, Home (Spl), 143-E-I, 'Non-Brahman Party', CID Weekly Report, Satara District, 31 May 1930; 800 (74) 21, Weekly Reports, Ratnagiri District (1932-34) 28 Jan. 1932; 800 (106)-D (4) Weekly Reports, Ahmednagar District, 26 Feb. 1937; 800 (74) (11) Confidential Report No. 75/1932, Dhule District; MSA Nagpur, CP Political & Military Files, Case # 12, Akola District, 1941.
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(1930)
CID Weekly Report
-
-
-
116
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85039534795
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800 (74) 21, 28 Jan
-
MSA Mumbai, Home (Spl), 143-E-I, 'Non-Brahman Party', CID Weekly Report, Satara District, 31 May 1930; 800 (74) 21, Weekly Reports, Ratnagiri District (1932-34) 28 Jan. 1932; 800 (106)-D (4) Weekly Reports, Ahmednagar District, 26 Feb. 1937; 800 (74) (11) Confidential Report No. 75/1932, Dhule District; MSA Nagpur, CP Political & Military Files, Case # 12, Akola District, 1941.
-
(1932)
Weekly Reports, Ratnagiri District (1932-34)
-
-
-
117
-
-
85039516914
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-
800 (106)-D (4) 26 Feb
-
MSA Mumbai, Home (Spl), 143-E-I, 'Non-Brahman Party', CID Weekly Report, Satara District, 31 May 1930; 800 (74) 21, Weekly Reports, Ratnagiri District (1932-34) 28 Jan. 1932; 800 (106)-D (4) Weekly Reports, Ahmednagar District, 26 Feb. 1937; 800 (74) (11) Confidential Report No. 75/1932, Dhule District; MSA Nagpur, CP Political & Military Files, Case # 12, Akola District, 1941.
-
(1937)
Weekly Reports, Ahmednagar District
-
-
-
118
-
-
85039517536
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800 (74) (11) Confidential Report No. 75/1932, Dhule District; MSA Nagpur, CP Political & Military Files, Case # 12, Akola District, 1941
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MSA Mumbai, Home (Spl), 143-E-I, 'Non-Brahman Party', CID Weekly Report, Satara District, 31 May 1930; 800 (74) 21, Weekly Reports, Ratnagiri District (1932-34) 28 Jan. 1932; 800 (106)-D (4) Weekly Reports, Ahmednagar District, 26 Feb. 1937; 800 (74) (11) Confidential Report No. 75/1932, Dhule District; MSA Nagpur, CP Political & Military Files, Case # 12, Akola District, 1941.
-
-
-
-
119
-
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2442467823
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-
Phadke, Keshavrao Jedhe, p. 164. The Gandhian Congress was also able, remarkably, to win the elections to the Pune municipality at this time, and storm the stronghold of Tilakite conservative Brahmans.
-
Keshavrao Jedhe
, pp. 164
-
-
Phadke1
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120
-
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2442450400
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-
Pune
-
Y.B. Chavan, Krishnakath: Atmacharitra (on the Banks of the Krishna, an Autobiography), Vol. 1, Pune, 1984, pp. 172, 176, 229. Chavan, of humble Maratha-Kunbi origin, joined rural politics in Satara district as a young recruit in the later 1920s and rose to prominence in the 1942 Satara struggle. He led the Bombay Congress in 1956 and became the first chief minister of the bilingual Bombay state in 1956 and also of United Maharashtra in 1960. His diplomatic skills were instrumental in negotiating a successful settlement with the Central Government over the demands for the new Maharashtra state, and he went on to serve as Minister for the Home, Defence and Finance portfolios in the 1960s.
-
(1984)
Krishnakath: Atmacharitra (on the Banks of the Krishna, an Autobiography)
, vol.1
, pp. 172
-
-
Chavan, Y.B.1
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121
-
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85039540785
-
-
New Delhi
-
A.B. Shinde, The Parallel Government of Satara: A Phase of the Quit India Movement, New Delhi, 1990; Gail Omvedt, 'The Satara Prati Sarkar (the Parallel Government of Satara)', in Gyanendra Pandey, ed., The Indian Nation in 1942, Calcutta, 1988.
-
(1990)
The Parallel Government of Satara: A Phase of the Quit India Movement
-
-
Shinde, A.B.1
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122
-
-
84917380919
-
The Satara Prati Sarkar (the Parallel Government of Satara)
-
Gyanendra Pandey, ed., Calcutta
-
A.B. Shinde, The Parallel Government of Satara: A Phase of the Quit India Movement, New Delhi, 1990; Gail Omvedt, 'The Satara Prati Sarkar (the Parallel Government of Satara)', in Gyanendra Pandey, ed., The Indian Nation in 1942, Calcutta, 1988.
-
(1988)
The Indian Nation in 1942
-
-
Omvedt, G.1
|