Update on the ocular manifestations of systemic arterial hypertension

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 203-210

  Luo, Betsy P ^a,b,c,e   Brown, Gary C ^a,c,d  

^a CENTER FOR VALUE BASED MEDICINE   (United States)

^b TEMPLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c WILLS EYE HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^e NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Hypertensive choroidopathy; Hypertensive optic disc edema; Hypertensive retinopathy; Systemic arterial hypertension

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIHYDROPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTENSION CHOROIDOPATHY; HYPERTENSION OPTIC DISC EDEMA; HYPERTENSION RETINOPATHY; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OPTIC DISK; PAPILLEDEMA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RETINA BLOOD VESSEL; RETINA DISEASE; REVIEW; SODIUM RESTRICTION; VISION; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

BLOOD PRESSURE; EYE DISEASES; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 2442497430     PISSN: 10408738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.icu.0000124081.88389.14     Document Type: Review

References (35)

1. Strong K, Bonita R: The SuRF Report 1; Surveillance of risk factors related to non-communicable diseases: current status of global data. Geneva, Switzerland: Non communicable Diseases and Mental Health, World Health Organization; 2003.
2. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health and National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. May 2003. This is the most current and updated reference for classifying hypertension as well as prevention and management of the disease.
3. Julius S: Current trends in the treatment of hypertension: a mixed picture. Am J Hypertens 1997, 10:300-305.
4. Sperduto RD, Hiller R, Chew E, et al.: Risk factors for hemiretinal vein occlusion: comparison with risk factors for central and branch retinal vein occlusion. The Eye Disease Case-Control Study. Ophthalmology 1998, 105:765-771.
5. Keith NM, Wagener HP, Barker NW: Some different types of essential hypertension: their course and prognosis. Am J Med Sci 1939, 197:336-345.
6. Jonas JB, Grundler A: Effect of arterial hypertension on the optic disc structure. Arch Ophthalmol 1996, 114:1300-1301.
7. Mandava N, Yannuzzi LA: Miscellaneous retinal vascular conditions. In: Vitreoretinal Disease: The Essentials. Edited by Regillo CD, Brown GC, Flynn HW. New York, New York: Thieme; 1999:193-209.
8. Kitiyakara C, Guzman NJ: Malignant hypertension and hypertensive emergencies. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998, 9:133-142.
9. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al.: Prevalence of hypertension in the adult US population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Hypertension 1995, 25:305-313.
10. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al.: Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult U.S. population, data from the Health Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. Hypertension 1995, 25:60-69.
11. Tso MO, Jampol LM: Pathophysiology of hypertensive retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1982, 89:1132-1145.
12. Hayreh SS, Servais GE, Virdi PS, et al.: Fundus lesions in malignant hypertension. III. Arterial blood pressure, biochemical and fundus changes. Ophthalmology 1986, 93:45-49.
13. Hayreh SS, Servais GE, Virdi PS: Fundus lesions in malignant hypertension. V. Hypertensive optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 1986, 93:74-87.
14. Murphy RP, Chew EY: Hypertension. In: Retina, vol 2, edn 3. Edited by Ryan SJ, Schachat AP. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001:1404-1409.
15. Jampol LM: Arteriolar occlusive diseases of the macula. Ophthalmology 1983, 90:534-539.
16. Walsh JB: Hypertensive retinopathy. Description, classification, and prognosis. Ophthalmology 1982, 89:1127-1131.
17. Hayreh SS, Servais GE, Virdi PS: Fundus lesions in malignant hypertension. IV. Focal intraretinal periarteriolar transudates. Ophthalmology 1986, 93:60-73.
18. Hayreh SS, Servais GE, Virdi PS: Cotton-wool spots (inner retinal ischemic spots) in malignant arterial hypertension. Ophthalmologica 1989, 198:197-215.
19. Brown GC, Brown MM, Hiller T, et al.: Cotton wool spots. Retina 1985, 5:206-214.
20. Mansour AM, Jampol LM, Logani S, et al. Cotton-wool spots in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome compared with diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension, and central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol 1988, 106:1074-1077.
21. Hayreh SS: Classification of hypertensive fundus changes and their order of appearance. Ophthalmologica 1989, 198:247-260.
22. deVenecia G, Jampol LM: The eye in accelerated hypertension. II. Localized serous detachments of the retina in patients. Arch Ophthalmol 1984, 102:68-73.
23. Spaide RF: Central serous chorioretinopathy and other causes of serous detachment of the retina. In: Diseases of the Retina and Vitreous. Edited by Spaide RF. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1999:241-254.
24. Robinson F, Riva CE, Grunwald JE, et al.: Retinal blood flow autoregulation in response to an acute increase in blood pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986, 27:722-726.
25. Brown GC: Retinal vascular disease. In: Retina: Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Ophthalmology. Edited by Ho AC, Brown GC, McNamara JA, et al. Barcelona: McGraw-Hill Companies; 2003:76-112. This book provides an excelent, up-do-date overview of vitreoretinal disease, along with superb quality illustrative photographs. For our reference, it provided a good synopsis on the pathophysiology, important clinical signs, differential diagnosis, diagnostic evaluations, and prognosis and management of hypertensive retinopathy.
26. Jampol LM, White S, Cunha-Vaz J: Vitreous fluorophotometry in patients with hypertension. Arch Ophthalmol 1983, 101:888-890.
27. Morrison AR: Hypertension. In: The Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics, edn 30. Edited by Ahya SN, Flood K, Paranjothi S. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001:76-95.
28. Hennis A, Wu SY, Nemesure B, Leske MC: Barbados Eye Studies Group. Hypertension, diabetes, and longitudinal changes in intraocular pressure. Ophthalmology 2003, 110:908-914.
29. Duncan BB, Wong TY, Tyroler HA, et al.: Hypertensive retinopathy and incident coronary heart disease in high risk men. Br J Ophthalmol 2002, 86:1002-1006.
30. Jampol LM: Hypertension and visual outcome in the macular photocoagulation study. Arch Ophthalmol 1991, 109:789-790.
31. Lee AG, Beaver HA: Acute bilateral optic disk edema with a macular star figure in a 12-year-old girl. Surv Ophthalmol 2002, 47:42-49.
32. Agarwal T, Gupta M: Treatment of hypertensive retinopathy. Surv Ophthalmol 2002, 47:513.
33. Julius S, Majahalme S, Palatini P: Antihypertensive treatment of patients with diabetes and hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2001, 14:310-316.
34. Vaughan CJ, Delanty N: Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet 2000, 356:411-417.
35. Julius S: Worldwide trends and shortcomings in the treatment of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2000, 13:57-61.